The role of final year extramural placements in the undergraduate veterinary curriculum

OBJECTIVE: To examine the role of a final year program of extramural placements in the undergraduate veterinary curriculum. DESIGN: An online questionnaire was made available to all students who completed the first lecture free final year of clinical placements offered by the Faculty of Veterinary Science, University of Sydney in 2004. The questionnaire collected information regarding the effectiveness of preparation for veterinary practice through: rating the usefulness of tasks and processes in achieving final year learning outcomes; collecting students' opinions on attributes vital to success as a veterinary practitioner and the value of extramural placements in developing these attributes; and rating the value of extramural placements in preparing students for veterinary practice. RESULTS: The most useful tasks or processes as evidenced by the percentage of students rating these tasks or processes as either very useful or useful were receiving feedback (80%) and completing case logs (78%). The main attribute considered vital to success as a veterinarian was communication skills and extramural placements were generally rated as very valuable in developing this competency. This program was considered to be particularly successful in facilitating the link between theory and practice, enabling the recognition and treatment of a range of diseases and developing interpersonal skills. CONCLUSION: The model for extramural placements implemented was generally regarded by students to be valuable in preparing them for veterinary practice.     

Sex chromosome mosaicism and infertility in mares

From the standpoint that cytogenetic screening in mares is seldom necessary as an aid to diagnosis of the gonadal dysgenesis syndrome, a series of double-blind trials were conducted to test the proposal that present practice failed to explore the potential for cytogenetics in clinical practice. It was demonstrated that diagnoses of infertility might be made where mares were found to be of normal phenotype by clinical examination. Such mares were found to be gonosmic mosaics. One stallion had a polymorphism of the X chromosome and had poor conception rates. It was demonstrated that the true value of chromosome testing in clinical stud practice has previously been misinterpreted and underestimated.     

应用固定资产减值准备会计的条件分析

基于我国特殊经济发展环境，固定资产减值准备会计的引入，对我国传统会计观念造成很大冲击，引发了许多新的会计问题。由于固定资产准备计提的可操作性受到限制，有些企业管理层利用资产减值准备操纵利润，进行盈余管理。为此，在目前我国应该限制固定资产减值会计的应用范围。企业要合理使用固定资产减值会计必须拥有优秀的会计师，建立完善的企业治理结构，依托成熟的资本市场。     

Why measuring outcomes is important in health care

A new strategy has been introduced in human health care, namely, achieving the best outcomes for the lowest cost and thus maximizing value for patients. In value‐based care, the only true measures of quality are the outcomes that matter to patients. When outcomes are measured and reported, it fosters improvement and adoption of best practices, thus further improving outcomes. Understanding outcomes is central in providing value and represents an opportunity for redefining veterinary patient care. Value is created by improving the outcomes of patients with a particular clinical condition over the full cycle of care, which normally involves multiple specialties and care sites. To be successful, a key aspect of value based care is working as teams (integrated practice units) centered around the patient's clinical condition. As veterinary medicine has become more specialized and more complex, multidisciplinary communication and trust among the care team are paramount in providing value to patients (and clients). Use of patient‐reported outcomes is an essential aspect for improving clinical care, because it enhances the connections among doctors and with patients. Designing and implementing owner‐reported outcomes in veterinary clinical practice will lead to an understanding of the effects of treatments on outcomes and quality of life (QOL) of our patients from the owner's perspective, a key way to assess a veterinary patient's QOL.     

动物营养中胆碱同其它甲基供体间的关系

本文概述了胆碱、甜菜碱和蛋氨酸三种甲基供体的特性与共性;它们之间的代谢关系;饲养实践中的添加效应以及相互替代值。作者认为,日粮中必须含有一定数量的胆碱和蛋氨酸,分别用于合成磷脂和蛋白质。甜菜碱作为一种有效的甲基供体和抗应激剂,有明显的饲用效果。所谓甜菜碱替代蛋氨酸并非指生化途径可以替代,而只是反应在生产指标方面的相同或相近的效应,这种替代效应还受动物本身和日粮类型等因素的影响。     

Motivations for and barriers to engaging in continuing veterinary medical education

OBJECTIVE: To identify reasons for engagement in continuing veterinary medical education (CVME) activities, obstacles to participation, ways to provide more effective programs, and ideas to improve participation in CVME. DESIGN: Focus group interviews. SAMPLE POPULATION: Selected practicing veterinarians from a state that did mandate continuing education for relicensure. PROCEDURE: 12 focus group interviews were held throughout the state of California between May and September 1998. Practitioners were asked to respond to questions about where they obtain information to improve their practice, what value they see in CVME, what motivates them to participate, what obstacles to CVME participation exist, and ways CVME providers and practitioners could overcome those obstacles. RESULTS: 84 practitioners participated in the focus group interviews. In addition to the educational value of CVME, participation was used to rejuvenate practice life and prevent feelings of isolation. Continuing education activities ranged from problem-oriented chats with colleagues to formal educational programs. Timing of events, distance, money, solo practice, stage of career, and family demands were identified as barriers to participation. Designing and marketing CVME with specific learning objectives and for specific career stages and using new educational delivery technologies were suggested to overcome some of these barriers. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: If CVME is to improve practice and patient care, it should be integrated into a practice's strategic planning and considered a legitimate business expense. Decisions about CVME participation are made easier if program objectives are clearly outlined.     

新疆绵羊环境调控措施探讨

本文分析了绵羊生长发育所需的适宜温度范围和生产环境界限、新疆家畜生态区气候特点，养羊所用的主要羊舍类型，提出了一系列绵羊环境调控措施，具有一定的生产实践指导意义。     

关于人力资源会计核算问题的探讨

笔者认为人力资源是一项重要的资产，并设计出了核算人力资源的账户体系，采用了相关的计量方法来计量人力资源的价值和成本。为了让人力资源会计能更好地被应用于实践中，提出了一些相关建议。     

Longitudinal study of veterinarians from entry to the veterinary course to ten years after graduation: career paths

OBJECTIVE: To map out the career paths of veterinarians during their first 10 years after graduation, and to determine if this could have been predicted at entry to the veterinary course. DESIGN: Longitudinal study of students who started their course at The University of Queensland in 1985 and 1986, and who completed questionnaires in their first and fifth year as students, and in their second, sixth and eleventh year as veterinarians. METHODS: Data from 129 (96%) questionnaires completed during the eleventh year after graduation were coded numerically then analysed, together with data from previous questionnaires, with SAS System 7 for Windows 95. RESULTS: Ten years after they graduated, 80% were doing veterinary work, 60% were in private practice, 40% in small animal practice and 18% in mixed practice. The equivalent of 25% of the working time of all females was taken up by family duties. When part-time work was taken into account, veterinary work constituted the equivalent of 66% of the group working full-time. That 66% consisted of 52% on small animals, 7% on horses, 6% on cattle/sheep and 1% on pigs/poultry. Those who had grown up on farms with animals were twice as likely to be working with farm animals as were those from other backgrounds. Forecasts made on entry to the veterinary course were of no value in predicting who would remain in mixed practice. CONCLUSIONS: Fewer than one-fifth of graduates were in mixed practice after 10 years, but the number was higher for those who grew up on farms with animals. Forecasts that may be made at interview before entry to the course were of little value in predicting the likelihood of remaining in mixed veterinary practice.     

猪复合预混料中微量元素含量的调查分析初探

通过对9家预混料生产厂家的4%系列猪用预混料的调查研究,以期了解预混料微量元素的含量。调查结果表明,在抽查的9家预混料生产厂家中,共45个产品中铜、铁、锰、锌的自定标准值和实测值都极大超过了中国肉脂型生长肥育猪和妊娠母猪的饲养标准(1986)和美国NRC(1998)建议的猪营养需要量。铅、砷等危害极大的元素须严格的控制。铜、铁、锰、锌等微量元素的大量添加,虽然可以提高猪的生产性能,但会对环境造成极大的危害。     

秸秆与非常规饲草料的黄贮技术

本文立足于生产实践,从当前畜牧养殖业中优质饲草资源短缺以及农业中秸秆、藤蔓浪费严重,得不到循环利用等难题出发,对秸秆以及其他非常规饲草料黄贮的技术原理及要点、制作步骤、制作与饲喂过程中的注意事项展开论述,从而为广大同行提供一定的参考借鉴。     

家兔营养研究进展

从大量资料和生产实践中总结和归纳了家兔营养价值的评定方法，阐述了家兔对蛋白质、氨基酸、能量、脂肪、矿物质和维生素的需要及其用量。此外，对家兔对NPN的利用进行简单描述。     

Accuracy of clinicians in predicting the bacterial cause of clinical bovine mastitis

We examined the ability of clinicians to predict the causative organism of bovine mastitis in our practice. We obtained 118 milk culture results from 112 mastitic cows and compared the culture results to the predictions of clinicians at the time of milk sample collection. Sixty of 118 culture results were accurately predicted. The positive predictive value for coliform mastitis was 42% and the negative predictive value was 79% in a study population with a 31% prevalence of coliform mastitis. The proportion of coliform positive cultures accurately predicted was significantly greater than that expected by chance (p < 0.02).     

蚕桑多元化发展新方向——生物防治

蚕桑多元化发展是产业发展的方向,现主要集中于蚕桑资源综合利用,产业附加值低,产业水平亟待提高。生物防治的安全性、高技术含量和高附加值为产业的壮大提供了广阔市场前景。柞蚕卵繁育寄生蜂技术较为成熟,已经大量生产和推广。利用蚕桑副产物生产生物农药,开展生物防治,可成为蚕桑多元化发展的新方向。     

Ghrelin:一种新的GH释放肽

Ghrelin是从鼠和人的胃中分离得到的一种生长激素释放激素受体的天然的内源性配体,它由28个氨基酸残基组成,且氮端第三位丝氨酸发生了辛酰基化,Ghrelin具有广泛的生物学功能,包括调节能量平衡、调节胃肠功能、调节生长激素释放及调控动物采食等等,对Ghrelin的研究具有重要的理论意义和广阔的应用前景。     

酒糟发酵生物饲料的生产及其对动物生产性能的影响

酒糟是谷物通过固态发酵和蒸馏工艺酿造酒后的副产物,具有营养价值高、成本低廉和易获得等特点,可有效缓解我国饲料资源紧缺的现状。但鲜酒糟中渣富含抗营养因子,且易腐烂、难以保存,故常常被丢弃,造成环境污染和资源浪费。酒糟经益生菌发酵可以改善饲喂价值,提高动物对酒糟的利用效率。因此,文章就不同种类的酒糟资源营养特性、加工工艺及酒糟发酵在动物饲料中的应用进行综述,以期为酒糟发酵生物饲料的生产实践应用提供参考。     

Evaluation of a new in‐clinic test system to detect feline immunodeficiency virus and feline leukemia virus infection

Background: Many in‐house tests for the diagnosis of feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) and feline leukemia virus (FeLV) infection are licensed for use in veterinary practice. A new test with unknown performance has recently appeared on the market. Objectives: The aims of this study were to define the efficacy of a new in‐clinic test system, the Anigen Rapid FIV Ab/FeLV Ag Test, and to compare it with the current leading in‐clinic test, the SNAP Kombi Plus FeLV Antigen/FIB Antibody Test. Methods: Three‐hundred serum samples from randomly selected healthy and diseased cats presented to the Clinic of Small Animal Medicine at Ludwig Maximilian University were tested using both the Anigen Rapid Test and the SNAP Kombi Plus Test. Diagnostic sensitivity, specificity, and positive and negative predictive values were calculated for both tests using Western blot as the gold standard for verification of FIV infection and PCR as the gold standard for FeLV infection. Results: The presence of antibodies against FIV was confirmed by Western blot in 9/300 samples (prevalence 3%). FeLV DNA was detected by PCR in 15/300 samples (prevalence 5%). For FIV infection the Anigen Rapid Test had a sensitivity of 88.9%, specificity of 99.7%, positive predictive value of 88.9%, and negative predictive value of 99.7%. For FeLV infection, the Anigen Rapid Test had a sensitivity of 40.0%, specificity of 100%, positive predictive value of 100%, and negative predictive value of 96.9%. Diagnostic accuracy was similar to that of the SNAP Kombi Plus Test. Conclusion: The new Anigen Rapid FIV Ab/FeLV Ag Test performed very well and can be recommended for use in veterinary practice.     

老鹳草中黄酮类成分的药理、生物学作用

老鹳草为临床常用药,具有多种药理作用,其中黄酮类化合物作为主要成分,是一大类从高等植物中提取的可食用的多酚类物质,具有抗氧化和自由基清除活性,对人体具有营养及医疗价值,如抗病毒、抗癌、保护神经系统和心血管系统等。本文介绍了老鹳草黄酮类成分的药理、生物学作用,为进一步开发和利用老鹳草的黄酮类物质提供一定的文献基础。     

生物资产会计计量模式选择的探讨

生物资产计量是一个充满争议的领域,财政部颁布的《企业会计准则第5号——生物资产》虽提出了公允价值这个计量属性,但基本上还是以历史成本作为主要计量属性的。从长远来看生物资产的公允价值计量取代历史成本计量是历史发展的必然,但以我国目前条件还不能急于求成,复合型计量模式是适应我国当前经济状况的。待资本市场等条件完全成熟后再全面实行公允价值计量,以促进我国农业会计进一步与国际会计惯例相协调。     

The Bourgelat Medal

The Publishers of The Journal of Small Animal Practice , Pergamon Press Limited, have generously provided the funds for the institution and award, from time to time, of a Medal. This Medal, which will be known as the BOURGELAT Medal, is to be given for outstanding contributions to the field of small animal practice, and has a value of 50 guineas. It is hoped that the first award of this Medal will be made at the end of 1964.