美国国家动物卫生实验室网络组建与发展现状

2002年,为提升动物外来病入侵和生物恐怖袭击的应对能力,美国以联邦、州立和大学动物卫生诊断实验室为基础,组建了国家动物卫生实验室网络(NAHLN)。十多年来,NAHLN几乎覆盖了美国所有公立动物疫病诊断实验室,网络体系趋于完善;通过联邦和各州持续投资,NAHLN实验室强化了生物安全设施、标准化快检技术、质量体系、电子报告系统、人员素质和应急监测预案等6方面建设,能力大幅提升;按照早发现、快反应、有序恢复(无疫)的理念,设置了风险监测、应急监测、无疫监测3种模式,对10余种优先防范和控制病种实施分类监测,在发现疫情和证实无疫方面发挥了重要作用,HANLN的名字由此得到了美国政府、国会和行业的认可。同时,HANLN也面临着经费支持不足、被动监测组织性不够等问题。     

我国动物源细菌耐药性数据库的建立与应用

为加强全国动物源细菌耐药性监测数据统一管理,实时掌握我国动物源细菌耐药性的流行动态,中国兽医药品监察所联合多家国内细菌耐药性监测单位,开发了我国的动物源细菌耐药性监测数据库。该数据库为B/S架构,全国不同地区动物源细菌耐药性监测实验室均可通过网页浏览器连接服务器,实现了监测数据即时储存、统计分析和上报,为我国兽医临床细菌耐药性监测提供了重要的技术支持。     

Development of equine models of inflammation. The Ciba-Geigy Prize for Research in Animal Health

Two experimental models of acute non-immune inflammation have been developed to enable studies of the biochemical composition and cellular content of exudates to be undertaken. Both are based on the creation of a mild, reproducible and reversible inflammatory reaction, which is free from uncontrolled incidental factors and which causes minimal distress to the experimental animals. The polyester sponge model involves the insertion of small polyester sponge strips soaked in sterile carrageenan solution into subcutaneous neck pouches and their serial removal. The tissue-cage model is based on the initial insertion of a spherical tissue-cage subcutaneously in the neck and the subsequent stimulation with carrageenan of the granulation tissue which lines and permeates the cage. The acute inflammatory exudates have been shown to contain eicosanoids with prostaglandin E2 predominant. Polymorphonuclear leucocyte numbers increased progressively in the polyester sponge model, whereas cell numbers were maximal at 12 hours in the tissue-cage model. The relationships between eicosanoid formation at the site of inflammation and leucocyte accumulation, enzyme release, total protein content of exudates and the temperature of the lesions have been investigated.     

畜产品安全与绿色畜牧业发展

畜产品安全性是当今畜牧业中最受人关注的问题。本文简述了我国的畜产品安全现状，提出了加强畜产品安全工作的几点建议，并探讨了绿色畜产品的开发途径。     

A global livestock production and health atlas (GLiPHA) for interactive presentation,integration and analysis of livestock data

An interactive electronic atlas has been developed with the purpose of providing a scaleable overview of spatial and temporal variation in animal production and health-related information for decision and policy makers in national and international institutions. The information contained in the atlas is currently managed and presented using the Key Indicators Mapping System (KIMS), and will also be integrated using the Key Indicators Database System (KIDS). Both systems were developed by the World Agricultural Information Centre of the FAO (FAO-WAICENT), the former as a stand-alone application and the latter for access via the Internet. Components of the atlas include vector maps, livestock disease and production databases, rules for country-level disease risk classification and 'disease cards' containing basic background information on diseases included in the atlas. The disease data is currently based primarily on Office International des Epizooties (OIE) disease reports, and the livestock production data on the FAO-WAICENT database. The atlas is highly interactive and allows visual presentation of information using maps, tables and charts. It also contains links to relevant resource information on the Internet. Diseases covered in the animal health layer include most OIE List A diseases and a subset of OIE List B diseases. Extensive analyses have been conducted to develop a set of qualitative and semi-quantitative criteria that allow improved disease status classifications based on 5-years cumulative OIE disease reports, and official disease control declarations. Classification rules were determined depending on the epidemiological features of each disease and considering spatial heterogeneity of disease presence in local regions.     

Estimation of the costs of mastitis, using National Animal Health Monitoring System and milk somatic cell count data

Data collected by the National Animal Health Monitoring System in Ohio for a 12-month period during 1986 and 1987 were used to determine the relative magnitude of costs associated with mastitis in the following categories: milk production loss, veterinary services, drugs, producer labor, and "other" factors. The cost of milk loss associated with mastitis that was reported by producers cooperating in the National Animal Health Monitoring System program was compared with estimates based on bulk tank somatic cell counts and individual cow milk somatic cell counts. Using producer-reported estimates, milk loss accounted for about one third of the total cost associated with mastitis. When estimates of milk loss were replaced by estimates based on bulk tank somatic cell counts, milk loss accounted for over 80% of the total cost of mastitis. Estimates of the cost of milk loss based on studies relating milk yield to somatic cell counts differed considerably. Consequently, it was unclear how to best estimate the relative magnitude of the milk loss component of mastitis costs.     

Animal transboundary diseases: European union and asian network of veterinary research cooperation for quality livestock production

Transboundary animal diseases (TADs) constitute a global threat that afflict livestock. They are characterized by the suddenness, acuteness, the rapidity with which they can spread in susceptible livestock populations and the widespread nature of the losses that they can produce. The havoc they play renders individual farmers and private veterinary services relatively powerless to take effective action. As TADs do not recognize national borders, there is a great demand for regional cooperation which must be put into a global term. From the epidemiological point of view, the prospects for eradication of a disease with minimal production losses and other costs are best, if the disease can be recognized early where it is localized and then a disease control programme be quickly implemented.     

青海省畜禽资源与畜牧业的发展探讨

青海是全国重要的畜牧业基地之一。主要表现在：可利用草场面积、年末大牲畜头数、头只数、肉用牛羊出栏数及产肉量、活畜产品在全国占有重要地位。因而对青海畜禽资源的优势现状及其畜牧业发展的研究,是很有必要的,它将为促进我国、我省国民经济的发展具有十分重要的意义。     

加快发展畜牧业 实现畜牧业增效农牧民增收

阐述了内蒙古畜牧业发展成就及所面临的形势,提出按照中央和自治区的要求和部署,畜牧部门要着重抓好以下几项工作,以实现畜牧业增效和农牧民增收.①进一步落实和完善草原承包到户政策;②加快畜牧业生产经营方式的转变;③加强以草原生态建设和牲畜种子工程为重点的畜牧业基础建设;④加快畜牧业结构调整,推进产业化经营;⑤大力发展农村畜牧业;⑥加强技术改造,强化服务,提高畜牧业的科技含量;⑦全面加强畜产品质量安全和动物卫生工作.     

动物福利发展的挑战与机遇

动物福利理念,伦理学的观点是反对人类对试验动物和家畜的种种虐待,否定大规模的工厂化畜牧业,提倡善待动物和减少不必要的痛苦;深层次的内涵在于丰富动物环境,使动物充分地表达行为,以动物康乐提高畜产品的质与量,实现食品安全和环境安全的社会学目标。动物福利是推动中国畜牧业变革的理性思维,也是构建和谐社会的科学理念之一。1动物福利与人类可持续发展动物福利(W elfare of Farmed Animals)的基本原则是保证动物康乐。动物康乐(well-being)是指动物自身的感受状态,也就是身体健康和“心理愉快”,包括无疾病、无损伤、无异常行为、无…     

建立现代动物及动物产品标识与可追溯体系

近年来,动物卫生及动物产品安全问题成为政府和社会各界高度关注的焦点问题。实行动物及动物产品标识与可追溯管理是有效解决动物卫生与动物产品安全问题的重要措施。本文论述了建立现代动物及动物产品标识与可追溯体系的基本原则、构成要素和主要作用。     

论动物用中草药剂的新药开发

本文介绍了开发动物用中草药剂的产品与技术的发展方向，与同行讨论。     

动物疫病损失模型及治疗的经济评估模型构建

借鉴国外在动物卫生经济学方面应用的成功经验,探讨养猪场疫病发生造成巨大经济损失问题。通过疫病对种猪生产性能和育肥猪生产能力的损害,从兽医角度与经济角度两个方面去考虑:剖析诸因素相互间的关系及对猪只的经济影响,构建适宜地数学模型,为不同疫病对猪只造成的不同经济损失进行计算。以决策树法建立治疗控制措施的经济评估模型,对患某一种疫病的猪只做出治疗与否的最优辅助决策。并以江苏某大型规模化猪场为案例,运用成本收益分析对猪场2010-2012年疫病防控投入与产出进行估算和衡量。提出防控资源配置优化的建议。     

深入贯彻落实《畜牧法》全面推进重点畜禽遗传资源保护工作全国畜禽遗传资源保护和管理技术培训班暨首批国家级畜禽保种场、保护区和基因库授牌仪式在北京举行

[本刊讯]深秋的京郊,阳光和煦.11月21日,由农业部畜牧业司和全国畜牧总站主办,北京市农业局承办的全国畜禽遗传资源保护和管理技术培训班暨首批国家级畜禽保种场、保护区和基因库授牌仪式在北京举行.     

动物RNA病毒反向遗传学操作技术及应用进展

本文简述了反向遗传操作技术的基本原理以及近年来动物RNA病毒基因复制与表达调控机理、病毒与宿主间的相互作用,以及构建新型病毒载体和研发新型疫苗等方面的研究进展。     

Situation of bovine salmonellosis in Germany from 1995-2003 according to the data from the National Animal Disease Reporting System

The communication gives an overview on the epidemiological situation of bovine salmonellosis in Germany. Bases for the data presented are the information of the officially confirmed outbreaks of salmonellosis in cattle collected in the National Animal Disease Reporting System since 1995. From 1995 to 2003 the number of annually registered outbreaks of salmonellosis in cattle in Germany amounted on an average to 221,2 +/- 26,5. Because of the decrease in cattle population in this period the number of reported outbreaks of salmonellosis increased significantly (P < or =) in ratio to the number of cattle keeping farms. In Germany, Salmonella Typhimurium and Salmonella Typhimurium var. copenhagen caused approximately 50 % of the annually reported outbreaks of bovine salmonellosis between 1995 and 2002 and therefore represent the most important serovars. The cattle adapted Salmonella serovar Dublin was responsible for about 15 % to 20 % of the outbreaks from 1995-2000, afterwards its share increased continuously to 38 % in 2003. Between 1995 and 2003 Salmonella Abony was the causative agent of 7 % to 21 % and Salmonella Enteritidis very constantly of 5 % to 6 % of the annual outbreaks. Numerous other serovars also may cause outbreaks of bovine salmonellosis, however, that were mostly single cases which did not result in further outbreaks in other years of the period observed. The temporal distribution of the reported cases of salmonellosis reveals a strong correspondence over the years. The lowest number of new cases is registered annually in months April/ May. Afterwards the number of outbreaks increases steadily until September/ October, followed by an decrease in the monthly reported cases of salmonellosis in cattle.