非离子态氨对转红色荧光蛋白基因唐鱼的毒性研究

水体中氨氮是影响鱼类生存的重要环境胁迫因子。利用静水法测定水体中非离子态氨对转红色荧光蛋白基因唐鱼(Tanichthys albonubes)和野生唐鱼的急性毒性和慢性效应。急性毒性实验结果显示,转基因唐鱼的非离子态氨24、48、72、96 h半数致死浓度(LC50)(2.43、2.12、1.82、1.72 mg·L-1)分别比野生唐鱼相应时间的半数致死浓度(LC50)(2.40、2.10、1.76、1.67 mg·L-1)略高,但无显著性差异;慢性毒性实验结果显示,在不同浓度非离子态氨(0.02、0.18、0.35、0.53、0.70 mg·L-1)胁迫下,转基因唐鱼和野生唐鱼的死亡率无显著差异。研究结果可为评价转红色荧光蛋白基因唐鱼潜在生态风险提供参考依据。     

不同溶氧水平下氨氮和亚硝酸盐对黄颡鱼的急性毒性研究

在高溶氧(10.77±0.40)mg/L、中溶氧(6.89±0.33)mg/L和低溶氧(3.45±0.54)mg/L水平下,研究了氨氮和亚硝酸盐对黄颡鱼急性毒性效应。结果显示:高溶氧水平下,氨氮和亚硝酸盐对黄颡鱼的96 h-LC50值(95%可信区间)分别为148.1 mg/L(125.03～172.37 mg/L)、206.52 mg/L(164.25～246.23 mg/L);在中等溶氧水平下,氨氮和亚硝酸盐对黄颡鱼的96 h-LC50值(95%可信区间)分别为106.69 mg/L(89.92～123.70 mg/L)、145.77 mg/L(116.77～174.77 mg/L);而低溶氧水平下,氨氮和亚硝酸盐对黄颡鱼的96 h-LC50值(95%可信区间)分别为68.03 mg/L(58.32～77.89 mg/L)、81.33 mg/L(64.76～96.70 mg/L)。结果表明,在3种溶氧条件下,氨氮对黄颡鱼的毒性明显大于亚硝酸盐对黄颡鱼的毒性,因而氨氮对黄颡鱼的毒性成为其养殖过程中的重要影响因子。     

4种渔药对昆明裂腹鱼鱼苗的急性毒性试验

采用半静水式试验方法研究了在水温(16.5±0.5)℃、pH(7.70±0.25)条件下,高锰酸钾、三氯异氰尿酸、硫酸铜与硫酸亚铁合剂(5∶2)、敌百虫4种常用渔药对昆明裂腹鱼(Schizothorax grahami)鱼苗的急性毒性实验。结果显示:4种药物中三氯异氰尿酸的24 h、48 h、96 h半致死浓度最低,分别为1.586、1.423、1.173 mg/L,敌百虫的最高,为473、407、302 mg/L。4种药物的安全浓度分别为高锰酸钾0.536 mg/L,三氯异氰尿酸0.347 1 mg/L,硫酸铜与硫酸亚铁合剂(5∶2)0.5 mg/L,敌百虫90.41 mg/L。结果表明:4种药物中,三氯异氰尿酸、硫酸铜与硫酸亚铁合剂(5∶2)和敌百虫可在生产中安全使用。     

江黄颡鱼瞬时耗氧率和窒息点的研究

在三种水温条件下 ( 12℃、2 0℃、2 8℃ )测定江黄颡鱼 (Pseudobagrusvachelli)幼鱼 ( 6 .5～ 8.6cm/p ,3.953～ 8.4 0 7g/ p)的耗氧状况 ,据此计算出幼鱼的瞬时耗氧速率 (V ,mg/ g.h)与溶氧量 (DO ,mg/L)及水温的相关关系。试验表明 :江黄颡鱼耐低氧能力较强 ;其昏迷点、窒息点随水温的升高而有所增大 ,2 8℃时两者分别为 0 .3183、0 .2 750mg/L ;江黄颡鱼的瞬时耗氧速率随时间的延长、溶氧量的降低而降低 ,呼吸类型属于顺应型     

福尔马林防治鮸鱼Miichthys miiuy(Basilewsky)刺激隐核虫(Cryptocaryon irritans)的研究

本文采用在淡水和海水中加入不同浓度的福尔马林,进行鮸鱼刺激隐核虫防治的研究.结果发现,福尔马林质量浓度为221.3 mg/L的海水中,鮸鱼12 h内无死亡,海水福尔马林对鮸鱼12 h,24 h,48 h,72 h,96 h时的半致死浓度分别为475.6,413.8,248.1,212.7,200.7 mg/L,安全浓度为56.08 mg/L;淡水浸泡鮸鱼的半致死时间为126 min;淡水处理刺激隐核虫的半致死时间为26 min,海水福尔马林中,处理2 h和12 h的半致死浓度为62.5,23.3 mg/L.全池泼洒20～80 mg/L福尔马林可防治刺激隐核虫,淡水浸泡30 min后泼 25 mg/L福尔马林效果更佳.研究结果表明,海水和淡水福尔马林对刺激隐核虫的致死浓度处于鮸鱼安全范围之内,淡水浸泡30 min后泼洒25 mg/L福尔马林可有效防治刺激隐核虫.     

溶氧水平对黄颡鱼稚鱼摄食、生长及呼吸代谢的影响

在(28±0.5)℃循环水环境中设置4种溶氧水平,分别为2.92 mg/L(G1组)、4.71 mg/L(G2组)、6.77 mg/L(G3组)、9.68 mg/L(G4组),研究初始体重为(1.62±0.02)g的黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus fulvidracoR.)稚鱼的生长、摄食及呼吸代谢规律。结果显示:G3组特定生长率(SGR)、饲料效率(FE)均显著高于其它各试验组(P<0.05)。试验鱼的耗氧率、排氨率与溶氧水平无正相关性,G3组的耗氧率、排氨率始终显著高于其它三组。第6周测定发现:摄食后1~4 h内耗氧率和排氨率均呈现迅速上升,到达最大值后再缓慢下降,二者均在09∶00和21∶00出现高峰,G3组的耗氧率高峰值分别为0.345、0.331 mg/g.h,G3组的排氨率高峰值分别为24.194、17.770μg/g.h。结果表明:不同溶氧条件下,黄颡鱼稚鱼的耗氧率、排氨率变化过程具有类似的特征,二者在能量代谢机制上相互关联;在6.77 mg/L的溶氧水平下,黄颡鱼稚鱼生长最快、呼吸代谢最为旺盛。     

4种有机磷农药对黄鳝幼鱼的急性毒性研究

为了解稻田常用农药对黄鳝(Monopterus albus)幼鱼的毒性效应,以体质量(0.03±0.01)g的黄鳝幼鱼为对象,在水温(27.0±1.5)℃、p H(7.75±0.25)条件下,采用半静态水生生物急性毒性实验方法,测定了氧乐果、乙酰甲胺磷、马拉硫磷、敌百虫等4种有机磷农药对其的急性毒性效应。结果表明,氧乐果、乙酰甲胺磷、马拉硫磷、敌百虫的24 h半致死浓度分别为:6.190、67.350、5.058、13.622 mg/L;48 h半致死浓度分别为:4.460、60.954、3.981、6.993 mg/L;72 h半致死浓度分别为:3.042、55.804、3.404、3.303 mg/L;96 h半致死浓度分别为:1.761、51.286、2.992、2.308 mg/L;其安全浓度分别为0.695、14.978、0.740、0.553 mg/L。对照国家环保总局发布的毒性分类标准,氧乐果、马拉硫磷和敌百虫对黄鳝幼鱼而言属中等毒性农药,而乙酰甲胺磷则属低毒性农药。     

中国对虾瞬时耗氧速率与海水比重及溶氧水平的相关

以中国对虾(7.30±0.32g/p,8.12±0.14cm/p)为测试对象,在海水比重d_1=1.0015至d_7=1.0305之间7个梯度组中分别饲养10天,于32±1℃水温条件下测定对虾的瞬时耗氧速率(V.mg/g·h);遂将瞬时耗氧速率与时间、溶氧量(DO,mg/L)和水的比重作相关分析。结果是耗氧速率随时间延长、溶氧下降而递减;当比重在1.0030～1.0185范围内。耗氧速率随比重增加而增大。7个比重组虾的昏迷点为0.61～1.48mg/L,窒息点为0.61～1.06mg/L。     

三种药物对苏氏圆腹仔鱼的急性毒性试验

福尔马林、敌百虫、硫酸铜对苏氏圆腹仔鱼的急性毒性实验。在水温28-30℃下,福尔马林对苏氏圆腹仔鱼24h和48h半致死浓度分别为98.3mg/L和83.9mg/L,安全浓度为18.3mg/L;敌百虫24h和48h半致死浓度分别为7.7mg/L和3.7mg/L,安全浓度为0.26mg/L;硫酸铜24h和48h半致死浓度分别为0.28mg/L和0.22mg/L,安全浓度为0.04mg/L。其仔鱼鱼苗对所选用的三种药物的敏感顺序为:硫酸铜>敌百虫>福尔马林。     

不同溶氧条件下黄颡鱼免疫机能及抗病力的研究

研究了水温(28.4±1.0)℃时不同溶氧条件下(A组:(2.28±0.56)mg/L;B组:(4.04±0.38)mg/L;C组:(6.51±0.64)mg/L;D组:(9.11±1.24)mg/L)饲养8周后,黄颡鱼(Pelteobagrus fulvidraco)的免疫机能及对嗜水气单胞菌(Aerom onas hydrophila)的抗病力。结果显示:A组脾脏系数、吞噬百分率极显著低于其他3组(P<0.01),淋巴细胞转化率显著低于其他3组(P<0.05),红细胞数(RBC)显著高于其他3组(P<0.05),白细胞数(WBC)显著高于C、D两组(P<0.05);B组脾脏系数极显著低于C、D两组(P<0.01),吞噬百分率和淋巴细胞转化率显著低于C、D两组(P<0.05),攻毒1周后,A组受试鱼累积死亡率显著高于B组(P<0.05),极显著高于C、D两组(P<0.01)。表明慢性低氧胁迫抑制了黄颡鱼免疫机能。饲养8周后各组黄颡鱼血清皮质醇水平和溶菌酶活力差异均不显著(P>0.05),表明这两个指标不宜作为鱼类慢性胁迫中的应激信号。     

Fish assemblage associations and thresholds with existing and projected oil and gas development

Energy development threatens fish and wildlife resources worldwide. This study used constrained ordinations to show fish assemblage structure associated with oil and gas well densities in the Colorado River Basin, Wyoming, but well densities explained only 6.4% of assemblage structure when compared to other factors. Threshold Indicator Taxonomic ANalysis showed significant negative threshold responses by some species to small levels of development (<0.15 wells km^?2), whereas positive thresholds were less distinct. Some native and imperilled species could be disproportionately affected if future oil and gas development proceeds in a manner that will impact aquatic resources. Although existing development has not substantially influenced regional fish assemblage structure, it appears to affect a subset of species. Understanding assemblage‐level responses to development can help land managers determine appropriate development levels, prioritise areas for monitoring associated with future development and identify where land protection measures may be needed to offset potential risks.     

奶牛酮病发病机理研究进展

结合国内外目前研究状况较为详细的综述了奶牛酮病的病因与发病机理,并分析了奶牛酮病发生的生化机制。旨在对临床实践中很好的认识诊断和群体监控奶牛酮病提供较为系统的理论依据,保证奶牛群的高产和稳产,从而创造良好的经济效益。     

添加植酸酶日粮不同磷水平和钙磷比对生长肥育猪血液生化指标和骨骼性能的影响

本试验利用饲养试验方法,研究玉米-豆粕型日粮中添加植酸酶时不同磷水平和钙磷比对生长肥育猪血清指标和骨骼性能的影响。试验选用162头20kg左右的杜长大三元杂交猪进行2×3(磷水平×钙磷比)因子饲养试验,试验分2个阶段进行,前期为生长期体重在20-60kg,后期为肥育期体重为为60-100kg。结果表明:添加植酸酶日粮磷水平对血清磷含量和碱性磷酸酶的活性影响显著(P<0.05);钙磷比对血清钙和血清磷含量的影响显著(P<0.05);添加植酸酶日粮磷水平和钙磷比对生长肥育猪骨骼性能的影响不显著(P>0.05)。在添加植酸酶条件下,降低日粮磷水平不影响猪的正常生长发育。     

Achieving sustainable aquaculture: Historical and current perspectives and future needs and challenges

Important operational changes that have gradually been assimilated and new approaches that are developing as part of the movement toward sustainable intensive aquaculture production systems are presented via historical, current, and future perspectives. Improved environmental and economic sustainability based on increased efficiency of production continues to be realized. As a result, aquaculture continues to reduce its carbon footprint through reduced greenhouse gas emissions. Reduced use of freshwater and land resources per unit of production, improved feed management practices as well as increased knowledge of nutrient requirements, effective feed ingredients and additives, domestication of species, and new farming practices are now being applied or evaluated. Successful expansion into culture of marine species, both off and on shore, offers the potential of substantial increases in sustainable intensive aquaculture production combined with integrative efforts to increase efficiency will principally contribute to satisfying the increasing global demand for protein and food security needs.     

Gar biology and culture: status and prospects

Many lepisosteid populations in North America have declined and many are now threatened as a consequence of habitat loss and alteration and commercial and sport overfishing. Over the last two decades, morphological, histological and molecular studies allowed distinguishing between different phases of development and the nutritional condition of larvae. Ontogeny of the digestive enzymes of gar larvae indicated the possibility to feed them artificial feeds since early developmental stages. An in vitro digestibility system to test different feed ingredients has been used. Important characteristics of artificial diets were identified through different feeding experiments. Endocrinological studies showed the feasibility of altering larval development and the digestive capacity of larvae. Cloning of gar growth hormone opened new avenues to enhance growth in the gars. Plasmatic vitellogenin was isolated and purified, to develop a competitive enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay, which allowed the straightforward separation of males from females to establish appropriate proportions for reproduction and also was used to evaluate hormonal protocols to induce gonad recrudescence and spawning. This review analyzes the biology, ecology and physiology of different gar species as a basis for their domestication, mass production of larvae for repopulation experiments and for the culture of commercial‐size gar.     

Esophagoscopy and gastroscopy in dogs and cats. Technics and indications

A report is presented of esophagoscopy and gastroscopy in cats and dogs using flexible endoscopes. Following consideration of the basic equipment, an account is given of patient preparation and anesthesia, topography, investigation technique and normal findings. Diagnostic potential, indications and risks involved are discussed.     

加快城乡统筹，推进我国农垦体制创新与经济发展的研究与思考

“十一五”以来,我国农垦加快体制机制改革、结构调整和经济增长方式的转变的步伐,参与市场竞争,努力提升企业和产品竞争力,经济社会事业发展较快,对国家的贡献提升,职工收入、生活质量明显提高和改善,示范引领作用不断增强。本文针对农垦体制机制创新进展滞缓,战略定位与发展方向不明,经济增长方式转变和结构调整缺乏资本、人才、技术的支撑,没有处理好改革、发展、稳定、民生的关系,投资匮乏,发展后劲不足,人才短缺和劳动力素质低下的现状,提出在未来农垦体制机制创新中要特别关注改革方向、目标设定与评估,改革要在现行法律法规的框架内运作,改革时机的选择,处理好改革发展稳定与民生的关系,调整好内部利益分配关系,自觉融入区域经济,与地方协同发展等问题。为了促进农垦的发展,建议国家加大对农垦体制机制创新、现代农业建设、国有农场土地资源的保护、社会保障体系的完善等财政和政策的支持力度。     

川渝地区鸡皮刺螨的流行与综合防治

鸡皮刺螨是鸡的一种体外寄生的节肢动物,流行十分广泛,对养殖业发展有严重影响。为了解鸡皮刺螨的发病情况,对川渝两地的126个鸡场进行流行病学调查,感染率高达71%。同时,介绍了鸡皮刺螨的生活史、危害及防治措施,是防制鸡皮刺螨不可多得的资料。     

Composition and diversity of fish and fish catches in closures and open-access fisheries of Kenya

Abstract  Catch composition, relative abundance and diversity of fish catches in open access and three old fisheries closures were compared and contrasted with previous ecological studies. There was less variation in catch community composition among the fishing grounds than the closures, suggesting that fishing has homogenised catch composition. The trap survey found that some parrotfish [ Leptoscarus vaigiensis (Quoy &Gaimard), Calotomus carolinus (Valenciennes) and Scarus ghobban Forsskål] were relatively more common and that some important predators of macro-invertebrates [ Balistapus undulatus (Mungo Park) and Cheilinus chlorourus (Bloch)] were less common in the fishing grounds than closures. Unexpectedly, and in contrast to visual census results, cumulative number of species in catch surveys was higher in open access than closures sites. This may result from fishers covering more area and habitat or a reduction in the catch of competitively subordinate and rare species by aggressive, early-caught fish that can dominate bait. Comparisons of ecological visual census surveys and fisheries-dependent methods indicated that small differences in catch composition can reflect larger ecological differences and that baiting methods can underestimate biodiversity. Ecological impacts of fishing and large-scale changes in marine ecosystems must be considerable given the many fisheries-dependent assessments report modest changes.     

中国鲟鱼的保护、管理与产业化

1　世界现存鲟鱼的种类和资源鲟鱼是一类起源早、具有重要科学研究价值和极高经济价值的稀有物种 ,多数种类个体大 ,半数种为溯河洄游产卵鱼类。按目前较为公认的分类系统 ,现存鲟鱼类有 2科 6属 2 7个种 ,隶属于硬骨鱼纲、软骨硬鳞总目、鲟形目 (Acipenseriformes) ,其中鲟属有 17个种 ,主要经济种类在其中。它们全部分布于北半球 ,现存 9个自然分布区为 :太平洋东岸、北美大湖地区、大西洋西北部、北美密西西比河流域和墨西哥湾、大西洋东北部、里海地区、西伯利亚及北冰洋流域、黑龙江和日本海、长江和珠江。鲟鱼自然种群资源稀少 ,在过…