泰山北坡的鸟类多样性

通过对泰山北坡鸟类的生境选择,来了解鸟类在不同生境中的种类、数量、生态类型等特征及鸟类在同环境条件下的关系,并将泰山北坡的鸟类按照生境划分为针阔混交林、河谷水边、灌丛、低山耕作区和低山居民点五种类型以及不同生境下的优势种群。     

辽宁努鲁儿虎山国家级自然保护区鸟类生境调查研究

将保护区鸟类主要栖息活动的生境分为夏绿阔叶林、稀树灌丛草丛、人工针叶林、农田居民区和溪流水域等5个类型。通过调查,分布于溪流水域生境的鸟类种数最多,占保护区鸟类总种数的21.35%,其次为夏绿阔叶林+人工针叶林生境,占保护区鸟类总种数的17.98%;无鸟类只栖息生活在人工针叶林1个生境中。     

四川若尔盖湿地国家级自然保护区鸟类多样性及区系分析

通过2019—2021间开展的鸟类野外调查并查阅历史鸟类分布记录资料,共记录汇总四川若尔盖湿地国家级自然保护区鸟类17目45科232种,其中文献记录7目15科31种。古北界、东洋界、广布种鸟类157、40、35种,分12种分布型,古北界鸟类占67.67%。留鸟98种、旅鸟50种、夏候鸟52种、冬候鸟29种、迷鸟3种,非留鸟占57.76%,鸟类多样性季节变化明显。高寒草甸（165种）、高山灌丛（127种）生境中的分布的鸟类种数较多,之前对该地区的鸟类研究主要集中在湿地类型生境中并以水鸟为主,建议今后加强对保护区非湿地生境中鸟类的关注和研究,特别是雀形目鸟类和猛禽。在不同类型的生境中,鸟类分布数量、种类、优势种差异明显,不同生境间鸟类共有种数量不一,侧面反映了出该地区近年来水平空间梯度上的生境分化显著。近年来,保护区内新纪录鸟类不断增加,鸟类多样性情况日趋复杂,根据此次研究结果,建议保护区今后分季节和生境类型制定针对性的鸟类保护措施。     

舞钢石漫滩国家湿地公园冬季鸟类群落多样性调查

2018年11月至2019年2月,采用样线法对舞钢石漫滩国家湿地公园的鸟类的种类与数量迚行了调查,结果:①共记录到鸟类13目28科59种,其中国家II级重点保护鸟类2种,河南省重点保护鸟类3种;优势种5种,常见种46种,稀有种8种;多样性指数2.666;均匀度指数0.6566;留鸟34种,夏候鸟3种,冬候鸟17种,旅鸟5种;东洋界8种,古北界23种,广布种28种;②鸟类多样性指数:农田生境(2.2522)湿地生境(2.3651)林地生境(2.6246);均匀度指数:湿地生境(0.6456)农田生境(0.6997)林地生境(0.7717);优势度指数:林地生境(0.1201)农田生境(0.1505)湿地生境(0.1515);3种生境鸟类群落的相似性:林地生境和农田生境的相似性最高(0.7636),和湿地生境的相似性最低(0.2899)。     

湿地生态效益补偿中湿地受损情况分析

对因鸟类等野生动物保护造成的湿地受损进行界定是做好湿地生态效益补偿的基本要求。本文以黄河三角洲国家级自然保护区湿地受损为例,从鸟类生存需要食物来源,分析了湿地受损原因及对不同生境的影响;根据鸟类的活动分布特点,划分了鸟类集中区、鸟类觅食区和鸟类扩散区3种类型,说明了3种类型的特点;从鸟类觅食直接导致经济损失、鸟类利用生境的不同方式导致产量降低、管理方式不同导致耕地受损差异分析了湿地受损原因。     

沾益海峰自然保护区鸟类资源及其保护与开发利用对策

迄今为止 ,沾益海峰自然保护区及其周围邻近地区共记录鸟类 16 8种 ,隶属 18目 ,4 5科 ,另 4亚科。其中森林生境类型鸟类 71种 ,占 4 2 2 % ;田园村寨生境类型鸟类 4 8种 ,占 2 8 6 % ;河流水域生境类型鸟类 4 9种 ,占 2 9 2 %。对其主要农林益鸟、经济资源鸟类和国家重点保护鸟类进行资源评价。并提出了今后保护对策和合理开发利用措施。     

厦门高崎国际机场鸟类调查及鸟撞防治的对策

厦门机场及周边活动的常见鸟类共有30科，90种，在整个锥形面内对飞机飞行构成危险的鸟类，主要是白鹭Egretta garzetta，中白鹭E.intermedia，普通鸬鹚Phalacrocorax carbo，黑翅鸢Elanus caeruleus，山斑鸠Streptopelia orientalis，家鸽等大型鸟类；根据各种鸟类习性及其栖息生境的特点分析，提出了以鸣枪，放煤气炮等方式驱赶鸟类。改变鸟类栖息生境以降低鸟类的种群数量等防止鸟撞的对策。     

永翠河溪流生态系统珍稀鸟类的保护与管理

在对伊春市带岭区永翠河流域溪流生态系统的鸟类进行系统调查的同时，对列为国家保护的珍稀濒危鸟类的生境、数量及侯鸟迁来和迁离的日期进行了较详细的研究。并找出了生境的破坏、渔猎的压力、吃野味、制标本、旅游业的干扰等促成珍稀鸟类濒危的机制。提出了加强宣传教育、提高认识、提高管理干部素质、加强行政干预、加强管理机构的建设、保护好野生动物的生境等保护和管理措施。     

基于MaxEnt模型的武汉市鸟类生境识别与特征

文章以武汉市分布的6种代表性"保护鸟类"为研究对象,基于2018年鸟类观测数据,通过最大熵(MaxEnt)模型识别其生境空间分布,分析目前武汉市鸟类生境的分布特征与存在的问题,从生境结构与生境质量2方面提出优化建议。研究结果表明:在武汉市中心城区,"保护鸟类"丰富度较高的区域是紧临河流、湖泊等绿地;在远城区,其丰富度较高的则是一些湿地保护区和天然林地区域;此外,部分耕地的"保护鸟类"丰富度也较高,并且是这些"保护鸟类"的重要栖息地。     

上海高密度城区不同用地的鸟类群落结构研究

城市野生鸟类及其物种多样性是现代城市生态系统健康的重要指标。上海有着丰富的鸟类资源,但是高密度城区各类用地的鸟类物种多样性的相关研究较少涉及。该研究于2014—2015年对上海浦东新区世纪大道沿线不同类型用地的鸟类群落进行了调查,共记录到8目25科47种鸟类。对居住用地、公共设施用地、道路广场用地、公园绿地、湿地等不同用地以及居住用地、商业服务业用地、商务办公用地中各类绿地-建筑空间格局的鸟类群落结构进行了比较研究。结果显示:公园绿地生境鸟种数最多;其次是由居住用地、公共设施用地、道路广场用地的附属绿地构成的休闲绿化生境;而湿地生境的鸟种数虽然最少,但稀有鸟种更多并且多样性指数和均匀度指数均大于公园绿地生境;中心式绿地布局模式对鸟类物种丰富度和物种多样性更有利。整个研究区域的鸟类群落结构呈现一定的季节变化,但严重单一化。     

The importance of the surroundings: are bird communities of riparian galleries influenced by agroforestry matrices in SW Iberian Peninsula?

Context

The remaining riparian stretches are often the unique suitable habitats for forest breeding birds in Mediterranean landscapes undergoing long-term changes. Understanding the interactions between riparian zones and their surroundings is critical to establish successful management actions.

Aims

We assessed the influence of surrounding matrix on riparian bird communities and the use of riparian galleries as surrogate habitats for the forest passerine communities of southwestern Iberia.

Methods

We used point counts in three simultaneous sampling stations, one in the riparian gallery and two in the adjacent matrix. Three matrix types were selected with a decreasing tree density gradient: dense montado, sparse montado, and open agricultural areas. Data were analysed with redundancy analysis and differences in species’ occurrences were tested with one-way ANOVA.

Results

In riparian galleries, we found bird species belong to three ecological guilds: riparian, woodland, and edge guilds. The richness of bird guilds and the occurrence of some species depended on the surrounding matrix type. Riparian bird richness was constant in all surrounding matrices, woodland bird guild was richer in galleries embedded in dense montados, and edge guild in riparian galleries surrounded by sparse montados. Five among 19 assessed species were influenced by matrix type, within particular a few strictly riparian species. Species richness increased close to riparian galleries, due to the increase in habitat heterogeneity and resource availability for birds in densely vegetated riversides. However, the occurrence of some bird species differed according to the type of surrounding matrix.

Conclusion

The matrix type explained most of the variance in riparian bird assemblages. Some woodland birds have used riparian galleries as surrogate habitat. Our study suggests that land use in the surrounding matrices must be taking into account for the management and rehabilitation of watercourses and bird conservation actions.     

湿地公园建设中鸟类栖息地的营造——以江苏句容赤山湖国家湿地公园白水荡区为例

鸟类栖息地的保护、恢复和重建已成为全球湿地保护中广泛关注的问题。文中从湿地公园建设中湿地生态系统的保护出发,以赤山湖白水荡区为例,在介绍场地中鸟类资源及栖息地现状的基础上分析其中存在的问题,提出鸟类栖息地营建的方式,以期对湿地公园建设中的鸟类保护做出一定贡献。     

Effects of management regime on the abundance and nest survival of shrubland birds in wildlife openings in northern New England, USA

Many shrubland bird species are declining in eastern North America and as a result forest managers have used a variety of techniques to provide breeding habitat for these species. The maintenance of permanent “wildlife openings” using prescribed burns or mechanical treatments is a widely used approach for providing habitat for these species, but there have been no studies of the effects of treatment regime on bird abundance and nest survival in managed wildlife openings. We studied shrubland birds in wildlife openings on the White Mountain National Forest (WMNF) in New Hampshire and Maine, USA, during 2003 and 2004. We analyzed bird abundance and nest survival in relation to treatment type (burned versus mowed), treatment frequency, time since treatment, and patch area. We found that wildlife openings provided habitat for shrubland birds that are not present in mature forest. There was relatively modest support for models of focal bird species abundance as a function of treatment regime variables, despite pronounced effects of treatment on habitat conditions. This probably was attributable to the combined effects of complex site histories and bird site fidelity. Overall nest success (52%) was comparable to other types of early-successional habitats in the region, but there were few supported relationships between nest survival and treatment variables. We conclude that wildlife openings provide quality habitat for shrubland birds of high conservation interest as long as managers ensure treatment intervals are long enough to permit the development of woody vegetation characteristic of the later stages of this sere. Also, wildlife openings should be large enough to accommodate the territory sizes of all target species, which was ≥1.2 ha in this study.     

Bird community responses to a gradient of site preparation intensities in pine plantations in the Coastal Plain of North Carolina

Although intensively managed pine forests are common in the southeastern US, few studies describe how combinations of mechanical (MSP) and chemical site preparation (CSP) and herbaceous weed control (HWC) techniques affect bird communities that use early successional habitats within young pine forests. Therefore, we examined effects of six treatments of increasing management intensity via combinations of MSP (strip-shear and wide spacing or roller chop and narrow spacing) and CSP (application or no application) treatments with banded or broadcast HWC on bird communities in six loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) plantations in the Coastal Plain of North Carolina, USA, for 8 years following site preparation. Wide pine spacing and strip-shear MSP increased bird abundance and species richness over narrow spacing and chopped MSP for 6 years after planting. Chemical SP reduced bird abundance in year 2, increased bird abundance in year 6, had no effect on abundance after year 7, and did not affect species richness in any year. Total bird abundance and species richness were similar between banded and broadcast HWC. Site preparation and HWC had no effect on bird diversity and bird communities were most similar in treatments of similar intensity. Site preparation and HWC had few or no effects on birds based upon migratory status, habitat association, or conservation value. The addition of chemical site preparation or HWC had little effect on birds beyond pine spacing, and bird abundance was not proportional to management intensity. Although we observed treatment effects, all treatments provided habitat used by a variety of bird species, and pine plantations may play an increasingly important role in bird conservation as forests become fragmented and converted to other land uses and as natural processes that create early successional habitat, such as fire, are suppressed.     

湖北上涉湖湿地自然保护区冬季鸟类物种多样性

2008年3月,根据上涉湖湿地自然保护区的地理状况和植被情况划分生境类型,在4种生境中选择典型样区设定样线,采用样线法对鸟类进行调查.共记录到鸟类144种,隶属15目35科,其中留鸟57种、夏候鸟15种、冬候鸟64种、旅鸟8种;古北种75种、东洋种48种、广布种21种.分别采用Shannon-wiener指数、Pielou指数和G-F指数对保护区鸟类物种多样性进行分析,结果表明,鸟类群落丰富度为林地＆gt;浅滩＆gt;农田＆gt;水域;采用Jaccard指数进行鸟类群落间相似性分析结果,农田和林地的鸟类群落相似程度最高.分析了保护区鸟类资源保护现状和存在的问题,提出了鸟类资源保护建议.     

Hurricane Katrina impacts the breeding bird community in a bottomland hardwood forest of the Pearl River basin, Louisiana

We monitored breeding bird communities and vegetation both before and after Hurricane Katrina category 2 winds severely damaged extensive bottomland hardwood forest of the Pearl River basin, south Louisiana. Many trees were felled by wind, most others were stripped of leaves and branches, and the canopy opened considerably (57%). Blackberry thickets sprouted and expanded to cover almost all of what was previously a patchily open forest understory. The bird community changed distinctively following the hurricane, driven primarily by increased density of species that prefer dense understory (regenerating) habitat. Individual species that increased significantly in density included one year-round resident, Carolina wren, and five breeding migrants, white-eyed vireo, Swainson's warbler, Kentucky warbler, hooded warbler, and yellow-breasted chat. These patterns were predictable responses to the opened canopy and increased density of understory vegetation. However, over three years following the storm, most species, especially canopy breeders, showed no distinct numerical response to the hurricane, which suggests that the initial bird community was resistant to hurricane disturbance. Only one species, Acadian flycatcher, declined significantly after the hurricane, presumably because of loss of its preferred open understory breeding and feeding habitat. Our results thus document and reinforce the important role hurricanes play along the Gulf coast in structuring forest bird communities by altering understory habitat. We expect habitat changes will continue as invasive plant species further change forest community structure, and as large storms increase in frequency in relation to global climate change. Thus, we also expect continued changes to the bird community, which may include additional future declines.     

What can tree plantations do for forest birds in fragmented forest landscapes? A case study in southern Brazil

Despite the fact that tree plantations are not able to completely replace the ecological function of natural forests, the present study proposes to evaluate for which bird species or avian groups tree plantations act as habitat in fragmented landscape in southern Brazil. We compared the richness and abundance of bird species in a natural forest to adjacent plantations of Araucaria, a native tree species and of pine, an exotic plant in South America. Moreover, we evaluated the impact of tree plantations on richness of avian groups with different levels of dependence on forest habitat, feeding habits and foraging strata as well as on threatened species. The fixed 100 m radius point-counts method was used. A total of 114 bird species were recorded in all areas. Of those, 93 occurred in natural forest, 87 in Araucaria plantations and 81 in pine plantations. These results indicate that richness and abundance were lower in the pine plantations than in the natural forest and in the Araucaria plantations. Araucaria plantations can be used by a high number of bird species and their richness was not significantly lower than that observed in the adjacent natural forest. Our results suggest that Araucaria plantations could act as habitat for a large number of bird species, especially for forest-dependents species, insectivores, frugivores and species at different threat categories.     

Habitat use and nest success of scrub-shrub birds in wildlife and silvicultural openings in western Massachusetts,USA

Many conservationists are concerned about reports of declining populations of scrub-shrub birds. Wildlife opening management, involving repeatedly burning or mechanically treating early-successional stands, is one strategy for creating habitat for these species, but this practice is costly. Some silvicultural treatments also create scrub-shrub habitat and have the advantage of potentially generating revenue, but the relative effectiveness of wildlife opening management and silviculture for creating bird habitat is not known. During 2004 and 2005, we compared scrub-shrub bird abundance, nest success, and habitat characteristics between wildlife and silvicultural openings in western Massachusetts to determine whether the habitats created by these practices are equivalent for birds. We recorded 1927 detections of 31 scrub-shrub bird species during the course of the study and monitored 368 nests. We found that although most species were present in both treatments, many differed in abundance between wildlife and silvicultural openings, including several species of high conservation concern. These differences were attributable to differences in habitat characteristics between treatments. The overall probability of a nest surviving to fledging was 0.43, and did not differ between wildlife and silvicultural openings. Our results indicate that the habitat quality of wildlife and silvicultural openings is not equivalent for scrub-shrub birds, but the two management approaches serve as complementary strategies for maintaining these declining species.     

人类干扰对甘肃麻家寺保护站鸟类群落的影响

2004年11月~2005年1月,在兴隆山麻家寺保护站的6种生境(灌木、阔叶林、混交林、针叶林、农田和人工林)中共记录鸟类25种。鸟类物种总数以灌丛和人工林最高,均为15种。阔叶林最低,为10种。鸟类多样性最高的是灌丛,最低的是阔叶林。各种生境中的鸟类组成和优势物种差异较大,建议每种生境均保持一定面积,以便保护鸟类物种多样性。     

《欧盟野鸟保护指令》介评

《欧盟野鸟指令》是欧盟在保护生物多样性领域中的一项重要指令。文中对指令的各方面做了评价与思考; 结合我国野生鸟类保护现状, 吸取指令的经验, 建议从野生鸟类保护立法、监管体制和野生鸟类栖息地保护等方面来完善我国的野生鸟类保护法律体系。