OFDA细度仪及其在苎麻测试上的应用

本文主要介绍USTER公司生产的OFDA光学纤维直径分析仪的测试原理和方法,及其在苎麻纤维支数测试上的应用,列出了用OFDA仪器测定法与传统的中段称重法对苎麻纤维支数的实测结果,同时对两种测试方法的测定数据进行了稳定性分析及误差分析,用数据分析说明用OFDA仪器测定法测定苎麻纤维支数的优越性和可行性。     

麻类纤维细度数据分析测试软件的开发

本文根据优化出的麻类纤维细度与直径的相关回归模型，设计制作了通用型麻类纤维细度及细度分布的数据分析测试软件(Uitra—0FDA)，将该软件装入0FDAl00纤维直径分析仪，使0FDAl00纤维直径分析仪用于麻类纤维细度及细度分布的自动测定。U1tra—0FDA通用软件亦可应用于其它类似纤维直径分析仪。     

Diameter variations of irregular fibers under different tensions

The cross-section area of animal fibers varies along the fiber length, and this geometrical irregularity has a major impact on the mechanical properties of those fibers. In practice fibers are often subjected to tensile stresses during processing and application, which may change fiber cross-section area. It is thus necessary to examine geometrical irregularity of fibers under tension. In this study, scoured animal fibers were subjected to different tensile loading using a Single Fiber Analyzer (SIFAN) instrument. The 3D images of the fiber specimens were first constructed, and then along-fiber diameter irregularities of the specimens were analyzed for different levels of tensile loading. The changes in effective fineness of the fiber specimens were also discussed. The results indicate that for the wool fibers examined, there is considerable discrepancy in the fiber diameter results obtained from the commonly used single scan along fiber length and that from multiple scans at different rotational angles, and that the diameter variation along fiber length increases as fiber tension increases. The results also show that when diameter reduction treatments are applied to wool by stretching, the reduced average fiber diameter is associated with an increase in both within-fiber and between-fiber diameter variations. So in terms of effective fineness, the change is much smaller than the difference between the average diameters of the parent and treated wool. These results have significant implications for improving the accuracy of fiber diameter measurement and evaluation.     

Correlating the fineness and residual gum content of degummed hemp fibres

It is well known residual gum exists in degummed or retted hemp fibres. Gum removal results in improvement in fibre fineness and the properties of the resultant hemp yarns. However, it is not known what correlation if any exists between the residual gum content in retted hemp fibres and the fibre fineness, described in terms of fibre width in this paper. This study examined the mean width and coefficient of variation (CV) of fibre width of seventeen chemically retted hemp samples with reference to residual gum content. The mean and CV of fibre width were obtained from an Optical fibre diameter analyser (OFDA 100). The linear regression analysis results show that the mean fibre width is directly proportional to the residual gum content. A slightly weaker linear correlation also exists between the coefficient of variation of fibre width and the residual gum content. The strong linear co-relation between the mean of fibre width and the residual gum content is a significant outcome, since testing for fibre width using the OFDA is a much simpler and quicker process than testing the residual gum content. Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) reinforces the OFDA findings. SEM micrographs show a flat ribbon like fibre cross-section hence the term “fibre width” is used instead of fibre diameter. Spectral differences in the untreated dry decorticated skin samples and chemically treated and subsequently carded samples indicate delignification. The peaks at 1370 cm⁻¹, 1325 cm⁻¹, 1733 cm⁻¹, and 1600 cm⁻¹ attributed to lignin in the untreated samples are missing from the spectra of the treated samples. The spectra of the treated samples are more amine-dominated with some of the OH character lost.     

Surface morphologies and internal fine structures of bast fibers

Fiber surface morphologies and associated internal structures are closely related to its properties. Unlike other fibers including cotton, bast fibers possess transverse nodes and fissures in cross-sectional and longitudinal directions. Their morphologies and associated internal structures were anatomically examined under the scanning electron microscope. The results showed that the morphologies of the nodes and the fissures of bast fibers varied depending on the construction of the inner fibril cellular layers. The transverse nodes and fissures were formed by the folding and spiralling of the cellular layers during plant growth. The dimensions of nodes and fissures were determined by the dislocations of the cellular layers. There were also many longitudinal fissures in bast fibers. Some deep longitudinal fissures even opened the fiber lumen for a short way along the fiber. In addition, the lumen channel of the bast fibers could be disturbed or disrupted by the nodes and the spirals of the internal cellular layers. The existence of the transverse nodes and fissures in the bast fibers could degrade the fiber mechanical properties, whereas the longitudinal fissures may contribute to the very rapid moisture absorption and desorption.     

麻类所改革与发展及其社会公益性的研究

本文通过总结麻类所40余年改革与发展的实践经验，证实了麻类科研的公益性、社会性等特点；分析了麻业发展因基本投入过低而面临的严峻困境，提出了重新审视麻类所定位问题、加大对农业科研投入以及“抓大不放小，扶强不欺弱”的新观点。对落实2005年中央农村工作会议和全国农业工作会议，具有重要的现实意义。     

土壤条件与苎麻农艺性状形成关系的初步研究

土壤有机质、氮、磷及铁、硼含量与茎粗、皮厚和出麻率呈负相关,虽略利于优质却降低产量;水解氮对优质高产均不利。钾、锰、锌与株高呈正相关、与有效株呈负相关,不利高产优质和原麻含胶率的降低。土壤容重和ｐ Ｈ 与株高之外其它经济性状呈正相关,有益高产优质,而总孔度的作用相反。土壤毛孔度和比重都有利优质,但前者与株高呈负相关、与有效株呈正相关,后者则反之。     

对我国麻类生产质量安全的探讨

我国是世界上庥类生产、贸易大国。目前我国庥类生产加工中存在的主要问题：质量监控检测体系不健全，原料市场较乱，良种区域化程度低，初加工技术落后，庥纺织加工水平低。所以加强麻类质量监督检测体系建设，提高类庥检测手段，规范市场行为，加强优质育种，实行良种区域化，采用先进的加工技术，加强横向联合等是提高我国麻类生产质量水平和市场竞争力的主要对策。     

麻纤维厌氧生物脱胶系统的脱胶特性研究

基于具有自主知识产权的麻纤维厌氧生物脱胶系统,对苎麻、剑麻、大麻和棕榈麻进行厌氧脱胶处理。结果表明:该系统运行过程中pH值稳定在7.2左右,化学需氧量(COD)在327 mg/L以下,氨氮质量浓度在5.2 mg/L以下,能实现近零排放;试验参数条件下苎麻脱胶效果优于剑麻、大麻和棕榈麻:苎麻纤维残胶率可达1.32%(低于化学脱胶),剑麻、大麻和棕榈麻残胶率分别为16.03%、20.13%、35.49%;各纤维强力指标能够达到传统化学脱胶法水平,其中苎麻的各项指标满足《苎麻精干麻》(GB/T 20793-2015)的一等水平。     

苎麻主要经济性状与产量品质相关遗传力的通径分析

本文试用相关遗传力的分析方法，探讨了苎麻５个经济性状与产量和品质的相关遗传力，结果表明，通过各经济性状来间接选择单蔸产量和单纤维支数的相对效率不同，二麻各经济性状与单蔸产量和单纤维支数的表型相关变异中大部分是由遗传原因引起。相关遗传力的通径分析表明，苎麻高产和优质表现型之间存在较大的矛盾，主要由株高（二麻）、茎粗（三季麻）、鲜皮厚度（头麻和二麻）、鲜皮出麻率（头麻和三麻）、有效株率（二麻和三麻）引起，高产优质苎麻品种的选择应着重在二麻进行。     

麻育秧膜与播种量对机插水稻秧苗素质和产量的影响

以Y两优900为材料,在使用和不使用麻育秧膜的情况下,进行了不同播种量田间育插秧试验。结果表明,高播种量处理的秧苗纤细,而秧盘垫铺麻育秧膜处理使得秧苗更壮实;低播种量(55.0 g/盘)导致严重的漏丛,并降低了每丛苗数,从而降低了基本苗数,使用麻育秧膜可以显著降低漏丛率;麻育秧膜处理在较低播种量(55.0 g/盘)条件下仍达到了536.1 kg/667 m~2的产量,高于无膜条件下82.5 g/盘播种量的处理,接近110.0 g/盘播种量的处理。麻育秧膜通过促进秧苗地下部生长发育,调和了秧苗个体素质和群体素质,在相同产量目标下,使用麻育秧膜可以降低播种量。由于杂交稻自身的特性,麻育秧膜尤为适宜用于杂交稻的机插育秧。     

苎麻新品种“赣苎4号”的选育

采用系统育种方法从湘苎2号种子繁殖后代选育成功赣苎4号（原代号93-24）新品种，全国区试平均原麻产量2556．6／hm^2，比对照品种湘苎2号增产15．5％；单纤维支数三季平均1825m／g。单纤维强力58．95CN。品系试验平均原麻产量2903.1kg／hm^2，比对照品种湘苎3号增产33．5％：单纤维支数2012m／g，强力29．2CN。生产试验中二、三龄麻平均产量2478kg／hm^2。比对照品种赣苎3号增产13．9％。该品种为中根丛生型。抗风性较强，高抗花叶病、炭疽病和根腐线虫病；生育期中熟偏晚，全年三季工艺成熟天数合计195天左右。该品种于2005年12月通过中国麻类作物品种鉴定委员鉴定井命名。     

Optimization for enzyme-retting of flax with pectate lyase

Flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) is an important commercial crop that supplies both linseed and bast fibers for multiple applications. Retting, which is a microbial process, separates industrially useful bast fibers from non-fiber stem tissues. While several methods (i.e., water- and dew-retting) are used to ret flax, more recently enzymes have been evaluated to replace methods used currently. Alkaline pectate lyase (PL) from the commercial product BioPrep 3000 and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) from Mayoquest 200 as a calcium chelator were used in various formulations to ret flax stems. Retted stems were then mechanically cleaned through the USDA Flax Fiber Pilot Plant and passed through the Shirley Analyzer. The PL and chelator effectively retted flax from both fiber flax and linseed stems, and the use of enzyme plus chelator retted flax stems better than either component alone. Fiber yield and strength were greater than retting with a mixed-enzyme product that contained cellulases. Retting with PL and chelator was optimized based on fine-fiber yield, remaining shive content, and fiber properties. PL at levels of about 2% of the commercial product for 1 h at 55 °C followed by treatment with 18 mM EDTA for 23–24 h at 55 °C provided the best fibers based on these criteria. Yield and fiber properties determined by these tests were not improved with PL levels of 5% of the commercial product.     

高产优质抗病强适应性广红麻新品种“中红麻13号”的选育

中红麻13号（原名＂LC0301＂）系利用优良红麻材料（KB2×KB11）F1与KB11回交选育而成的一个集高产、抗病、抗倒、优质、适应性广于一体的纺织、多用途的红麻新品种,不早花、红茎、裂叶型。在2004-2006年全国红麻区域试验中,平均纤维产量4251.31公斤/公顷,比对照中红麻10号3653.33公斤/公顷增产16.37%,居第二位,在常规品种中居首位。在生产试验中平均纤维产量4541.61公斤/公顷,较对照3855.2公斤/公顷增产17.8%。表现出植株高大,皮厚,有效株数多,干茎产量和出麻率均高,抗病性强,纤维品质好。经农业部麻类纤维检测中心检测,纤维支数267支,强力316牛顿,优于对照品种。人工接菌炭疽病鉴定,病情指数为12.1,烂头率为0.8%,属于高抗类型。     

菠萝叶纤维细度分选

以无刺卡因、巴厘这两类品种的菠萝叶纤维为原料,对老叶和嫩叶所提取的纤维进行不同部位的纤维细度测定,结果表明：无刺卡因类菠萝叶老叶提取的纤维长度达到80～100 cm,尖部和根部的纤维平均细度分别为14.40、18.53 dtex,嫩叶提取纤维的长度一般在50～70 cm,纤维根部和尖部的纤维平均细度分别为13.27、14.77 dtex;巴厘类菠萝叶提取的纤维长度达到70～90 cm,尖部和根部的纤维平均细度分别为14.13、18.50 dtex,嫩叶提取纤维的长度一般在45～65 cm,纤维根部和尖部的纤维平均细度分别为13.09、15.03 dtex。经方差分析,卡因类和巴厘类菠萝叶老叶根部与尖部纤维细度存在显著差异（p<0.05）。     

中国农业科学院麻类研究所科学研究回顾与展望

本文较全面地回顾了中国农业科学院麻类研究所科研成就:苎麻、亚麻、黄/红麻新品种的选育与推广;麻类及同类纤维种质资源研究;麻类种植技术研究;麻类加工技术与加工机具的研究与推广;麻类生物脱胶与产品加工研究,特别是纤维质生产乙醇及环保型麻地膜的研究。本文还分析了未来该所麻业发展的走向:从麻类作物拓展到纤维植物;加工手段从农业微生物拓展到酶制剂;产品从传统的纺织原料拓展到生物能源与生物材料。     

加拿大麻类研究概况

由于气候、历史和主要作物的竞争等原因,加拿大目前种植的麻类作物仅限于亚麻和大麻,作者介绍了加拿大麻类作物育种、种植、利用、科研方面的概况,并指出随着消费者对环保的日益重视和麻产品日益增长的需求,加拿大的麻类研究迎来了一个转折时期,加拿大麻类产业将会得到更大的发展.     

Quality Improvement of Upland Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)

Abstract

Quality of cotton can be defined through seed or fiber properties, but is most often associated with fiber properties that influence processing into yarn and textile products. Global competition in the production and consumption of cotton fiber combined with technological evolution of yarn manufacturing has spurred renewed efforts to enhance cotton fiber quality. Cotton fiber quality can be improved through genetics, crop management, and postharvest processing. Knowledge of the effects of fiber properties on processing and their inheritance, relationships, and environmental influences is necessary to formulate improvement strategies. Breeding to improve fiber quality has traditionally focused on enhancing measures of the longest fibers or fiber strength for ring yarn manufacturing systems. With the technological evolution of yarn manufacturing from solely ring-based spinning to predominately rotor and potentially in the near future air-jet spinning, needs for fiber profiles have been revised for these spinning systems. Successful rotor spinning requires high fiber strength for all yarn counts, along with fiber fineness for fine count yarns. The even more productive air-jet spinning requires a minimum, but uniform fiber length, fiber fineness, and to a lesser extent strong fiber. In contrast, ring spinning requires a minimum fiber length, fiber strength, and to a lesser extent fiber fineness. Breeders do not conduct direct selection for yarn properties because of impracti-calities, thus they select for fiber properties that influence processing, so-called indirect selection. The inherent environmentally induced variability in fiber properties presents challenges to enhance them through breeding or biotechnological approaches. Because variability in fiber properties is problematic to fiber processing, future-breeding and biotechnological approaches should simultaneously focus on enhancing fiber properties and reducing variation. This paper will review strategies to enhance fiber profiles through genetic approaches while ameliorating their variation.     

Morphological aspects of polymer fiber mats obtained by air flow rotary-jet spinning

Fiber mats were obtained by using a modified rotary-jet spinning system, which allows a forced air flow produced by an air compressor to interfere with the polymer jets. The main focus of current studies rely on the range of morphological and dimensional characteristics of fibers that may be expected when using this new technical setup of a rotary-jet based spinning system. In fact, this work represents a proof of concept study regarding the potential of an air flow modified rotary-jet spinning for obtaining continuous fibers and nonwoven mats. The morphological examinations by scanning electron microscopy were proved the efficiency of this technique on obtaining relative homogeneous fiber mats from different raw compositions of pure and admixed, natural and synthetic polymers with different molecular masses and polydispersity degrees, like gelatin, polyurethane, and poly (vinyl chloride). The feasibility of air flow rotary-jet spinning was also tested for simultaneous independent deposition of mixed fiber mats from solutions of two polymers made in different solvents, and it was found that by carefully selecting the ratio of polymers through spinnerets number, this technique could be successfully used even in difficult solvent conditions otherwise incompatible with traditional spinning techniques. The distribution of fiber diameters was varying between nanometer scales (100–700 nm) in the case of pure polyurethane and micrometer ranges (2–12 µm) for gelatin-polyurethane mixed mats, which are convenient for various applications, from dressings and scaffolding to different filter systems. Besides the already known advantages of rotary-jet versus electrospinning, the air flow allows the control of solvent evaporation, extending the applicative range of this technique.     

A joint influence of the distributions of fiber length and fineness on the strength efficiency of the fibers in yarn

The length and fineness of fibers are critical to the strength of yarns. Much research has been conducted on the issue in the past decades. Zeidman and Sawhney introduced a new parameter called strength efficiency (SE) of fibers in a yarn using an elaborate probabilistic method. Their final formula, a non-dimensional measure, describes the influence of the fiber length distribution on the strength of yarn. The result, however, is based on the assumption that the fibers are identical in all respects including their cross-sectional area. The influence of fiber fineness can not be seen in their formula. In fact the joint influence of fiber length and fineness is rarely studied. We derive a new strength efficiency of the joint influence of fiber length and fineness on the basis of Zeidman’s result. The conclusion is helpful to the understanding of the comprehensive influence of fiber length and fineness on the strength of yarn. Furthermore, we give a plausible method to estimate the critical length defined by Zeidman. The result can be applied to the research of the properties between fibers and yarns.