Comparative growth and mortality of cultured Lion's Paw scallops (Nodipecten subnodosus) from Gulf of California and Pacific populations and their reciprocal transplants

This study focused on the comparison of growth and mortality of Lion's Paw scallops Nodipecten subnodosus from Gulf of California and Pacific populations and their reciprocal transplants, cultured in suspended module and bottom culture in Baja California Sur, Mexico. Environmental parameters were monitored to determine site‐specific differences and were correlated with scallops' population‐specific responses. Significant differences in growth were found between sites, populations and grow‐out methods. Growth performance of scallops originating from the Pacific population was lower and uniform between Pacific and Gulf culture sites, whereas Gulf scallops cultured at the Pacific site grew better. Growth and survival was higher in suspended than bottom culture, mainly due to depth‐associated differences in food and oxygen supply. Increasing temperatures and decreasing food and oxygen during summer months resulted in depressed growth and elevated mortality. At the Pacific site, this was partially compensated by considerably higher food availability. Gulf scallops resisted high diurnal temperature changes at San Buto significantly better than Pacific scallops. They also survived generally better than the Pacific population, independent of site and grow‐out method, indicating physiological adaptations to high temperatures and low food availability in their habitat. Consequently, the Gulf population appears to be more feasible for aquaculture operations in coastal lagoons with stressful conditions.     

Potential fishery for the gooseneck barnacle Pollicipes polymerus (Sowerby, 1833) in British Columbia

The gooseneck barnacle, Pollicipes polymerus, is an abundant organism on exposed foreshores of British Columbia and may support a modest fishery. Sexual maturity is attained in 1 year, harvest size in 5 years. Harvesting is limited by the tidal cycle and exposure to wave surges. Potential harvest rates are expected to be ∼70 kg per tide per person, about half the animals are of a suitable size for the European market. To provide live products to this market, the animals should be kept at temperatures of between 6 and 9°C, but even then will generally not survive for longer than 8 days without appreciable loss. A limiting factor to the long-term exploitation of P. polymerus is that resettlement may det taken place in harvested areas during the 7 years of this study. It appears that resettlement may depend on an initial settlement of the small sessile barnacle Semibalanus glandula and may thus be a slow process of ecological succession.     

Lion's paw scallop (Nodipecten subnodosus, Sowerby 1835) aquaculture in Bahía Magdalena, Mexico: effects of population density and season on juvenile growth and mortality

This study examined the effects of density and growing season on growth and survival of juvenile lion's paw scallops (Nodipecten subnodosus) in Estero San Buto, a mangrove channel in Bahía Magdalena, Mexico. Scallops were kept in plastic mesh bags in oyster trays at three population densities (500, 1000 and 2000 organisms per tray, or low medium and high density respectively) over a period of 2 months from October to December 2001 and from February to April 2002. Growth (shell height increment) was measured every 7–12 days and mortality was evaluated at the end of the experiment (dead shell count). Overall growth was fast (0.24–0.38 mm day^?1) in comparison with other pectinids. Significant differences were found for both, density and season, with faster growth occurring at lower densities and during the fall season when the water temperature was higher. Mortality was low (0.5–3.0% 60 day^?1) except for the high‐density treatment in the fall (44% 60 day^?1). Crowding together with high water temperatures and increased metabolic oxygen demand of the scallops and possibly competition for food were the probable reasons for this high mortality. Overall, mortality was lower in the spring, when temperatures were lower, O₂ values were higher and food was more abundant.     

A preliminary evaluation of physiological filtration variables for Crassostrea corteziensis (Hertlein, 1951) and Anadara tuberculosa (Sowerby, 1833) in shrimp aquaculture effluents

This study examined the main filtration variables [filtration rate ( FR ), clearance rate ( CR ) and assimilation efficiency ( AE )] of the Cortez oyster, Crassostrea corteziensis (Hertlein, 1951), and the mud cockle, Anadara tuberculosa (Sowerby, 1833), in shrimp aquaculture effluents at three different flux velocities (1.5, 3 and 4.5 L h⁻¹) using a 36-respirometer system, each with a 0.5 L capacity. Under inverted photoperiod conditions, free variations in the environmental parameters were allowed to mimic effluent conditions during a pair of 12-h trials. The FR s for both species (0.124, 0.328 and 0.402 L h⁻¹ for the Cortez oyster; 0.093, 0.189 and 0.345 L h⁻¹ for the mud cockle) were relatively low as compared with those reported for similar or related species. The CR s were higher for the Cortez oyster (20.04, 52.92 and 64.70 L h⁻¹) than for the mud cockle (10.96, 22.95 and 42.12 L h⁻¹); in both cases, the values were in the range reported previously for the last species. The AE for both mollusks (over 92% for the Cortez oyster and over 95% for the mud cockle) was very high and greater than that found by other authors for the same or related species. The three filtration variables were better at higher effluent flux velocities. These preliminary results strongly suggest that both species are good candidates to be considered for bioremediation of aquaculture effluents.     

Effect of emerged shipment on the physiological condition of the adductor muscle in adult giant lion's paw scallop Nodipecten subnodosus (Sowerby 1835)

Currently, there is an increasing interest in shipping live adult scallops to markets and broodstock to hatcheries; nevertheless, information about the shipping effect on live scallops physiology is very scarce. In a previous study, a method in emersion was developed to ship scallop seed out of water, but it was not known whether this method is useful to transport adult organisms. As a consequence, the purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of transportation by the emersion method on the physiological status of the adductor muscle of adult giant lion's paw scallop. Live specimens were packaged in a container and transported in emersion for 11 h. Six scallops were frozen in a farm and a similar number were frozen as soon as they arrived to the laboratory. Physiological indices were determined in each lot and the survival was estimated 24 h after re‐immersion. As a result of the transportation, a significant loss (P<0.05) of total carbohydrates, glycogen, adenosine 5′‐triphosphate and adenilated energetic charge, and a significant increase (P<0.05) in the free amino acids concentration were observed. Eighty‐eight per cent survival was achieved; therefore, we conclude that this method is appropriate for shipping live adult scallops of Nodipecten subnodosus.     

Growth of Nodipecten subnodosus (Bivalvia: Pectinidae) in La Paz Bay, Mexico

Nodipecten (Lyropecten) subnodosus (Sowerby 1835), the largest pectinid in tropical waters, has been continuously exploited. In support of sustainable development for this species, we started basic growth studies to establish aquacultural practices. N. subnodosus was cultured using triangular plastic cages in La Paz Bay (1995–1996) to describe growth and survival; we determined relationships between quantity of available food and growth and behaviour of body component indices. This culture system allows an isometric shell growth of scallops over 13 months; 56.8±2.1 mm height, 54.5±2.1 mm length and 23.0±1.1 mm width. Allometric growth was found between weight and height, length and width (survival was 44.3%). Body component indices and growth increased progressively until the summer of 1996 when all indices decreased negatively, influenced by high water temperatures. Gonad tissue developed during the first year. Gametogenic activity was evident, presenting the first spawn in summer. Particulate organic and inorganic matter and chlorophyll concentrations were relatively constant during the study, and there was no evidence relating these values to growth and body component indices. Culture of N. subnodosus is feasible in La Paz Bay. However, high water temperatures in summer reduced growth and survival rates.     

Bottom culture of the tropical scallop Lyropecten (Nodipecten) nodosus (L.) in the Golfo de Cariaco, Venezuela

Growth and survival of scallop Lyropecten nodosus were studied fromJuly to November 1997 using three bottom culture methods, (1) in corrals,(2) in pockets, and (3) in anchored sleeves. All size parameters studied (dryweight of the muscle, gonad, remaining tissues and shell, and shell length)showed significant differences due to culture method. The body componentswere larger for scallops in corrals than for those in pockets and greater forthose in pockets than in sleeves. In contrast, survival did not vary withculture method. Tissue components increased rapidly during the first 2months, when temperatures were lower and phytoplankton abundant(upwelling and transition periods). Subsequently values leveled off, or insome cases (muscle) decreased, and this coincided with stratification of thewater column and associated high temperatures and scarce food resources(and possible energetic demands for gonadal development). In contrast,shell weight and length showed no apparent affect of the environmentalchanges. The increased growth in the corrals was possibly because thecorral walls permitted the scallops to raise themselves off the bottom whichcould have provided greater access to food resources (suspendedparticles), or to better quality food.     

微粒饲料中以微藻粉替代鱼油对牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)稚鱼生长存活和脂肪酸组成的影响

以18日龄的牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)稚鱼为研究对象,通过11 d 的生长实验,研究了添加不同比例的微藻粉替代鱼油对牙鲆稚鱼生长、存活率和脂肪酸组成的影响。以鱼油组(FO)为对照组,以裂壶藻粉(Schizochytrium sp.)、微绿球藻粉(Nannochloropsis sp.)和橄榄油替代不同比例的鱼油,配制成5组等氮等能的实验饲料,分别命名为鱼油组(FO),50%混合替代组(M50)、100%混合替代组(M100)、100%裂壶藻橄榄油替代组(S100)、100%微绿球藻橄榄油替代组(N100)。结果显示,微藻粉替代鱼油对牙鲆稚鱼的生长无显著影响;含有裂壶藻的各饲料组(M50、M100、S100)成活率显著高于 FO 组和 N100组(P?0.05);微藻粉替代鱼油不影响牙鲆稚鱼主要脂肪酸的组成;Person相关性分析发现,C14：0、C16：1n-7、C18：2n-6、C20：0、C18：3n-3、C22：0、C20：4n-3、EPA、C22：5n-6和 DHA 的百分含量均与其饲料中的百分含量呈显著正相关(P<0.05);总饱和脂肪酸、总单不饱和脂肪酸、n-3多不饱和脂肪酸的百分含量以及 DHA/EPA 比率均与其饲料组成表现出显著正相关(P<0.05)。综上所述,微藻作为脂肪源替代鱼油完全可以满足牙鲆稚鱼的生长和发育,各种脂肪酸均可以被牙鲆稚鱼充分消化和吸收,并且添加两种微藻后提高了稚鱼的 DHA 含量和 DHA/EPA 比率,与鱼油对照组相比显著提高了牙鲆稚鱼的成活率。因此,以微藻替代鱼油在牙鲆稚鱼的培育中是可行的。     

Modelling of nitrogen loads from the farming of yellowtail kingfish Seriola lalandi (Valenciennes, 1833)

Farming of yellowtail kingfish ( Seriola lalandi , Valenciennes, 1833) in the coastal waters of Australia is a relatively new aquaculture industry, and little is known about the magnitude of nutrient discharges from individual pens. In this work, we modelled the flow of nitrogen for each of two commercial pens in Fitzgerald Bay, upper Spencer Gulf, South Australia. The fish were fed commercial pellets with feed conversion ratios (FCRs) between 3.0 and 3.2 (dry weight feed/wet weight growth). These high values of FCR were reflected in the high nitrogen loads to the environment (176–195 kg N tonne⁻¹ growth) and a small retention of nitrogen in fish growth (14–16% of feed inputs). Considering an annual production of 2000 tonnes, total loads to the environment can reach 391 tonnes N year⁻¹. Eighty-two per cent of these loads are expected to be lost to the water column as dissolved wastes. The high nutrient loads and the importance of dissolved wastes compared with other aquaculture species, such as salmon and trout, reflect the distinctly higher metabolic rates of this pelagic predatory species. The nature of the wastes suggests low localized impacts at current production levels, but regional effects remain unknown.     

养殖军曹鱼稚鱼骨骼畸形研究

本研究采用软骨—硬骨双染色技术对常规养殖条件下的军曹鱼(Rachycentron canadum)稚鱼全骨骼进行染色,观察并分析其骨骼畸形发生部位及相应的畸形类型。结果显示,在同一批次繁育的180个军曹鱼稚鱼(25日龄)骨骼标本中,有72个标本存在畸形情况,畸形率为40.00%。骨骼畸形类型共计22种,畸形率由高到低主要表现为米克尔氏软骨畸形、尾上骨缺失、脉棘分叉、基舌骨异位和尾上骨愈合等;所有骨骼畸形均未表现出显著可见的外部形态变化。但正常个体与骨骼畸形个体的全长存在极显著差异(P<0.01)。本研究表明,骨骼畸形对军曹鱼生长产生了影响。本研究为探索鱼类骨骼畸形的发生过程和原因、减少畸形率和优化苗种培育养殖条件提供了理论基础。     

The fertility of the Port Lincoln oyster (Ostrea angasi Sowerby) from West Lakes,South Australia

During 1977–1978 the spawning season of the Port Lincoln oyster (Ostrea angasi Sowerby) extended from about mid-October to early March. Between 5.6% and 21.4% of randomly sampled adult oysters (larger than 68 mm in length) were incubating larvae and between 0.91 and 1.33 broods of larvae were produced per adult oyster. Large oysters (68–94 mm in length) had a mean of 12.1 × 10⁵ larvae per brood. The incubation period under natural and laboratory conditions ranged from 15–22 days and there are similarities in the breeding biology of O. angasi, the European oyster (Ostrea edulis L.) and the Olympia oyster (Ostrea lurida Carpenter).     

虾夷扇贝雄性生殖系统的组织学研究

１９９７年取材研究了大连长海县的虾夷扇贝的雄性生殖系统的组织结构。虾夷扇贝的精巢构造与栉孔扇贝,贻贝的相似,也是由外膜及其内的无数生殖小管构成。外膜含单层柱状上皮及较厚的肌层。生殖小管间充填着结缔组织及来自外膜的薄层肌肉,结缔组织中含有血管,神经及输精细管。生殖小管由位于基膜上的生殖上皮构成,生殖上皮不断向腔内增殖出精原细胞,初级精母细胞,精细胞及业郛。     

Decimation of a population of the endangered species Scutellastra mexicana (Broderip and Sowerby, 1829) (Mollusca,Gastropoda) in the Marías Island (Eastern Ocean Pacific) Biosphere Reserve

1. Scutellastra mexicana is the largest known patellid limpet species and probably is one of the most endangered marine invertebrates.
2. The species was once distributed along the American Pacific coast from Mexico to Peru, but their large size (up to 35 cm long) and easy accessibility (shallow sublittoral), made it very vulnerable to human collection and now is extinct on most of the mainland Mexican coast.
3. In August 2017, a large population of this species was found on María Cleofas island, off the coast of west‐central Mexico (Marías Archipelago, Pacific Ocean). This constitutes the only report of a population of this species since 1988.
4. A total of 808 adult individuals of up to 26 cm in length and 20 cm in width were estimated, together with the presence of juveniles, suggesting that it is a self‐sustaining population. The population was monitored in August 2017 and August 2018.
5. Although the species is under the category ‘Special Protection’ in the General Mexican Wild Law, and that María Cleofas island is a Biosphere Reserve, fishermen that operate with impunity in the area decimated the limpet population within a year of its discovery. Abundance in the shallowest area decreased significantly from 120 individuals per transect (65 m long and 2.75 m wide) in August 2017 to 48 individuals in August 2018, and the estimated adult population decreased from 808 to 304 limpets.
6. Neither passive national conservation policies nor local practices have reduced current threats to biodiversity and resource depletion in Marías Archipelago. Protected areas like this are ‘paper parks’—parks in name only—because there is no active conservation strategy or protection of marine species.

     

Growth,survival and enzyme activity of lions‐paw scallop (Nodipecten subnodosus) spat treated with probiotics at the hatchery

Different types and concentrations of probiotics were evaluated for their effects on growth, survival and enzyme activity of hatchery‐reared Nodipecten subnodosus spat. The treatments included (1) a mix of the microalgae Isochrysis galbana and Pavlova salina as the control group; (2) Diet 1 + a mix of Burkholderia cepacia and Pseudomonas aeruginosa; (3) Diet 1 + the commercial probiotic Epicin; and (4) Diet 1 + the commercial probiotic Bactosafe. Both commercial probiotics were tested at 3, 6 and 10 mg L⁻¹. Scallops receiving Bactosafe and Epicin at 3 and 6 mg L⁻¹ grew ~30% faster and larger than in the control group. Regardless of the treatment, survival at the end was 98.7%. There was no relation between the activity of catalase and superoxide dismutase; however, significantly lower catalase levels occurred at increasing doses of Epicin; significant higher catalase levels occurred in the control group and mix of bacilli. Compared with the control group, lysozyme levels were significantly higher with the Epicin and Bactosafe treatments (3 and 6 mg L⁻¹). More research needs to be conducted with probiotics to determine their real effects on the activity of antioxidant enzymes. We expect that treated scallops will increase their performance at the field.     

Evaluation of artificial and natural baits for the pot fishery of the sand crab Ovalipes punctatus (De Haan, 1833)

We compared the luring effectiveness of artificial bait made from fish waste with natural baits in pots targeting the sand crab Ovalipes punctatus in the East China Sea. Bait types used were fish (mackerel), minced fish (heads of greenling) and two artificial baits made mostly from fish waste and starch. The first two need frozen storage but artificial bait does not. Three fishing operations were conducted in May 2010 and in each forty pots (10/treatment) were fastened along a bottom line. Results for the three operations had catch data for 30 pots/treatment. The number of crabs captured was 496, of which 206 (41.5%) were caught in pots containing fish, 116 (23.4%) in those with minced bait, and 93 (18.8%) and 81(16.3%) in pots baited with the two artificial baits, respectively. Fish was significantly more attractive than minced bait and artificial baits, but no differences were detected between the other baits. Natural baits disappeared almost entirely by the time of hauling, with only 1% of the fish and 5.3% of the minced bait remaining; artificial bait remained almost intact (96.3–100%). The artificial bait catch was approximately half of that of fish bait, but it only contained 30% fish waste. Furthermore, if catch returns are calculated according to the bait's fish content their efficiency seemed higher, ranging from 88 to 100 crabs/kg of fish waste vs only 69 crabs/kg of fish.     

2005年绥中县海湾扇贝养殖欠产原因调查

2005年绥中县浅海浮筏海湾扇贝（Argopecten irradians）养殖发展到历史最大规模,达21000台,但产量、规格、出成率、收益大大低于2004年,万家镇平均笼产值17．4元,王宝镇平均笼产值30元。但相距不远的河北省昌黎县浅海浮筏养殖的海湾扇贝却获得了前所未有的大丰收,平均笼产值70元。两省三地形成如此强烈的反差,养殖户对此感到茫然,同时也引起了有关部门和领导的高度重视。为查明原因,笔者作为绥中县海洋与渔业局和葫芦岛市海洋与渔业局组成的联合调查组成员,对绥中县的万家、王宝两个乡镇及河北省昌黎县大蒲河镇邱家营子村的扇贝养殖情况进行了调研。现将调查结果报告如下。     

Growth and survival of the scallop Lyropecten (=Nodipecten) nodosus (L. 1758) in suspended culture in the Cariaco Gulf (Venezuela) during a non-upwelling period

Growth and survival of the scallop Lyropecten nodosus were studied in 1997 at two sites (inner and outer Turpialito Bay) during a non‐upwelling period normally occurring between August and November. Individuals had an initial shell height of 4.86 cm (SD=1.64 cm). Both experimental groups were held in suspended plastic baskets at the same depth (4 m). Measurements of shell height and dry weights of shell, gonad, digestive gland, remaining tissues and shell biofouling were taken at monthly intervals. Environmental parameters, including temperature, phytoplanktonic biomass, total particulate material (TPM) and associated organic (POM) and inorganic (PIM) fractions, were recorded simultaneously. At the end of the study, significant differences in growth and survival of scallops were observed between the two experimental sites. Scallops maintained inside the bay showed a 22% greater increase in shell height (7.41±0.27 cm) than those placed outside the bay (6.37±0.41 cm). Survival of scallops inside the bay was 31% higher compared with scallops outside. The greater availability of food of phytoplanktonic origin during the first two experimental months (July and August) together with greater POM throughout the whole experimental period except September, at the inner bay site, probably explained survival and growth differences observed between the two locations. Results suggest that, during the non‐upwelling period (characterized by low primary productivity and high water temperatures), POM of sedimentary origin may play an important role as an energy source required for metabolic and reproductive activities of L. nodosus.     

Embryonic development and larval and post‐larval growth of the tropical scallop Nodipecten (= Lyropecten) nodosus (L. 1758) (Mollusca: Pectinidae)

This work describes for the first time the embryonic development of the tropical scallop Nodipecten nodosus. Larval and post‐larval growth parameters and some characteristics of larvae shell morphology were also ascertained. The larvae were obtained from the induced spawning of a group of broodstocks under controlled laboratory conditions. After fertilization, larval cultivation was carried out in conical tanks at a temperature of 26–27 °C. Larval density was controlled as a function of larval growth to give 10, 5 and 3 larvae mL^?1 from days 1, 3 and 8 respectively. The larvae were nourished with a 1:1 mix of Isochrysis galbana (clone T‐ISO) and Chaetoceros gracilis in portions varying between 30 000 and 70 000 cells mL^?1. Expulsion of polar groups was observed 5 and 15 min after fertilization, whereas the first cellular division occurred after 30 min. The first gastrule ciliates and trocophore larvae were noted after 8 and 18 h had elapsed, respectively, whereas prodissoconch I, or D‐larvae, were discerned after 26 h. Subsequently, larvae with prodissoconch II or veliger‐conch appeared at 30 h. Larval development continued for 10–12 days, followed by metamorphosis, at an approximate length of 208–230 µm. The growth of the post‐larvae was evaluated for 9 days. Larval and post‐larval growth corresponded to the linear equations L = 71.85 + 10.85t, r² = 0.99, and L = 44.09 + 17.81t, r² = 0.94 respectively. Accordingly, larval morphology and size disparities are discussed with respect to other tropical pectinids.     

Management strategies of stocking density and length off culture period for the Catarina scallop Argopecten circularis (Sowerby): a bioeconomic approach

A bioeconomic analysis was made to help define management strategies of stocking density and length of culture period for the scallop Argopecten circularis (Sowerby). The internal rate of return (IRR) was used as a criterion for maximizing profit at different plant sizes. Analyses were made at low and high stocking rates. For plant sizes larger than 1.2 million juveniles, using high densities improved the IRR but had higher risk because of critical inconsistencies in survival. High sensitivity of the IRR to stocking density and culture period required these variables to be strictly controlled to maximize the IRR. The sensitivity of IRR to changes of ± 5% in the values of the parameters of the bioeconomic model was found to be significantly different (P < 0.01) between plant sizes. The IRR was particularly sensitive to the maximum size attainable by the organisms, mortality, sale price and cost of equipment for grow-out. The importance of considering uncertainty in the parameter estimates when projecting a pilot plant is addressed.