大戟海藻芫花和甘遂与甘草配伍对甘草主要成分的影响观察

为检测"十八反"中大戟、海藻、芫花和甘遂不同配伍对甘草中主要药理成分含量的影响,采用HPLC测定异甘草素、甘草苷、甘草酸单铵盐和甘草次酸4个主要药理成分。结果显示,大戟与甘草配伍对异甘草素、甘草酸单铵盐和甘草次酸的含量影响极显著,甘草酸单铵盐的含量提高了2.9%,异甘草素和甘草次酸的含量分别降低了3.6%和24.0%;海藻与甘草配伍对甘草酸单铵盐和甘草次酸的含量影响极显著,甘草酸单铵盐的含量提高了26.3%,甘草次酸的含量降低了21.2%;芫花与甘草配伍对异甘草素、甘草酸单铵盐和甘草次酸的含量影响极显著,异甘草素和甘草酸单铵盐的含量分别提高了39.0%和6.8%,甘草次酸的含量降低了66.0%;甘遂与甘草配伍对异甘草素、甘草苷和甘草次酸的含量影响极显著,分别降低了5.2%、6.1%和30.2%。表明"十八反"中大戟、海藻、芫花和甘遂不同配伍对甘草中的异甘草素、甘草苷、甘草酸单铵盐和甘草次酸等主要药理成分含量均有不同程度的影响。     

甘草及其制剂在动物保健中研究与应用

正甘草,又名粉甘草、灵草、蜜蜂草、国老。其是一味传统的使用频率较高之一的中草药。俗称"药中甘草"。究其原因是因为甘草无毒。无耐药性,无药物有害残留,而且药材来源广药理作用广泛等优点。同时,甘草中含有动物生长发育所需要的多种营养物质,可促进动物提高生产性能和提高健康水平。1甘草含活性化合物成分甘草含甘草甜素、甘草次酸、芏草甙、甘草醇、新甘草酚、     

常见甘草品种有效成分及药理作用研究进展

甘草(Licorice)又名甜草根、粉草、国老等,为豆科甘草属(Glycyrrhiza L.)多年生草本植物,具有补脾益气、清肺解毒、祛痰止咳等功效,中医常有"十方九草"之说。临床上主要用于治疗脾胃虚弱、倦怠乏力、咳嗽痰多、脘腹与四肢挛急疼痛、痈肿疮毒等。《伤寒论》和《金匮要略》两书中记载"凡为方二百五十,用甘草者,至百二十方。非甘草之主病多,乃方必合甘草,使能曲当病情也。"甘草在全世界约有29种6变种,我国约有18种3变种。据《中华人民共     

乌拉尔甘草资源有待进一步开发

一、甘草 甘草（Glycyrrhiza Uralcnsis Fisch）是豆科多年生草本植物,在我国两千多年前就发现了甘草（药用）价值。如我国最早的书籍《神农本草经》将甘草列为上品。我国是甘草的主要产地,正如有位日本药商所说："日本的中药市场是以中国赤峰乌拉尔甘草为中心的,如果没有赤峰甘草,就没有日本的中药市场。"甘草的资源主要分布在我国黄河流域,内蒙古、甘肃、新疆、山西、陕西、东北地区、北京等地区。二十世纪九十年代以前,我国的甘草供应主要靠野生采挖。目前,由于国内外需求量成倍增长,面对每年近几十万吨左右的优质甘草长期采挖…     

宠物临床中对甘草的运用

正甘草,目前甘草在临床中使用主要是炙甘草和生甘草,用药讲究的人用甘草"通"的药性,因此去皮,叫做粉甘草,有通利的作用,现在药店饮片基本不备粉甘草。炙甘草和生甘草药性均平和,不同的地方在于炙甘草善于补中益脾胃,缓和药性,张仲景善用炙甘草每用其补益安中,防止它药损伤胃气,多与大枣,生姜,人参等同用。生甘草善于清热解毒,主要是清心热,解热毒,后世很多清热解毒的     

我国甘草的分布及药理作用研究进展

甘草(Glycyrrhiza uralensis)别名国老、甜草、红甘草等,属于豆科甘草属多年生草本植物,其根和根茎入药,是我国医药管理部门重点管理的四大药材之一,被誉为"中药之王"。中医认为其具有补脾益气、清热解毒、润肺止咳、缓急止痛、调和诸药之功[1]。近年来,随着新技术的不     

“补中益气汤”的应用实践及体会

"补中益气汤"来自<脾胃论>,由黄芪、甘草、党参、当归、陈皮、升麻、柴胡、白术组成,以黄芪补气固表为主,党参甘草补中益气为辅,白术、当归、陈皮补脾、补血、理气为佐,升麻、柴胡引味(黄芪、甘草甘温之味)上升为使,具有调补脾胃、益气升阳的功效,历代医家多以治疗人畜中气不足之症.     

甘草的药理作用及其在养殖业中的应用前景

甘草又名"国草",作为新兴的中草药添加剂在养殖业中应用很广,具有提高动物生长性能、增强机体免疫力等作用。本文就甘草的药理作用及在养殖业中的应用前景作一综述。     

“大黄甘草散”在外科病上的应用

自1988年以来,我们用"大黄甘草散"治疗各种动物外科病症200余例,均收到满意效果,现介绍如下。（一）药物组成及配制大黄5份,甘草1份。将大黄放人砂锅内,置火上炒至褐黄色或黑黄色时,出锅晾凉,然后与甘草一同研成细末,调和均匀,装人瓶内备用。（二）用法新鲜创伤,可以采取一般的外科清创消毒后,把大黄甘草散撒布创口即可;对于化脓性创伤,首先进行外科清理,然后撒布大黄甘草散;对于外伤引起的肿胀,可用75％医用酒精将大黄甘草散调成糊状,涂布于肿胀部位,用绷带包扎固定即可。（三）典型病例例l、1992年8月20日,郊区张庄一…     

浅述甘肃可利用的甘草蜜源植物及养蜂价值

<正>甘草别名甜草、密草、甜根、美草、国老,根和根茎入药,以根味甘甜而得名,为豆科甘草属多年生草本植物,素有"十方九草,无草不成方"之说,是我国2000多种中草药中用量最大的一味药材,也是我国西部荒漠半荒漠地区重要的固沙植物~([1])。目前,世界甘草属植物约有29种6变种,中国现分布有18种3变种~([2]),是世界上惟一甘草资源大国,出口30多个国家和地区,国     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in