冲击条件对原木孔洞缺陷检测效果影响的研究

应用摆锤敲击装置,在实验室条件下研究冲击条件对原木内部孔洞缺陷检测效果的影响。摆锤冲击装置能以不同的速度敲击测试传感器,得到扰动信号在试样内的平均传播速度及原木孔洞缺陷区域的识别质量系数。研究结果表明,适当提高摆锤冲击速度,能够提高原木孔洞缺陷的检测效果。     

含水率对原木孔洞缺陷应力波检测效果的影响

应用微单元分析模型,在实验室条件下研究含水率对原禾内部孔洞缺陷检测效果的影响。在不同含水率状态下测试原木内应力波传播速度,分析应力波传播速度与含水率的相关性,得出原木孔洞缺陷识别质量系数。结果表明,在较低的含水率状态下原木孔洞缺滔检测效果较好。     

层次支持向量机在色木孔洞缺陷检测中的应用

针对现有木材无损检测中存在的问题,提出根据木材的声脉冲响应特点,通过自制的声波信号采集装置提取含有孔洞缺陷木材的声脉冲响应信号,再分别从时域和频域对信号进行处理,提取相关的统计信息作为识别特征,再输入到层次支持向量机（SVM）中进行识别的方法.结果表明,该方法对色木孔洞位置的识别准确率在95％以上,具有需构造的SVM分类器数量少、不存在不可识别域、训练和识别速度快的优点.对基于支持向量机的木材孔洞缺陷识别进行探讨,并对其有效性进行验证.     

基于非负特征值分解和SVM的极化SAR图像分类

非负特征值约束的优势在于它可以判定一个极化矩阵能否对目标的散射机制进行表征。若一个矩阵不能满足非负特征值约束条件,则不能表征目标的散射机制,也就没有地物目标散射的极化信息。在非负特征值约束理论之前的极化分解中忽略了这个条件,导致分解的极化特征没有意义。根据满足非负特征值约束的非负特征值分解方法,提取出平面散射、偶次散射、体散射分量,结合支持向量机分类器,提出了一种SAR图像分类方法,并以AIRSAR_SanFrancisco数据进行分类实验,且将分类结果与H/A/α-Wishart分类结果进行对比分析。结果表明,基于非负特征值分解和支持向量机分类器结合的分类方法可行有效,且具有很好的分类精度。     

南方主要针叶树种高光谱数据降维分类研究

采用ASD公司生产的FieldSpec HandHeldTM地物光谱仪,分别于2005、2006、2008年冬季跟踪观测杉木、马尾松、黑松、雪松等针叶树种的高光谱数据,经筛选后获取有效观测数据160条,其中120条作为训练集,40条作为测试集。将平滑去噪的一阶微分高光谱数据进行PCA方法和GA方法降维,然后利用BP神经网络和支持向量机(SVM)对降维后的测试集数据进行分类。结果表明:PCA—BP神经网络模型分类准确率95%,PCA—SVM分类准确率97.5%,GA和BP分类准确率92.5%,GA-SVM分类准确率100%。这说明两种降维方式结合支持向量机的分类均优于其与BP神经网络结合的分类,基于GA的降维方法对高光谱波段的选择更有效率,具有较好的应用前景。     

基于深度学习特征和非线性支持向量机的板材表面缺陷识别方法

深度学习是一种有效的特征学习方法,具有很强的自主学习能力。研究了基于深度学习特征与非线性支持向量机(NSVM)分类算法相结合的板材表面缺陷识别方法。首先,针对深度学习模型需要海量训练数据的特性,使用旋转剪切的方法对采集到的原始板材表面缺陷图像进行数据扩增;其次,使用扩增后的板材表面缺陷图像数据集对笔者提出的深度卷积神经网络(CNN)模型进行训练,并使用训练好的网络提取不同种类缺陷图像的深度特征;然后,为了消除深度特征中的冗余数据,并增强数据的表达能力,运用基于1范数的非贪婪主成分分析(Non-greedy PCA-L1)算法对板材的深层语义特征进行特征降维和特征增强;最后,运用增强后的深度特征训练NSVM模型,并使用训练好的NSVM模型对原始板材表面缺陷图像的测试集进行分类。实验结果表明,笔者提出的识别方法具有较好的鲁棒性和实用性,可取得目前较好的分类效果,针对结疤、压痕和无损3种板材表面缺陷识别率可达99%以上。     

基于深度学习特征和支持向量机的遥感图像分类

随着遥感图像采集技术的迅速发展,传统的遥感图像处理方法已经不能满足当前实际的生产需要。近年来,深度学习模型的流行为遥感图像分类问题的解决提供了新的途径。因此,为了进一步提升遥感图像的分类精度,笔者提出了一种基于深度学习特征和支持向量机(support vector machine,SVM)的遥感图像分类模型。首先,针对深度学习模型需要海量训练数据的特点,运用旋转、剪裁等方法对原始的遥感图像进行数据扩增;然后,将扩增数据按照种类随机地分为训练集和验证集两部分测试集,并使用训练集和验证集训练改进的针对遥感图像分类问题的卷积神经网络(convolutional neural network,CNN)中的参数,进而在训练好的CNN模型上提取第一部分测试集的深度学习特征;最后,使用第一部分测试集的深度特征训练多分类SVM,并对第二部分测试集图像进行分类验证。实验采用NWPU-RESISC45公共数据集对本研究模型精度进行验证,与现有的遥感图像分类方法相比较,实验结果表明,提出模型的总体分类精度有明显提升,从而验证了方法的有效性和实用性。     

基于ALOS遥感影像植被分类方法的比较研究

以云南省宜良县ALOS影像为基础数据,利用最大似然法、支持向量机方法和面向对象的支持向量机方法对ALOS影像进行植被分类研究。实验结果:最大似然法分类精度为79.33%,支持向量机方法分类精度为82.25%,面向对象的支持向量机分类方法精度为86.13%,面向对象的支持向量机分类方法取得较好的分类效果。研究结果可为中高分辨率遥感影像分类研究提供参考。     

弦向角对应力波在原木横截面传播速度的影响

为了研究应力波在原木横截面上传播时应力波波速的变化规律及其影响因素,选择柞木、红松、臭冷杉和大青杨4个树种的原木为试验材料,在原木的横截面上,测试不同弦向角所对应的应力波波速,并用MATLAB软件对弦向角和应力波波速进行曲线拟合。结果表明:1)随着弦向角的增加,应力波在柞木、红松、臭冷杉和大青杨原木横截面上的传播速度均呈3次曲线趋势增加;2)当弦向角大于36°时,应力波在大青杨原木横截面上的传播速度最快,在柞木原木横截面上的传播速度最慢;3)应力波在柞木、红松、臭冷杉和大青杨原木横截面上的径向最大传播速度分别为1109.0,1220.4,1245.8和1618.3m·s-1。     

基于AlexNet优化的板材材种识别方法

【目的】基于处理后的木材端面细胞特征,寻找合适的机器学习方法提高木材识别准确率,以实现木材高效利用,为珍稀木材种类判别和保护提供依据。【方法】以5种木材(臭冷杉、长白落叶松、鱼鳞云杉、鹅掌楸和凹叶厚朴)端面细胞为研究对象,提取多种差异性图像作为数据集,通过图像处理提取特征信息,分别采用支持向量机(SVM)和AlexNet神经网络进行分类识别。根据木材端面细胞区分的差异性,在AlexNet神经网络架构中加入BN算法进行优化,设计一种更高效的板材识别方法提高木材识别准确率。【结果】将增强后的29 680张图像按7∶3划分,分别保存在训练集和测试集文件夹中,测试样本确定标签后均放入同一文件夹,分别对3种分类算法进行整体批量测试,支持向量机分类器测试集的整体识别准确率为84.67%, AlexNet神经网络测试集的整体识别准确率为88.76%,基于BN算法优化的AlexNet神经网络测试集的整体识别准确率为91.15%,识别效果更好。【结论】当样本量充足时,AlexNet神经网络对木材端面细胞图像的分类效果明显优于SVM分类器。基于BN算法优化的AlexNet神经网络对图像线性特征更敏感,保留...     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Key Habitats in the Norwegian Production Forest: A Case Study

This study investigated the forest history, structural characteristics, the presence of fungal species suggested to indicate ecological continuity in old-growth forest, and the species composition of saproxylic beetles in 30 old forest ''woodland key habitats'' (WKHs), and compared them with production forest in the same age-class in south-eastern Norway. No statistically significant differences in forest characteristics, community of saproxylic beetles or number of red-listed beetles were found between the WKHs and the production forest, probably owing to a combination of profound long-term logging and a lack of will to delineate sufficiently large WKHs in the one area with significantly less forestry impact. The study indicates the advantage of including forest history information in WKH selection where such data exist, and the importance of restoring habitats in heavily exploited forest landscapes.