武汉新洲区松材线虫病" 绩效承包管理 ” 模式分析

松材线虫病是中国首要林业有害生物,武汉市新洲区于2019年确认为松材线虫疫区,通过多年的防治工作,地 方政府投入大量人力、物力、财力,对松材线虫病疫情的暴发态势取得了 一定抑制作用,但依然不能得到全面控制,各防疫 主体和防治企业在执行疫情防控技术措施的落实方面还存在 一 些不足和遗漏,导致发生二 次传播和人为扩散 。为有效除 治和预防松材线虫病疫情的扩散,自2022年开始,武汉市新洲区实行松材线虫病疫情防控绩效承包管理模式,通过绩效的 管理,能够明显提升松材线虫病疫情防控治理成效。     

松材线虫病的发生与防治

指出了松材线虫病是一种由松材线虫侵染松树引起松树死亡的一种毁灭性病害,对全国范围内的松林造成严重的威胁。阐述了松材线虫发生及防控的现状,提出了松材线虫病的防治对策并进行了展望,以期为基层生产单位在松材线虫的检疫和防治提供技术指导。     

基于国内外科技文献分析松材线虫研究现状和方向

为了解松材线虫病防控领域研究现状,本文以Web of Science数据库中SCI-E库和"中国知网"为数据源,收集2003—2019年发表的松材线虫研究相关科技文献,用文献计量学方法从文章发表年份、数量、国家、领域、关键词和基金项目等多角度对国内外松材线虫研究现状进行定量分析。结果表明:目前对松材线虫的研究主要集中在松材线虫病危害严重的国家,研究方向和发展趋势则根据各国实际情况各有侧重;我国近10 a在松材线虫研究领域活跃,但多集中在松材线虫本身、松材线虫与媒介昆虫及松材线虫与寄主之间的关系等方面。未来应以高效实用防控技术和产品为导向,着眼于监测预警、检疫检验、高效防治、抗性选育、生态修复等松材线虫病防控全过程,结合其致病机理,整合科研力量,开展联合科研攻关,力求早日突破松材线虫病防控的技术瓶颈。     

松材线虫病的防控

本文对松材线虫病及其媒介昆虫的国内外防治方法进行了综述。分析了松材线虫防治防控中存在的问题,提出了增强松材线虫防治防控效率的策略,以期降低松材线虫疫病的发生率。     

松材线虫病防治作业管理系统在福建省的运用

自2002年福建省引进广东防治专业队开展厦门市松材线虫病防治工作以来,福建省林业有害生物社会化防治和绩效承包防治工作有序推进。截止2018年12月,全省备案登记的林业有害生物防治工程施工单位达188家。在防治实践中,一些防治专业公司根据福建省地方标准《松材线虫病防控技术规程》(DB35/T1451-2014)和新形势下松材线虫病防控管理要求,开发了松材线虫病防治作业管理系统(以下简称"防治作业管理系统"),用于公司松枯死木清理和松墨天牛诱捕器挂设作业管理工作,有效降低了管理成本、提升了防控质量。现将防治作业管理系统介绍如下,以期为提升各地防控管理水平提供参考。     

江西赣州阳明湖国家森林公园松材线虫病防控策略

松材线虫病破坏力极强、扩散速度快、防治困难大,一旦在松林系统中大面积爆发,带来的经济损失非常严重,对整个区域的生态稳定造成不利影响。江西赣州阳明湖国家森林公园松树资源丰富,自2013年发现松材线虫病以来开展大量防治工作并取得一定成效,该文分析阳明湖国家森林公园松材线虫病防控现状,对其具体防控策略进行总结,为其他林区松材线虫病防控工作提供参考。     

我国松材线虫病防治用药情况分析

为了解当前我国松材线虫病防治用药情况,利用描述性统计分析方法,对2019年至2021年上半年全国17个松材线虫病发生省份防治松材线虫病的用药量、用药种类、防治效果等情况进行整理分析。结果表明：当前我国松材线虫病防治年用药量保持在2 000 t左右,其中防治媒介昆虫用药量占总用药量的80%以上,预防用药量比重逐年增加;各省用于防治松材线虫病的药剂种类达50余种,但当前登记在媒介昆虫和松材线虫的农药品种仅10种;在防治媒介昆虫用药中,噻虫啉使用量最大,占当年防治媒介昆虫总用药量的50%以上;在防治松材线虫用药中,甲维盐使用量最大,累计用药量占防治松材线虫总用药量的67.26%;用药量较大的13个品种在实践应用中表现出较好的防治效果。针对当前松材线虫病防治药剂存在的登记药剂种类少、药剂使用不科学、防治技术瓶颈等问题,提出推动松材线虫病防治新农药产品登记、落实地方政府主体责任、强化科技支撑等建议,助力松材线虫病防控五年攻坚行动。     

韩国松材线虫病防控成效及启示

由松材线虫引起的松材线虫病对松林构成了严重威胁,松材线虫病的防控受到社会极大关注。30多年来,韩国为了遏制松材线虫病的扩展蔓延,减少灾害损失,保障生态安全,对松材线虫病采取立法及检疫、化学防治、清理病死树及疫木无害处理、预防性造林、检测和监测等措施,取得了良好的防治效果。文中回顾韩国松材线虫病发生过程,分析其流行特点,介绍防控措施及成效和近期研究现状,提出韩国松材线虫病防控成效对我国松材线虫病研究与防控的主要启示,即制定和完善松材线虫病防治相关法规,分类施策、综合治理,建立适合我国国情的松材线虫病防控体系和加强科学研究,提高科技支撑水平。     

荆门市松材线虫病的防治与对策

荆门市马尾松、湿地松面积大,2016年境内确诊松材线虫病。自2016年以来,荆门市组织开展了松材线虫病防治工作。针对荆门市松材线虫病防治面临的困难和问题,提出了松材线虫病防治工作对策。     

宜昌市松材线虫病成因与防治效益分析

松材线虫病自2006年在宜昌市发生以来,造成大面积松树死亡,经济损失严重。经过多年的研究,探索出宜昌地区松材线虫病发生规律及成因。同时在松材线虫病防治实践中,应用营林措施、生物防治、化学防治加人工清理、诱捕防治、保护剂防治等多种方式开展防治,并对五种方法进行了比较研究,为松材线虫病林间防治工作提供数据参考。     

松兰山景区松材线虫病综合治理研究

研究分析了浙江宁波市象山松兰山景区松材线虫病发生规律与防治效果。结果表明：只采取“封锁”措施，会使松材线虫病迅速爆发毁灭全林。从1992年到1998年，松兰山枯死松树从6株增到5893l株，增长了9820．8倍；采用皆伐松林防治松材线虫病并改造成板栗、杨梅的方法，会导致逆向演替，使松林最后成为以疏花野青茅为主的荒山。而采取综合防治措施就可有效地控制松材线虫病的危害。从1998年到2002年，松兰山枯死松树下降到137株，缩小了430倍，使松兰山仍然保持着葱郁的松林群落。     

Management of pine wilt disease in Korea through preventative silvicultural control

Pine wilt disease (PWD) represents a major threat to forest ecosystems worldwide. Although PWD is now better understood, effective control measures for this disease have still not been devised. Here, we report several years of field studies on preventative silvicultural control of PWD. Silvicultural control through preventative clear-cutting and the manual removal of logs was implemented between 2005 and 2009 in 16 Korean districts that had newly PWD-infected stands. Preventative clear-cutting of neighboring asymptomatic pine trees (within a 10-50-m radius of wilt trees) and the removal of felled logs or branches suppressed spread of PWD. Occurrences of PWD wilt pines in districts (city or county) subjected to this silvicultural control method were significantly reduced compared with those in districts using conventional controls (physical or chemical treatment of wilt pine trees). Through silvicultural control, PWD was successfully suppressed in 11 of 16 districts investigated. In contrast, successful control was achieved in only 1 among 18 districts subjected to conventional control. Our results will be of considerable interest to those engaged in the very difficult battle against the global spread of PWD.     

松材线虫病流行与松毛虫危害关系的研究

研究表明 :在松材线虫病发生区 ,其病害的扩展、流行与马尾松毛虫危害有着密切的关系。当年受马尾松毛虫危害的松林 ,枯死松树数量平均为 77 879株 /hm2 ,比未受松毛虫危害的松林 (对照 ) 17 2 73株 /hm2 ,多 35 1% ;次年 ,前者平均枯死松树达 2 0 4 8株 /hm2 ,为对照 2 89株 /hm2 的 6 0 8%。松毛虫危害加速松材线虫病流行的原因是 ,松毛虫危害松树 ,削弱树势 ;弱势的松树招引松墨天牛侵入并增殖加快松树死亡 ;次年大量天牛从“松毛虫危害松木”上羽化 ,侵染健康松林 ,导致松材线虫病进一步扩散和流行。由此认为松毛虫危害是促使松材线虫病流行的重要因子 ,防治松毛虫是控制松材线虫病流行的重要环节之一     

松林火灾对松材线虫病流行关系的研究

松林火灾与松材线虫的发生和传播有着密切的关系。从火烧松林内羽化的松墨天牛,平均每头可携带７３６４条松材线虫,侵入松林后就会导致松材线虫病的发生和蔓延。火烧松林诱发松材线虫病可分为当年发病型,次年发病型和隐匿发病型。治理火烧松林能有效地控制松材线虫病的发生与传播。根据研究结果,提出了４条新的防治措施和建议。     

上虞市松材线虫病综合防治与思考

上虞市自2004年发生松材线虫病以来积极采取各种防治措施,包括枯死松树全面清理下山,疫木经热处理生产工艺进行除害处理和安全利用,实施松材线虫病除治林相改造工程,挂诱捕器、设饵木消杀松墨天牛等。几年下来除治效果显现,松材线虫病已得到有效控制。     

重灾区松材线虫病的治理试验

松材线虫病近距离传播是由松褐天牛自然扩散完成的。通过人工清理病死木结合化学防治,在中心疫区保住了1块松林。实践证明,人工清理后通过有效保护措施,能够控制松材线虫病。     

Pine wilt disease: a short review of worldwide research

This article summarizes the results of the research papers presented at the International Symposium on pine wilt disease (IUFRO Working Party Meeting 4.04.03) held in July 2009, at Nanjing, China. The general topics covered were on pine wilt disease (PWD), its causal organism, the pinewood nematode (PWN) Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, plus other PWN-associated microorganisms that play a significant role in PWD such as bacteria (e.g. Pseudomonas fluorescens). Most of the papers that are reviewed are based on work on PWD-PWN in East Asia and Russia. Specific topics covered include: 1) the fundamental conceptions of PWD development, 2) pathogenicity, 3) host-parasite relationships including the histopathology of diseased conifers and the role of toxins from bacteria-nematode ecto-symbionts, 4) PWN life cycle and transmission, 5) B. xylophilus dissemination models, 6) associations (with other nematodes), 7) diagnostics, 8) quarantine and control of the PWN and 9) biocontrol of the PWN.     

Comparison of the potential spread of pinewood nematode (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus) in Finland and Iberia simulated with a cellular automaton model

Pinewood nematode (PWN) is one of the most threatening invasive pests in the pine forests of Europe, and it has recently spread to the Iberian Peninsula via import of timber and wooden packaging material from East Asia. A cellular automaton (CA) model was developed to simulate and compare the potential spread of PWN by transportation and its vectors, Monochamus beetles in the pine forests of Finland and Iberian Peninsula. The model assumes that all pines are equally sensitive to PWN. The CA is a spatio‐temporal grid‐based model, which can easily be applied on different geographical scales. The effects of climate warming and number of entries from ports on the spread of PWN were studied. A sensitivity analysis was conducted on the most uncertain model parameters. Twenty years after hypothetical entries, the predicted area of symptomatic PWN infection (pine wilt disease, PWD) was very low in Finland compared to Iberia. This was because of the low probability of warm July in Finland. The increase in the mean July temperature increased the area of PWD‐infected pine forest relatively more in Finland than in Iberia. An increase in the number of entries also increased the area of PWD‐infected pine forest relatively more in Finland than in Iberia. The probability of PWD infection was the highest in pine forests that were close to entry points and in areas with low elevation and high human population density.     

Pine wilt disease: detection of the pinewood nematode (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus) as a tool for a pine breeding programme

The pinewood nematode (PWN), Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, is a serious quarantine pest first detected in Portugal and Europe in 1999. It is the causal agent of pine wilt disease (PWD). A resistance breeding programme has been initiated to contribute to control the evolution of the disease. Five hundred and four adult maritime pine, Pinus pinaster, trees were phenotypically selected as candidate trees for this programme from an area affected by PWD. To identify tolerance to the nematode, the selected trees were monitored monthly. Over the course of 1 year, 57 candidate trees died and were tested for the presence/absence of the PWN. As accuracy of detection is of major importance, an ITS‐PCR‐based method applied directly to wood from adult maritime pine trees was tested and compared with a standard morphological identification method. The results showed that the use of PCR to detect the pathogen provided more rapid and accurate results in comparison with the standard morphological identification. Thus, this method is suitable to be used in the survey of the breeding population for resistance/tolerance to PWD.