不同类型薄膜覆盖对冀东地区玉米产量和水分利用效率的影响

为了探索不同颜色地膜覆盖对冀东地区玉米产量及水分利用效率的影响,于2014―2015年采用白色地膜、黑色地膜和裸地玉米栽培试验,分析了不同颜色地膜覆盖对玉米株高、叶面积指数、生物量、产量和水分利用效率的影响。结果表明,与裸地相比,覆膜处理能显著提高玉米株高(P0.01);覆膜处理的玉米叶面积指数显著大于裸地处理(P0.01),在玉米成熟期黑膜处理的叶面积指数最大;覆膜处理玉米干物质积累量在整个生育期均显著高于裸地(P0.01),玉米灌浆中后期至成熟期,黑膜覆盖的干物质积累量最大;黑膜处理的玉米产量和水分利用效率显著高于白膜和裸地处理(P0.01)。在冀东地区,用黑色地膜替代白色地膜,能够促进玉米增产和水分高效利用。     

麦秸-塑膜复合覆盖对玉米产量及土壤物理参数的影响研究

结合地膜覆盖与麦秸覆盖的保墒、生态效应,将2者集成麦秸-塑膜复合系统,分析了不同覆盖方式下的玉米生育进程、产量、耗水量、提高土壤有机质的水平等方面的指标。研究结果表明:覆膜和麦秸塑膜复合覆盖生育期较麦秸覆盖和无覆盖处理提早10 d,其耗水量相对较小,具有节水、减少无效蒸发的作用。与无覆盖处理相比,覆膜处理耗水量减少38.6 mm,复合覆盖处理耗水量减少44.0~59.6 mm;覆膜处理水分利用效率提高41.0%,复合覆盖处理水分利用效率提高20.8%~30.1%。与播种前相比复合覆盖土壤有机质含量提高8.62%~14.94%,对增加土壤有机质含量,提高麦草利用有积极作用,解决了秸秆覆盖技术在推广应用中常遇的"冷环境+低出苗+低产量"的问题。     

小畦膜上灌对宁夏引黄灌区玉米性状及水分利用率的影响

为了探讨小畦膜上灌对玉米生理特性、水分利用效率及产量等的影响,在宁夏引黄灌区进行了田间对比试验。结果表明小畦膜上灌玉米株高、生长速度、叶面积指数、干物质积累量、作物群体生长率、秸秆充实度、光合势、果穗重、千粒重、穗长、穗行数、行粒数均优于小畦灌溉处理的玉米,产量也显著高于小畦灌溉,增产幅度达到12.11%,其水分生产率比小畦灌溉提高了5.93%,净效益比小畦灌溉高5.99%。     

管渠灌溉对夏玉米产量及水分利用效率的影响

为探讨不同灌溉方式对夏玉米生长及水分利用效率的影响,以夏玉米为研究对象,设定传统连续灌溉(T)、管渠灌溉(P)、波涌流灌溉(S)和固定隔畦波涌灌溉(G)4种灌溉方式,对比分析4种不同灌溉方式下对夏玉米的叶面积指数、株高、地上部干物质积累量、产量及水分利用效率的影响。结果显示:①夏玉米生育期内4种不同灌溉方式下株高相差不显著,基本不受灌溉方式的影响;②全生育期内P处理叶面积指数最大,且在不同畦段的叶面积指数变化不大。T处理叶面积指数在畦中段与畦尾段上的叶面积指数相差较大;③P处理的地上部干物质积累量最高,总体表现为PSTG;④在夏玉米产量上,P处理比T处理提高了7.64%,且P处理水分利用效率最高,对比T处理、S处理和G处理分别提高了17.5%、9.3%和11.9%。因此,管渠灌溉能提高水分利用效率,在山东泰安对夏玉米采用管渠灌溉可以取得较好的节水和增产效果。     

保水剂对春玉米注水播种条件下土壤水分及生长发育的影响

在民勤绿洲和腾格里沙漠交界地带通过大田试验研究了注水播种后土壤水分扩散规律及春玉米前期生长发育动态。结果表明:施用保水剂可使土壤水分聚集在注水原点,土壤水分横向和纵向水分扩散均较慢,可为种子发芽及苗期生长提供充足的水分及养料。不同保水剂施用量对注水播种后土壤的表层土和1 m深度土的储水量都有较大的影响,保水剂施用量大的处理和保水剂拌种处理保水效果显著,使土壤储水量较播种前增加1.23 mm和2.25 mm。玉米株高、叶面积指数、干物质积累量均以保水剂施用量大的处理和保水剂拌种处理为最高,以对照处理和保水剂施用量少的处理为最低,适当的保水剂施用量可提高注水播种玉米出苗率,减少田间蒸发量,并使玉米在苗期生长旺盛,促进增产,抗旱天数达40 d以上。     

不同种植方式对旱作春玉米土壤酶活性及生长状况的影响

大田控制试验共设5个不同耕作方式,并以传统种植方式(无覆盖平种)为对照(CK),分析了不同耕作方式下0~20、20~40 cm土层土壤酶活性(过氧化氢酶、脲酶和磷酸酶)的变化及各生育期玉米叶面积指数、干物质积累变化和产量构成要素。结果表明,秸秆覆盖和全膜双垄沟播种植均能够显著提高土壤酶活性;同时全膜双垄沟播耕作方式显著提高叶面积指数,促进玉米干物质积累,主要表现为较好的果穗长度、穗粗、穗行数、行粒数、单穗粒数和百粒质量等产量构成因子。全膜双垄沟播耕作方式下产量和水分利用效率提高最为显著,分别较CK增加了119.46%和95.09%。全膜双垄沟播是兼顾高产和可持续发展的集雨栽培技术。     

除草地膜对全膜双垄沟播玉米生长发育的影响

在陇东旱塬区正常土壤墒情背景下,以白色地膜为对照,测定了化学除草地膜、黑色地膜2种除草地膜在全膜双垄沟播玉米田的除草效果及对玉米生长发育的影响。结果表明,化学除草地膜对杂草的株防效和鲜质量防效分别在80%以上和70%以上,黑色地膜对杂草的株防效和鲜质量防效分别在66%以上和93%以上;化学除草地膜对玉米出苗及生长影响甚微或无影响,黑色地膜对玉米出苗率、出苗力影响微弱,对玉米叶色、长势等有一定影响,但随生育时期推后能较快恢复,玉米生育期延后8 d;化学除草地膜和黑色地膜对玉米成熟期株高、穗粗、穗有效长度和穗粒数均无明显的影响,且均可明显提高玉米株高整齐度和籽粒百粒质量;与白色地膜比较,化学除草地膜和黑色地膜分别提高玉米产量9.63%和4.19%,分别增加纯收益2 071.20元/hm~2和850.50元/hm~2。可见,2种除草地膜在全膜双垄沟播玉米生产中具有较大的推广应用价值。     

不同覆盖和水分处理对夏玉米生长发育和耗水特性的影响

在防雨棚下的测坑,研究了夏玉米在3种土壤水分下限控制条件下(占田间持水量的75%、65%和55%)不覆盖、地膜覆盖以及秸秆覆盖对作物生长发育、产量、耗水量以及水分利用效率(WUE)的影响.结果表明:地膜和秸秆覆盖的株高、叶面积指数、产量和水分利用效率均大于不覆盖;高水分秸秆覆盖的株高和叶面积指数高于地膜覆盖和无覆盖,中、低水分时地膜覆盖的株高和叶面积指数高于秸秆覆盖和无覆盖;中水分秸秆覆盖的增产效果最好,增产率为44.80%,高水分地膜覆盖的增产效果最差,增产率仅为9.32%;高、中水分条件下地膜覆盖的WUE提高率最大,分别为19.09%和50.64%,而低水分条件下秸秆覆盖的WUE提高率最大.由此可见,地膜和秸秆覆盖效应各有优势,土壤水分下限控制在田间持水量的65%时覆盖效果最佳.     

干旱区毛管滴灌玉米土壤水分及生长指标研究

针对河西内陆区玉米常规灌溉制度下水量浪费严重、水分利用效率低下和种植结构单一等现状,采用室内试验和田间试验的方法,分析地埋式滴灌条件下不同毛管埋深对大田玉米土壤水分水平方向和垂直方向分布规律以及玉米出苗率、株高及茎粗、叶面积及单株干物质量的影响。结果表明:水平方向上距离毛管中心两边同等位置处,其土壤含水率基本呈对称状态,垂直方向上距毛管中心两边同等位置处,其下面的土壤含水率略高于上方含水率。滴头流量为1.2 L/h时,处理T1出苗率明显高于其他处理,出苗率达到56.51%,其次为处理T2可达20.61%,其余处理出苗率都不足10%;埋深40 cm处理在各生育期的株高及茎粗、单株干物质量显著低于埋深30 cm与埋深35 cm;毛管埋深30 cm更有利于叶面积系数的增加。同一毛管铺设方式下、灌水定额和灌水时间一致的情况下,滴头流量为1.6 L/h时其产量显著高于滴头流量为1.2 L/h的处理。毛管埋深为30 cm、间距为60 cm为适宜地埋式滴灌条件下大田玉米的最优组合模式。     

土壤重金属污染玉米生长影响盆栽试验研究

通过盆栽试验,研究了重金属铅对玉米生长发育和性状及产量的影响。研究表明,随着土壤铅污染浓度的升高,单株叶面积、株高、总干物质量等形态指标呈降低的趋势,平均单株穗长、穗粗、穗质量、总粒数、百粒质量下降,秃尖长度增加,玉米产量呈下降趋势。当土壤铅浓度为300 mg/kg时,玉米单产下降21%左右。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。