播种期和播种量对2种冬性牧草生产和干物质产量的影响

研究了播种时间和播种量对云南省秋冬季播种多花黑麦草和光叶紫花苕生长和干物质产量的影响。结果表明,多花黑麦草的适宜播种量为22.5 kg/hm2,光叶紫花苕为45 kg/hm2,低于此播种量时,饲草产量将受到显著影响(P<0.05),高于此播种量时产量差异不显著(P>0.05)。播种量与播种时间无互作效应(P>0.05),故2种牧草在云南秋冬季播种时,播种时间改变不需调整用种量。牧草品种与播种期之间存在显著的互作效性(P<0.05),推迟播种时间对饲草产量影响显著(P<0.05),且对多花黑麦草的影响程度更严重。干季少雨及4月的高温天气是影响云南省冬播多花黑麦草产量的2个重要因素,播种时间晚于11月中旬,光叶紫花苕的播种价值大于多花黑麦草。     

保护播种对高寒区放牧型混播草地草产量和品质的影响

保护播种作为一种退化草地管理措施,对提高多年生人工草地覆盖度,解决建植当年产草量低及冬春季节饲草不足的矛盾具有重要意义。本试验采用4播种比例2草种作为保护播种,无保护播种为对照研究保护播种对放牧型混播草地草产量和品质影响。结果表明,燕麦（Avena sativa）和多花黑麦草（Lolium multiflorum）单播量的20%,30%,40%和50%对放牧型草地保护播种,前2年总干草产量较对照均有显著增加,播种多花黑麦草总干草产量较对照增加126%、161%、157%和144%,播种燕麦较对照增加223%、222%、254%和274%。保护播种后牧草粗蛋白含量也有所提高,20%、30%和40%多花黑麦草处理粗蛋白含量较对照分别增加11%、1%和7%。燕麦保护播种处理粗蛋白产量高于多花黑麦草,但燕麦对多年生牧草的生长影响大于多花黑麦草。综上,多花黑麦草单播量的30%为放牧型混播草地最佳保护草种及比例。     

播种技术对多花黑麦草生产性能的影响及多花黑麦草的饲用效果

本文系统综述了播种技术对多花黑麦草生产性能的影响以及在畜牧业的上的应用,分别从不同播种期、播种量及不同播种方式对多花黑麦草生产性能的影响以及生产中饲喂牛、羊、兔、鹅、猪等家畜的效果作以简要综述,旨在实际生产中通过提高播种技术提高多花黑麦草生产性能,降低饲养成本,提高养殖效益。     

四川农区牧草种植模式与技术

主要种植模式适应区域牧草种名牧草品种名称栽培技术要点适养畜禽水稻－牧草－水稻轮作适宜海拔３００～１０００m的盆中平坝、盆中丘陵区、盆周低山区、半农半牧区低山区的水稻田中多花黑麦草特优、利牧斯、先锋、速生、阿伯得、扬帆水稻在９月收割后，稻田开沟，沥干水分，然后播种多花黑麦草。多花黑麦草的栽培技术是，播种时间：９月上旬～１０月上旬；播种量：１～１．５kg／６６７m２（一市亩，下同）；底肥：农家肥３０００kg、尿素２７kg、钾肥３７kg；追肥：农家肥适量、标氮１０kg；播种方式：撒、条播皆可，行距２０cm，穴距１２…     

优质牧草品种选择和人工栽培技术

1牧草栽培方式1.1果草间作在苹果、桃、梨、樱桃等果树下种植多花黑麦草、红三叶、白三叶。1.2水稻田种草即水稻进入成熟期放干水,将多花黑麦草、紫云英种子撒入田内或在水稻收割后播种收草,待水稻收割后,追施肥,冬春收割青草。也可在水稻收割后,浅耕或划破表土播种多花黑麦草,利用来年5月翻耕栽水稻,此法在中原和南方各省均可广为采用。1.3小麦预留行种草小麦预留行可选种多花黑麦草、光叶紫花苕、菊苣、苦买菜、紫云英等草种,待4月上旬收获利用这些牧草后,接茬播种玉米、花生、芝麻等大春作物。1.4四边地种草在田埂、田坡、路边、房前、房…     

美国多花黑麦草的栽培技术及利用

近几年，我们充分利用河堤、沟坡、渠沿等废荒地，引种美国多花黑麦草等优质牧草，取得了良好的经济效益和社会效益，现把美国多花黑麦草栽培要点介绍如下： 美国多花黑麦草株形直立，植株高约 １３ｃｍ，分蘖多、再生能力强，根系发达，须根多密布在２０ｃｍ的地表土层中，一般亩产鲜草５０００～７０００ｋｇ，高产栽培条件下可达１００００ｋｇ以上。营养丰富，粗蛋白质含量占９．２％，是畜禽和鱼的好饲料。多花黑麦草喜湿润的气候，宜于夏季凉爽、冬季不太寒冷的地区生长，在昼夜温度为２７～１２℃时生长最好，播种早的可于当年越冬前…     

液肥播种培育多花黑麦草草地

在3年期间（1984－1986）内，在田间研究了每季3次刈割制结合早春晚秋牧羊条件下液肥播种对多花黑麦草草地的干物质产量和耐久性的影响，结果表明液肥加种子处理的牧草干物质产量比没有用液肥加种子处理的产量多30％，并有较高的分薛密度，运用有或没有种子的液肥也能减少杂草（主要是Poa spp)的比例，由此得出液肥播种对延长多花黑麦草草地产草时间有一个有用的技术。     

种草养鹅的技术要领

以进口特高四倍体多花黑麦草种为最好，该品种叶长而宽、生长快、结实迟、产量高。禁用农家自留草种播种。     

多花黑麦草幼穗分化进程对种子生产性状的影响

两年分期播种试验结果表明，多花黑麦草幼穗分化进程对穗部性状和种子产量有显著影响。幼穗分化的天数与每穗种子粒数呈极显著正相关。播种愈早，幼穗分化天数愈多，种子产量愈高。南京地区留种的多花草麦草的最佳播期为８月２０日至９月１０日。二棱期是多花黑麦草通过春化阶段的形态标志，也是幼穗能否分化完全的转折点。单棱至护颖分化期是影响种子粒数最关键的时期。     

多花黑麦草播种时间对鲜草产量的影响

桂林市推广冬闲田种植多花黑麦草饲喂畜禽鱼已有多年，目前，全市种植面积占全区的一半左右。在推广种植过程中，为了掌握适宜的播种时间，我站利用冬闲田对黑麦草播种时间与鲜草产量的关系进行了试验分析，现将试验结果报告如下。１材料与方法１．１试验时间本试验从１９...     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein