Mitogens and oncogenes can block the induction of specific voltage-gated ion channels

The mechanisms underlying the ontogeny of voltage-gated ion channels in muscle are unknown. Whether expression of voltage-gated channels is dependent on mitogen withdrawal and growth arrest, as is generally true for the induction of muscle-specific gene products, was investigated in the BC3H1 muscle cell line by patch-clamp techniques. Differentiated BC3H1 myocytes expressed functional Ca2+ and Na+ channels that correspond to those found in T tubules of skeletal muscle. However, Ca2+ and Na+ channels were first detected after about 5 days of mitogen withdrawal. In order to test whether cellular oncogenes, as surrogates for exogenous growth factors, could prevent the expression of ion channels whose induction was contingent on mitogen withdrawal, BC3H1 cells were modified by stable transfection with oncogene expression vectors. Expression vectors containing v-erbB, or c-myc under the control of the SV40 promoter, delayed but did not prevent the appearance of functional Ca2+ and Na+ channels. In contrast, transfection with a Val12 c-H-ras vector, or cotransfection of c-myc together with v-erbB, suppressed the formation of functional Ca2+ and Na+ channels for greater than or equal to 4 weeks. Potassium channels were affected neither by mitogenic medium nor by transfected oncogenes. Thus, the selective effects of certain oncogenes on ion channel induction corresponded to the suppressive effects of mitogenic medium.     

花花柴耐盐相关基因NHX的克隆与分析

植物NHX属于Na＋/H＋逆向转运蛋白NHE/NHX亚家族的成员,为阳离子逆向转运蛋白家族的一个亚类,具有调节细胞内pH值和Na＋的浓度及维持细胞内离子稳态等多种功能。为进一步开发新疆盐生植物耐盐相关基因资源,本研究以盐生植物花花柴为材料,利用分子克隆技术,从总RNA中克隆编码Na＋/H＋逆向转运蛋白基因。依测序结果判断已从花花柴cD-NA中克隆到1253 bp的NHX基因片段,并对该序列进行数据库搜索和对序列比对分析。结果显示一致性达到68.77%,可以用于构建植物表达载体进行相应的功能鉴定。     

黄瓜质膜型Na~+/H~+逆向转运蛋白基因(SOS1)的克隆与序列分析

采用RACE(rapid-amplification of cDNA ends)方法从黄瓜Cucumis sativusL.中克隆出质膜Na+/H+逆向转运蛋白基因的cDNA(CsSOS1),该cDNA全长3 638bp,其中开放阅读框为3 435bp,编码1 145个氨基酸。氨基酸同源性分析表明,CsSOS1氨基酸序列与水稻OsSOS1和拟南芥AtSOS1的氨基酸序列同源性较高,分别为64%和58%,而与液泡型的Na+/H+逆向转运蛋白氨基酸序列亲缘关系较远。蛋白质跨膜结构分析表明CsSOS1包含11个完全跨膜片段。激光共聚焦显微镜显示CsSOS1基因的编码区与YFP基因融合后,定位在细胞膜上。酵母功能互补试验结果显示CsSOS1参与Na+与H+的转运,表明该基因转化酵母后可以补充酵母SOS1的缺失。     

自贡大公古盐井中嗜盐菌的Na~+/H~+离子逆转运蛋白基因筛选

[目的]筛选四川自贡大公古盐井中嗜盐微生物的Na+/H+离子逆转运蛋白基因,并对其结构和编码蛋白进行分析。[方法]构建自贡大公古盐井中嗜盐微生物的Na+/H+离子逆转运蛋白宏基因组文库,通过与Na+/H+离子逆转运蛋白基因缺陷宿主菌株E.coliKNabc的功能互补筛选Na+/H+离子逆转运蛋白基因。并通过生物信息学方法对该基因的起始密码子、终止子、ORF、-35区、-10区和SD序列以及编码蛋白的分子量、等电点、疏水区域、跨膜区域、系统进化和耐盐特性进行分析。[结果]筛选到1个新的Na+/H+离子逆转运蛋白基因m-nha,该基因能够赋予E.coli KNabc在盐和碱性条件下良好生长的能力。[结论]由于m-nha编码蛋白在氨基酸序列和结构上不同于以往报道的Na+/H+离子逆转运蛋白,故鉴定该基因为1个新的Na+/H+离子逆转运蛋白基因。该研究结果对于理解古盐井中嗜盐微生物的嗜盐机制,开发利用古盐井中的基因资源及寻找新的耐盐基因具有重要的意义。     

自贡大公古盐井中嗜盐菌的Na~+/H~+离子逆转运蛋白基因筛选(英文)

[目的]筛选四川自贡大公古盐井中嗜盐微生物的Na+/H+离子逆转运蛋白基因,并对其结构和编码蛋白进行分析。[方法]构建自贡大公古盐井中嗜盐微生物的Na+/H+离子逆转运蛋白宏基因组文库,通过与Na+/H+离子逆转运蛋白基因缺陷宿主菌株E.coliKNabc的功能互补筛选Na+/H+离子逆转运蛋白基因。并通过生物信息学方法对该基因的起始密码子、终止密码子、ORF、-35区、-10区和SD序列以及编码蛋白的分子量、等电点、疏水区域、跨膜区域、系统进化和耐盐特性进行分析。[结果]筛选到1个新的Na+/H+离子逆转运蛋白基因m-nha,该基因能够赋予E.coliKN-abc在盐和碱性条件下良好生长的能力。[结论]由于m-nha编码蛋白在氨基酸序列和结构上不同于以往报道的Na+/H+离子逆转运蛋白,故鉴定该基因为1个新的Na+/H+离子逆转运蛋白基因。该研究结果对于理解古盐井中嗜盐微生物的嗜盐机制,开发利用古盐井中的基因资源及寻找新的耐盐基因具有重要的意义。     

披碱草焦磷酸化酶基因EdHP1的功能分析

氢离子焦磷酸化酶(H~+-PPase)是一类H~+转运蛋白,它以焦磷酸(PPi)水解底物,水解PPi产生的自由能与H~+跨膜转运相藕联,将细胞质中的H~+泵入液泡中,建立跨液泡膜电化学梯度,形成质子驱动力,为无机离子及其他溶质进出液泡提供动力,有利于植物维持细胞离子平衡和渗透平衡,增强植物的抗逆性。基于前期对披碱草(Elymus dahuricus)H~+-PPase基因Ed HP1克隆的基础,对其表达谱及基因功能进行了进一步研究。结果表明,通过Northern blot分析发现,该基因在披碱草中受干旱、低温非生物胁迫诱导表达。通过对转Ed HP1基因烟草在干旱、低温环境下的功能分析发现,过表达Ed HP1基因可以提高转基因烟草对干旱、冷胁迫的抗性。     

胞外ATP、H2O2、Ca2+与NO调控木榄根系离子平衡机理研究

运用非损伤微测技术(NMT),研究了短期盐胁迫下胞外ATP(eATP)、H2 O2 、Ca2 + 与NO 对非泌盐红树木榄根 系K+/Na+ 平衡的调控作用。NaCl(100 mmol/L,24 h)与等渗甘露醇处理的实验表明,木榄根尖对盐胁迫的响应具 有高度的离子特异性。盐胁迫增强了木榄根尖的Na+ 外流,但Na+ 外流被Na+ /H+ 逆向转运蛋白抑制剂Amiloride 和质膜H+ -ATPase 抑制剂Vanadate 抑制,表明Na+ 外流源于根尖表皮细胞质膜Na+ /H+ 逆向转运系统驱动的Na+ 外排。短期盐胁迫处理能诱导木榄根尖K+ 外流,但被氯化四乙胺(TEA,外向K+ 通道抑制剂)明显抑制,证明K+ 外流是由激活的去极化外向型离子通道KORCs 介导。胞外ATP(300 mol/L)、H2 O2 (10 mmol/L)、Ca2 + (10 mmol/ L)与SNP(NO 供体,100 mol/L)均能增加短期盐胁迫下的Na+ 外流,同时抑制K+ 外流。其中,促进Na+ 外流效果 较强的是H2 O2 和Ca2 + ,而Ca2 + 和NO 抑制K+ 外流的效果突出。这些实验结果表明,胞外ATP、H2 O2 、Ca2 + 与NO 这4 种盐胁迫信使是通过上调木榄根系细胞质膜Na+ /H+ 逆向转运体系(Na+ /H+ 逆向转运体和H+ 泵)活性,在促 进Na+ 和H+ 逆向跨膜转运的同时,抑制去极化激活的K+ 离子通道来减少盐诱导的K+ 外流。      

Ion selectivity in a semisynthetic K+ channel locked in the conductive conformation

Potassium channels are K+-selective protein pores in cell membrane. The selectivity filter is the functional unit that allows K+ channels to distinguish potassium (K+) and sodium (Na+) ions. The filter's structure depends on whether K+ or Na+ ions are bound inside it. We synthesized a K+ channel containing the d-enantiomer of alanine in place of a conserved glycine and found by x-ray crystallography that its filter maintains the K+ (conductive) structure in the presence of Na+ and very low concentrations of K+. This channel conducts Na+ in the absence of K+ but not in the presence of K+. These findings demonstrate that the ability of the channel to adapt its structure differently to K+ and Na+ is a fundamental aspect of ion selectivity, as is the ability of multiple K+ ions to compete effectively with Na+ for the conductive filter.     

野大麦耐盐适应性反应机制的研究

【目的】探讨野大麦的耐盐适应性反应机制。【方法】采用原子吸收和X-ray微区分析等方法分析野大麦[Hordeum brevisubulatum (Trin.) Link]在NaCl胁迫下幼苗生长、K+和Na+吸收、运输、分配及外排等生理响应。【结果】在NaCl≤350 mmol•L-1时，茎叶和根系的干重变化不明显，盐浓度的增加对根生长的抑制作用小于茎叶，根Na+含量增加的幅度小于茎叶、茎叶和根中K+含量均下降，但茎叶可维持较高的K+含量；野大麦具有较强的K+-Na+吸收选择性；低盐胁迫时Na+主要贮存于液泡和细胞间质；高盐胁迫时主要通过外排Na+来维持体内离子平衡。【结论】野大麦在NaCl≤350mmol•L-1时生长正常，其耐盐性与根拒绝吸收Na+及茎叶维持高K+含量有关，Na+区域化与外排可能是野大麦主要的耐盐适应性反应机制。     

Structure and function of voltage-sensitive ion channels

Voltage-sensitive ion channels mediate action potentials in electrically excitable cells and play important roles in signal transduction in other cell types. In the past several years, their protein components have been identified, isolated, and restored to functional form in the purified state. Na+ and Ca2+ channels consist of a principal transmembrane subunit, which forms the ion-conducting pore and is expressed with a variable number of associated subunits in different cell types. The principal subunits of voltage-sensitive Na+, Ca2+, and K+ channels are homologous members of a gene family. Models relating the primary structures of these principal subunits to their functional properties have been proposed, and experimental results have begun to define a functional map of these proteins. Coordinated application of biochemical, biophysical, and molecular genetic methods should lead to a clear understanding of the molecular basis of electrical excitability.     

Mechanism of Na+/H+ antiporting

Na+/H+ antiporters are central to cellular salt and pH homeostasis. The structure of Escherichia coli NhaA was recently determined, but its mechanisms of transport and pH regulation remain elusive. We performed molecular dynamics simulations of NhaA that, with existing experimental data, enabled us to propose an atomically detailed model of antiporter function. Three conserved aspartates are key to our proposed mechanism: Asp164 (D164) is the Na+-binding site, D163 controls the alternating accessibility of this binding site to the cytoplasm or periplasm, and D133 is crucial for pH regulation. Consistent with experimental stoichiometry, two protons are required to transport a single Na+ ion: D163 protonates to reveal the Na+-binding site to the periplasm, and subsequent protonation of D164 releases Na+. Additional mutagenesis experiments further validated the model.     

alpha-Klotho as a regulator of calcium homeostasis

alpha-klotho was identified as a gene associated with premature aging-like phenotypes characterized by short lifespan. In mice, we found the molecular association of alpha-Klotho (alpha-Kl) and Na+,K+-adenosine triphosphatase (Na+,K+-ATPase) and provide evidence for an increase of abundance of Na+,K+-ATPase at the plasma membrane. Low concentrations of extracellular free calcium ([Ca2+]e) rapidly induce regulated parathyroid hormone (PTH) secretion in an alpha-Kl- and Na+,K+-ATPase-dependent manner. The increased Na+ gradient created by Na+,K+-ATPase activity might drive the transepithelial transport of Ca2+ in cooperation with ion channels and transporters in the choroid plexus and the kidney. Our findings reveal fundamental roles of alpha-Kl in the regulation of calcium metabolism.     

肇东盐单胞菌中胞苷酸激酶基因cmk的克隆与功能分析

为探究一株中度嗜盐菌-肇东盐单胞菌(Halomonas zhaodongensis)NEAU-ST10-25T的耐盐碱机制,采用基因文库筛选方法从该菌株获得一个重组质粒p UC-LYS1。该质粒可恢复大肠杆菌(Escherichia coli)Na+/H+逆向转运蛋白缺陷株KNabc在含有0.2 mol·L-1Na Cl的LBK培养基上生长。序列分析显示,重组质粒p UC-LYS1中外源DNA片段由1个N端截短的ORF1、三个完整的ORF(ORF2-4)以及1个C端截短的ORF5组成。其中,ORF4与伸长盐单胞菌(Halomonas enlongata)中1个推测的胞苷酸激酶(Cytidylate kinase,CMK)同源性最高(86%)。为便于区分与其同源物,编码ORF4的基因cmk来自肇东盐单胞菌(Halomonas zhaodongensis)被定名为Hz_cmk。Hz_CMK也与包括已被鉴定来自大肠杆菌(E.coli)的Ec_CMK等其他同源物具有较高同源性。为进一步鉴定Hz_cmk是否编码胞苷酸激酶,通过PCR扩增分别将Hz_cmk和大肠杆菌(E.coli)的同源基因Ec_cmk(作为正对照)构建至原核表达载体p ET19,转化到大肠杆菌(E.coli)C41(DE3)感受态细胞中诱导表达。SDS-PAGE表明其以可溶形式存在。酶学分析表明Hz_CMK与Ec_CMK均具有较高胞苷酸激酶活性。为国内外首次中度嗜盐菌的胞苷酸激酶基因功能鉴定。     

不同盐碱区菊芋植株K~+和Na~+的分布特征

[目的]研究不同盐碱区域对菊芋离子分布的影响。[方法]以红块茎菊芋品种JY1及白块茎菊芋品种NY1、BY1为试验材料,研究了非盐、轻盐、重盐3种不同盐碱区条件下块茎、茎干和叶片的离子分布特征。[结果]随着土壤盐分的增加,菊芋茎干和叶片的K~+含量均增加,其中茎干中K~+含量显著增加,重盐下达到16.1 mg/g,达叶片的7.0倍以上;块茎K~+含量的变动幅度不大。随土壤盐分的增加,茎干、叶片、块茎的Na~+含量逐渐升高,其中茎干的增加幅度最大,重盐条件下Na~+含量较非盐条件下增加11.0倍以上;叶片Na~+含量的变化幅度不显著;重盐条件下,各部位Na~+含量从高到低依次为:茎干、块茎、叶片。植株各部位的K~+/Na~+从高到低依次为叶片、块茎、茎干。[结论]该研究可为耐盐品种的筛选及不同盐碱地条件下的菊芋栽培提供理论基础。     

过表达胡杨PeRIN4基因拟南芥提高质膜H+-ATPase活性和耐盐性

本文克隆了RIN4(RPM1-interacting protein 4)在胡杨中的同源基因PeRIN4,并在拟南芥中进行过表达,通过研究转基因株系的耐盐表型、质膜H+-ATPsae活性及H+ 、Na+、K+等的动态离子流,揭示了PeRIN4基因在植物响应和适应盐胁迫环境中的作用。利用定位载体pGreen0029-PeRIN4-GFP瞬时转化拟南芥叶肉细胞原生质体的方法,对胡杨PeRIN4蛋白进行亚细胞定位,发现该蛋白定位在细胞的胞质中。耐盐表型实验结果显示,在100 mmol/L NaCl处理下,拟南芥PeRIN4过表达株系(OE1和OE8)的生存率和根长均明显高于野生型(WT)和转空载体拟南芥(VC),说明PeRIN4基因能够提高拟南芥的耐盐性。与WT和VC相比,拟南芥PeRIN4过表达株系质膜H+-ATPsae的活性较高。动态离子流数据显示,在盐胁迫下,PeRIN4过表达株系外排H+和Na+ 离子的能力强于野生型和转空载体拟南芥,然而K+的外流却弱于WT和VC。因此,PeRIN4蛋白具有调节质膜H+-ATPsae活性的功能。拟南芥质膜H+-ATPsae活性的提高主要有两方面的作用:一是可以增强H+泵的质子动力势,驱动Na+/H+逆向转运蛋白,提高Na+外排的能力;二是抑制质膜的去极化,减少K+离子通过去极化激活的外向型K+通道(DA-KORCs)和非选择性阳离子通道(DA-NSCCs)外流,维持了K+/Na+平衡,从而提高PeRIN4转基因拟南芥的耐盐性。      

荞麦主要拒Na+部位及其Na+/H+逆向转运活性的研究

 【目的】确定荞麦(Fagopyrum esculentum Moench)的主要拒Na+部位、质子泵和Na+/H+逆向转运活性与其拒Na+特性的关系。【方法】以耐盐荞麦品种川荞1号和盐敏感荞麦品种TQ-0808为试验材料,采用“压力室”法压取木质部汁液,测定各部位拒Na+能力;采用蔗糖密度梯度离心法分离细胞质膜和液泡膜,测定质子泵和Na+/H+逆向转运活性。【结果】盐敏感品种的主要拒Na+部位在根部,耐盐品种的主要拒Na+部位在根部和茎基部,耐盐品种整体拒Na+能力明显大于盐敏感品种;相同盐浓度处理下,耐盐品种质子泵和Na+/H+逆向转运活性明显大于盐敏感品种,说明耐盐品种主要拒Na+部位细胞的排Na+能力和Na+区隔化能力明显大于盐敏感品种。【结论】耐盐品种主要拒Na+部位Na+的区隔化在限制Na+向地上部运输中发挥了重要作用,是耐盐荞麦品种主要拒Na+部位拒Na+的主要方式。     

红彩真猎蝽对斜纹夜蛾和烟青虫的捕食功能反应

在室内条件下研究了红彩真猎蝽雌成虫对斜纹夜蛾和烟青虫2龄幼虫的捕食作用和种内干扰作用。结果表明,红彩真猎蝽雌成虫的捕食量随着斜纹夜蛾和烟青虫幼虫的密度增加而增大,其捕食功能反应符合Holling II型方程,红彩真猎蝽对斜纹夜蛾2龄幼虫的捕食量符合Na=0.4665Nt/(1+0.0036 Nt),对烟青虫2龄幼虫的捕食量符合Na=0.4275Nt/(1+0.0041Nt)。红彩真猎蝽的捕食作用有较强的种内干扰反应,捕食率与个体间相互干扰的关系符合Hassell模型,红彩真猎蝽的捕食量与害虫密度正相关,寻找效应与害虫密度负相关。     

獐茅耐盐基因SOS1的克隆及序列分析

采用RT-PCR和RLM-RACE方法从单子叶盐生植物獐茅(Aeluropus littoralis(Gouan)Parl)中克隆了质膜Na+/H+逆向转运蛋白基因(AlSOS1,JN936862),并对其基因序列进行了分析。Southern杂交试验显示:AlSOS1基因在獐茅基因组中以单拷贝形式存在。AlSOS1基因cDNA全长3 641bp,其中编码区3 420bp,编码一个1 139氨基酸的蛋白。AlSOS1编码蛋白与芦苇、水稻质膜Na+/H+逆向转运蛋白亲缘关系最为接近,达到82%和77%,与双子叶植物拟南芥的亲缘关系仅为58%;系统发育分析显示AlSOS1基因编码蛋白与其他植物质膜型Na+/H+逆向转运蛋白属于同一分支,而与液泡型Na+/H+逆向转运蛋白属于不同的分支;疏水性分析显示AlSOS1基因编码蛋白N-末端具有12个跨膜结构域,C-末端具有一个很长且面向质膜内腔的亲水尾部。这是獐茅SOS1基因编码区首次被完整克隆,将进一步应用于单子叶农作物耐盐性状改良的基因工程之中。     

Tritiated digoxin binding to (Na+ + K+)-activated adenosine triphosphatase: possible allosteric site

Tritiated H(3)-digoxin specifically binds to a cardiac (Na(+) + K(+))-activated adenosine triphosphatase. In the presence of adenosine triphosphate and other nucleoside di- and triphosphates, binding is stimulated by sodium ion, the apparent rate constant being similar to that reported for phosphorus-32 incorporation from adenosine triphosphate and for the adenosine triphosphatase activity. In the presence of magnesium, manganese, inorganic phosphate, or other ions, sodium ion inhibits binding. The data support an allosteric type of sodium-potassium ion pump.     

玉米Na~+/H~+逆向转运蛋白基因ZmSOS1的克隆与鉴定

[目的]克隆玉米Na^＋／H^＋逆向转运蛋白基因,为研究此类基因在玉米非生物胁迫抗性机制中的功能奠定基础。[方法]采用电子克隆、RT—PCR、生物信息学方法,从玉米基因组中克隆1个质膜型Na^＋／H^＋逆向转运蛋白基因,并鉴定该基因编码产物的跨膜结构预测以及在盐胁迫下的表达模式等信息。[结果]利用电子克隆方法,从玉米中克隆出1个质膜型Na^＋／H^＋逆向转运蛋白基因ZmSOS1;Zm-SOS1基因的开放阅读框长3411bp,编码1136个氨基酸;序列分析表明,ZmSOS1蛋白与拟南芥和水稻同源物AtSOSl、OsSOS1的氨基酸序列一致性分别为61％和82％;RT—PCR分析表明,ZmSOS1基因的表达可以被盐胁迫诱导增强,表明其可能在玉米耐盐性上发挥功能。[结论]ZmSDS1是一个公认的质膜型Na^＋／A^＋逆向转运蛋白基因,并可能参与玉米的非生物胁迫反应。