连续平压法生产低密度纤维板的工艺研究

在连续平压法生产线上进行制备低密度纤维板试验,分别探讨板材密度、二次加压区热压温度对板材主要力学性能的影响,并通过正交试验分析板材密度、二次加压区热压压力、施胶量、钢带运行速度4个因素对低密度纤维板主要性能的影响,结果表明:各因素对板的内结合强度与静曲强度影响大小顺序为:板材密度、二次加压区热压压力、施胶量、热压时间;其中,密度对板材性能的影响极显著。采用二次加压区热压压力0.4 MPa,施胶量16%,热压时间10.5 s·mm-1,二次加压区热压温度190℃的工艺组合采用连续平压法生产厚度18 mm的低密度纤维板,密度为563.56 kg·m-3、内结合强度为0.46 MPa、静曲强度为24.5 MPa、弹性模量为2356 MPa、吸水厚度膨胀率为10.8%,达到GB/T 11718—2009中干燥状态下使用的普通型中密度纤维板性能要求。     

地板用高密度纤维板的研制

研究了以酚醛树脂为胶粘剂制造地板用高密度纤维板的工艺条件,探讨了热压时间、热压温度、施胶量对高密度纤维板物理力学性能和防潮性能的影响。采用优选工艺制得的产品各项指标均达到或优于欧洲地板用高密度纤维板标准。     

薄刨花高密度人造板生产工艺初步研究

研究以厚度为10—200μm杨木刨花为原材料生产高密度人造板的工艺条件,探讨了热压温度、刨花施胶量、板材密度对产品性能的影响。结果表明,在热压温度155℃,板材密度为0．88g／cm^3,采用UF和MF混合添加,总施胶量为绝干刨花质量12％（其中MF占总施胶量的35％）的工艺条件下生产出的人造板具有良好的物理力学性能,各项指标达到或优于GB／T4897．3—2003,GB／T4897．4—2003刨花板国家标准的要求。     

湿地松制造中密度纤维板工艺的研究

以湿地松（Ｐｉｎｕｓｅｌｉｏｔｉ）为原料制造中密度纤维板工艺的研究,采用正交试验方法,分析了施胶量、板坯含水率、热压温度及热压时间对中密度纤维板物理力学性能的影响。试验结果表明：板坯含水率及热压时间对试验板质量影响较大,热压温度及施胶量的影响较小。采用适宜的工艺,即板坯含水率在１０％、热压温度１６５℃、热压时间５ｍｉｎ,施胶量可以降至８％～９％,试验板的各项物理力学性能可以达到国标特级品的要求。     

密度和施胶量对高密度纤维板抗弯和耐水性能的影响

为了更新纤维板产品结构，拓展其应用领域，以杨木纤维和酚醛树脂为原料制备高密度纤维板，探索密度和施胶量对高密度纤维板抗弯性能和耐水性能的影响。结果表明：随着密度和施胶量的增大，高密度纤维板的抗弯性能提高，耐水性能改善。密度为1.1 g/cm3，施胶量为10%时，板材的抗弯性能和耐水性能满足GB/T 31765—2015《高密度纤维板》高湿型高密度纤维板（HDF-GP HMR）的相关要求。     

异氰酸酯胶无毒低密度杉木刨花板的制造

本研究探讨了用异氰酸酯胶粘剂制造低密度杉木刨花板的工艺条件,讨论了施胶量、热压温度、热压时间、热压压力和刨花含水率对板材性能的影响。结果表明,当板材密度为０．４３～０．４８ｇ／ｃｍ＾２时,施胶量只需５％,刨花含水率适应范围广,所制成的刨花板无毒,耐水性好。     

沙柳材中密度纤维板制备工艺及性能研究

本研究使用改性脲醛树脂胶黏剂制备沙柳材中密度纤维板.在预备试验基础上,采用正交试验及单因素试验方法对沙柳材中密度纤维板制备工艺进行了研究.结果表明:在热压温度180℃,热压时间0.6min/mm,施胶量12％,固化剂氯化铵加入量1％或硫酸铵加入量2％的条件下,沙柳材中密度纤维板各项性能较好,但与潮湿状态下使用的纤维板防水性能要求还有一定差距.     

防潮型中密度纤维板的研制

研究了以脲醛胶为主，三聚氰胺胶为辅制造防潮型中密度纤维板的工艺条件，讨论了热压时间、热压压力、热压温度、施胶量、配胶比例对中密度纤维板物理力学性能的影响。结果表明：配胶比例是重要的影响因子。采用试验所得的优选工艺制得的产品各项指标均达到或优于防潮型中密度纤维板国家标准。     

利用改性胶粘剂制备玉米秸秆皮层刨花板的工艺研究

在分析比较了玉米秸秆皮、穰化学成分的基础上,采用正交试验方法,分析热压时间、热压温度、成板密度和施胶量几个因素对刨花板物理力学性能指标的影响。结果表明,玉米秸秆皮层刨花板优化制备工艺为：热压温度150℃,热压时间5min,成板密度0．70g／cm3,施胶量12％。     

工艺参数对脲基超支化聚合物改性效果的影响

以一种新型脲基超支化聚合物为改性剂,对低摩尔比三聚氰胺-尿素-甲醛（MUF）树脂进行改性,并对热压工艺参数进行优化,探讨脲基超支化聚合物改性剂添加量、热压温度、热压因子、板材密度、施胶量等因素对中密度纤维板性能的影响。结果表明：当改性剂添加量为2%,热压温度为185℃,热压因子为20 s/mm,施胶量为14%,板材密度为850 kg/mm³时,纤维板的性能较佳。该工艺条件下中密度纤维板的结合强度及耐水性能改善效果显著,与对照组相比,内结合强度提升109%,表面结合强度提升93%,24 h吸水厚度膨胀率下降30%。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.