试管中甘薯块根的形成

对桐庐林场板栗园内的６４年板栗无性系或品种的叶、叶脉、枝条皮孔、枝条颜色、雄花序、雌花以及２０个品种花粉的萌发器、形状和纹饰进行了观察分析，发现各品种之间叶形、叶厚、被毛程度、枝条皮孔数、枝条颜色有一定的差异；花粉极面观形状基本一致，但花粉萌发沟孔深度、花偻赤道面形状及花粉粒大小均有一定程度的差异。     

10个八仙花品种花粉粒形态扫描电镜观察

利用电镜扫描观察10个八仙花品种的花粉粒,根据花粉粒的形状、长短轴比、萌发沟特征、纹饰特征、极面特征等分析八仙花不同品种间以及孕性花粉粒形态特征的差异性.结果 表明,八仙花可孕花的花粉粒均为长球体,除了'无尽夏'和'奥塔克萨'不孕花花粉粒为超长球体外,其他也为长球体,均具3条萌发沟,沟长裂至两极,属于N3P4C5型花粉;花粉粒极面形状有差异,'无尽夏'、'奥塔克萨'、'蒙娜丽莎'、'头花'和'初恋'极面观为三裂圆形,其他品种极面观为钝三角形;不同品种花粉粒的萌发沟长度与萌发沟脊面宽也存在差异,仅'玫红妈妈'不同孕性花粉粒具有显著性差异.外壁纹饰均为孔穴状,其孔穴大小、形状以及分布特征不同,但是同一品种的不同孕性花粉粒形态特征并无差异.综上所述,花粉粒的外壁纹饰可作为八仙花品种鉴定的依据之一,但是不能作为花粉孕性的鉴别依据.     

万寿菊花粉活力及柱头可授性研究

为探明造成万寿菊雄性不育系结实率低的原因,对万寿菊花粉活力及柱头可授性进行了研究。采用花粉离体萌发法研究万寿菊自交系V-01花粉萌发适宜温度、花粉活力日变化和适宜贮存条件;用联苯胺-过氧化氢法检测万寿菊雄性不育系S-261、S-17-06-29、S-0191不育株柱头的可授性;水溶性苯胺蓝染色法检测花粉在柱头的萌发情况。结果表明：（1）万寿菊V-01适宜萌发温度介于25~30℃之间;V-01花粉活力日变化趋势为先升高后降低,11-13时采集的花粉萌发率最高;4℃干燥贮存是最适宜的花粉贮存条件。（2）万寿菊柱头形态呈‘γ’状时有可授性,可授性可持续3天。（3）万寿菊花粉授粉到柱头上1 h内即可萌发,授粉后2 h,花粉细胞达到花粉管内。     

崇阳杉木种子园无性系花粉活力及花粉萌特性研究

本文以崇阳县桂花林场杉木初级种子园中所收集的各无性系花粉为研究对象，对花粉大小、花粉萌发及花粉生活力等进行了研究。结果表明：杉木花粉粒一般为球形或近球形。用蓝墨水染色对杉木花粉活力测定为有效和实用的方法，各无性系间花粉染色范围12．65～30．17min。硼酸对花粉萌发的作用极为重要，没有加硼酸的花粉萌发受到抑制，花粉在0．001～0．050g／L浓度硼酸的培养基上萌发好，花粉萌发时的花粉管形态除正常形态外，还存在不同的形态变异类型。     

大丽花花粉活力及离体萌发研究

为筛选大丽花花粉活力有效的测定方法,了解大丽花不同品种的花粉活力,以大丽花栽培品种为试验材料,采用4种方法检测大丽花花粉活力,在此基础上,采用单因素试验和正交设计试验分别对大丽花花粉的离体萌发培养条件及培养基组分进行优化,得到最优方案后进一步检测、比较不同品种之间的花粉活力。研究结果显示,TTC染色法不能使花粉着色,I₂-KI和孢粉染色法不能有效区分有活力和无活力花粉,离体萌发法效果良好,可准确直观地反映大丽花花粉活力状况, 是测定大丽花花粉活力的有效方法。当培养条件为pH 6.0、温度25℃、培养时间2.5 h时,花粉萌发率最高。培养基组分对大丽花花粉萌发的影响程度依次为PEG>蔗糖>硼酸,实际最佳处理组合为A₃B₄C₂,即PEG4000 25 g/L、蔗糖60 g/L、硼酸50 mg/L的处理组合下,大丽花花粉萌发率最高达62.1%。采用上述获得的最优方案检测22个大丽花品种的花粉活力,花粉萌发率为11.75%~78.72%,不同品种的花粉萌发率差异大,其中,‘兰花公主’的花粉萌发率最低,‘波彻儿’最高。大丽花品种的花粉活力多样性丰富,所测定的22个大丽花品种有14个品种正常可育,杂交时可用作父本;8个品种为半不育或低不育,杂交时更适合作母本。     

不同倍性亚洲百合的花粉形态与活力变化规律分析

为研究亚洲百合的花粉活力变化规律及形态在倍性水平上的差异,以8个亚洲百合品种为材料,采用混合染料染色法和萌发法测定花粉活力,并以电子显微镜观察花粉形态。结果显示,3种倍性亚洲百合的花粉最高活力时段均在开花第1天,三倍体品种为上午10:30,二倍体和四倍体品种为中午12:30,花粉活力的总体变化趋势为先升高后降低。花粉大小与倍性呈正相关,极轴值范围为96.47~137.91μm,赤道轴值40.68~56.55μm,四倍体品种的P×E值最大,其次为三倍体和二倍体。花粉中部网眼大小的范围为3.93~8.57μm,随品种倍性增加而增大,形态参数聚类显示倍性相同的品种之间花粉相似性更高。研究表明,不同倍性亚洲百合的花粉活力持久性差异较大,杂交育种时可根据倍性选择花粉活力最高时段进行授粉。     

茶树花粉离体萌发条件优化及活力快速检测

以福鼎大白茶(Camellia sinensis cv.Fuding-dabaicha)花粉为研究对象,考虑不同浓度的蔗糖、硼酸、硝酸钙,采用正交试验设计优化茶树花粉离体萌发培养基;通过离体萌发法、TTC染色法的对比,探讨茶树(C.sinensis)花粉活力的快速测定方法。结果表明,硼酸是影响茶树花粉离体萌发效果的主要因素,而不同浓度蔗糖的影响差异不显著,茶树花粉离体萌发最佳培养基为150g/L蔗糖+150mg/L硼酸+100mg/L硝酸钙。离体萌发法和TTC染色法测定茶树花粉活力进行比较,2种方法得到茶树花粉活力最佳分别为90.04%、83.17%,且差异不显著。因此,花粉离体萌发法和TTC染色法都可用于测定茶树花粉活力,10g/L TTC用于快速检测茶树花粉活力效果最佳。     

影响多肉植物花粉活力及离体萌发率的因素研究

采用TTC染色法检测多肉植物4个散粉时期花粉的活力,基于花粉活力最佳时期,研究不同培养温度(10、15、20、25、30、35℃)对花粉离体萌发率的影响;基于适宜的萌发条件,比较TTC染色法与花粉离体萌发法测定花粉活力的差异。结果表明:1)散粉时期对供试多肉植物的花粉活力有显著影响(p0.05)。散粉的第3阶段花粉活力最强,平均值为30.80%。2)温度是影响10种多肉植物离体花粉萌发率的显著因素,不同品种所需适宜的离体培养温度不同。其中大部分品种花粉萌发最佳培养温度均为20℃,温度过高或过低均会抑制花粉萌发。花月夜、灵隐最佳萌发温度为15℃,莎维娜花粉萌发最佳温度为30℃; 3) TTC染色法与花粉离体萌发法测得的花粉活力差异不显著(p0.05),说明TTC法可作为一种快速检测多肉植物花粉活力的方法,结果可靠。     

酸枣花器官结构、花粉形态及生活力比较研究

为了给酸枣花器官研究、花粉生活力的快速测定提供理论依据,笔者测定了不同的酸枣类型花器官结构、花粉形态及花粉萌发率和生活力的差异。结果表明：（1）不同的酸枣类型花序花朵数、花冠直径、蜜盘直径、雄蕊长度等方面都有不同程度的差异。花序花朵数一般在2~9个;单花雄蕊个数为5个;蜜盘颜色一般有淡黄色和黄绿色2种。（2）酸枣花粉比较小,通常在18.86~26.19 μm,以近球形为主,萌发孔以三孔沟居多。（3）不同的酸枣类型花粉的萌发率存在显著差异,其中酸枣4的萌发率最高,为32.54%;TTC法和I-KI法测定的花粉生活力显著高于离体培养法,测定值误差较大,故离体培养法更适合酸枣花粉生活力的测定。     

花/蕾低温保存对花椰菜花粉活力及授粉效果的影响

本研究将通过低温(3℃~5℃)干燥处理花椰菜完全开放的花和不同大小的蕾,利用花粉活力测定、花粉萌发观察和杂交结籽率检测等手段分析了低温保存对其花粉活力及授粉效果的影响。研究结果表明,当天开放花的花粉活力和萌发率最高,分别达到91.3%和45.6%,授粉效果也最好,每角果平均可收获11.3粒种子。3℃~5℃干燥储存8 d后花粉活力和萌发率显著降低,储存16 d后花粉杂交结籽率显著降低,不适合作为花粉供体;开花前1 d和2 d的蕾,3℃~5℃干燥储存8 d的花粉活力分别为88.3%和85.2%,萌发率均为32.4%左右,授粉杂交结籽率分别达到9.8和8.3粒种子/角果。随着储存时间的延长,花粉活力及萌发率逐渐降低。3℃~5℃干燥储存32 d的花粉杂交结籽率仍可达到8粒种子/角果。本研究结果为花椰菜杂交一代制种和组合测配的花粉保存提供理论依据。     

北沙参花粉形态特征、活性及萌发条件研究

为了认识北沙参的花粉粒形态特征和生理特性,利用离体培养法测定花粉粒活性,并对培养条件(蔗糖的质量分数、硼酸的质量浓度和氯化钙的质量浓度)进行筛选,同时与碘-碘化钾(I2-KI)、氯化三苯基四氮唑(TTC法)和亚甲基蓝等花粉活性测定方法进行比较,建立测定北沙参花粉活性的最适宜方法,利用离体培养法进一步检测保存时间、温度和湿度等对北沙参花粉活性的影响,应用扫描电镜观察花粉粒的大小形态等特征。结果表明,亚甲基蓝法适于北沙参花粉粒活性测定,I2-KI法和TTC法不适合。北沙参体外萌发的最适培养基是20%蔗糖+0.1%mg·mL^-1硼酸+0.1%mg·mL^-1氯化钙,萌发率可达72.9%。北沙参花粉在湿度15%~52%,25℃条件下活性最好,4℃、-20℃的低温或大于60%的湿度都会导致花粉活性降低。北沙参花粉粒形态为超长方形,具3个狭长萌发沟,表面为网状。     

Establishment of reliable methods of in vitro pollen germination and pollen preservation of Brassica rapa (syn. B. campestris)

A simple and reliable method for evaluating the viability of Brassica pollen was established in which the in vitro germination rate of pollen was adopted as the index of the viability of pollen grains. Pollen grains were preincubated in an atmosphere in which the relative humidity (RH) was fixed to 52% or 66% at 20 °C for 5 hours. They were cultured for 16 hours at 25 °C in a liquid Kwack's medium (1964) supplemented with 20% sucrose, and the pH was adjusted to 8.0. They were then observed under a microscope and the number of germinating and unchanged pollen grains were counted. The germination rate of pollen was improved and stabilized by preincubation and the use of a high pH medium. More than 90% of the freshly harvested pollen grains of Brassica rapa (syn. B. campestris) germinated constantly in these conditions Undehisced anthers were collected from flowers at anthesis and dehydrated by incubation at 20 °C for 16–24 hours in an atmosphere where the RH was fixed to 15% or 32%. They were put into a plastic vial and preserved in a freezer at -20 °C. The germination percentage of the preserved pollen was scored at intervals during preservation. The germination rate of the pollen grains preserved at -20°C for 1 year was higher than 50% and the pollen proved to be efficient for seed set. Most of the seeds germinated normally. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

陆地棉脱外壁花粉粒的制备和花粉粒核DNA检测

 以陆地棉品种苏棉22号的花粉为材料,研究棉花花粉粒脱外壁和检测花粉粒内部核DNA状态的方法。花粉粒经4%多聚甲醛固定后,通过10%次氯酸钠水溶液氧化、55℃热激30 min、压片等系列程序可将花粉粒的外壁完全脱去,分离出完整的脱外壁花粉粒。用DNA荧光染料DAPI分别对陆地棉花粉粒和脱外壁花粉粒进行染色,在荧光显微镜和激光扫描共聚焦显微镜下观察花粉粒的内部核结构。没有脱外壁的花粉粒的内部核结构难以被观察到,而脱外壁花粉粒的核DNA结构清晰可见,内壁几乎无荧光。首次发现陆地棉的成熟花粉粒为三核花粉粒。     

In vitro germination and viability of buckwheat (Fagopyrum esculentum Moench) pollen

An in vitro method for the germination of common buckwheat pollen was developed. Pollen grains were successfully germinated in an artificial medium consisting of 0.2 g each of MnSO₄, Ca(NO₃)2.4H₂O and KNO₃, 0.04 g H₃BO₃, 15 g sucrose and 30 g polyethylene glycol (molecular weight approximately 20,000) dissolved in 100 ml of double distilled water. The viability of pollen was assessed by in vivo and in vitro germination tests at 20 °C and 25 °C over a 38 h time period. Pollen grains were collected and germinated at 4 h intervals from freshly harvested flowers grown under 16 h day length and a constant temperature. Maximum pollen viability was found 2 h and 6 h after first light when plants were maintained at 25 °C and 20 °C, respectively. Viability, as measured by germination percentage, was similar at both temperature regimes. Some pollen remained viable for approximately 34 to 38 h in intact flowers, but all pollen lost viability in less than an hour when stored at room temperature without humidity control. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

大豆属Clycine亚属植物花粉形态研究

对大豆属Ｇｌｙｃｉｎｅ亚属中０个种的花粉进行了光学显微镜和扫描电镜的观察。发现多倍体材料的花粉大于二倍体的。并发现Ｇｌｙｃｉｎｅ亚属诸种花粉的形、萌发孔、外壁纹饰均存明显差异。     

Hybrid Tea-rose pollen. I. Germination and storage

Summary Germination and storage trials were carried out with pollen of several rose varieties. The pollen grains germinated well in a 15% sucrose solution with 40 ppm boric acid. Staining the pollen with a 0.1% tetrazolium solution and standardizing the degree of colour at which the pollen grains are counted as viable, provided a good viability estimate, simpler to carry out than in vitro germination. Germination capacity and staining ability of the pollen were greatly impeded-about halved-by dehydration during storage in desiccators at low humidity. This effect could be corrected by humidifying the pollen beforehand for about one hour, though this pre-treatment increased the percentage of germinated pollen grains more than the percentage stained. There was no difference between the two percentages in fresh or in deep-frozen pollen.Pollen stored at 1°C and high relative humidity soon lost its germination capacity: between 0 and 20% humidity a considerable proportion of the pollen remained viable for 9 months and longer. Storage for the same period in vacuum-sealed glass tubes at –24°C maintained viability as well or better and would probably prolong it further. Some of the cold-stored pollen induced a reasonable seed set after one year, a low seed set was obtained even after two years of storage at 1°C and low humidity.     

Viability and storage of bromeliad pollen

Several bromeliad species from two different subfamilies, were used to develop a reliable method to evaluate pollen viability. Pollen germination on a medium containing 20% sucrose, 0.001%H₃BO₃ and 0.5% agar was comparable to germination on a compatible stigma. Maximum germination was reached within 2 to 10 hours depending on the species. Based on this test, six species were considered as being good pollen donors with germination percentages between 49%and 83%. Furthermore, pollen from these species and cultivars could be stored in liquid nitrogen (–196 ^°C) without a considerable loss of viability. For all species, a dehydration period of 4 hours prior to cryopreservation and a rehydration period of 1 hour after cryostorage were essential. Greenhouse humidity influenced anther moisture content and cryostorability. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Cryopreservation of English walnut (Juglans regia L.) pollen

Summary Pollen from eight clones of English walnut (Juglans regia L.) was stored in liquid nitrogen (LN₂) at-196°C for one year. Pollen was monitored for percent germination in vitro before being frozen. Pollen was frozen within two hours of anther dehiscence and subsequently at 24 hr intervals until germination assays indicated that the ability to germinate was lost. Survival after one year was evaluated by determining percent germination in vitro. Freshly collected pollen of only five of the eight clones survived LN₂. By contrast, when the same pollen was held for 24 and 72 hr before freezing, pollen of all eight clones survived. Survival is correlated with moisture content (MC) of the pollen. Pollen samples with MC greater than 7.5% were killed by freezing in LN₂. All pollen samples with MC between 4 and 7.5% survived as did most of the samples with MC between 3.2 and 4%.     

The viability and storage of strawberry pollen

Investigations were carried out in 1990 and 1991 to estimate the pollen viability of five strawberry genotypes and their suitability for storage. Pollen viability was assessed by acetocarmine staining, in vitro germination, and in vivo assays. Pollen was stored in darkness at ?18°C for 1 year, and pollen viability was estimated every 4 months during storage. The highest percentage of stained and in vitro germinated pollen grains, respectively, was shown by fresh pollen of cv. ‘Dukat’ (91 and 45%). The lowest values of these characteristics were observed in pollen of cv. ‘Paula’ (48% and 20%, respectively). The best response to storage at ?18°C occurred in pollen of the breeding clone ‘B-302’ and the cv. ‘Redgauntlet’. ‘Paula’ pollen responded least favourably to this. Pollen of the cvs. ‘Dukaf’. ‘Senga Sengana’, and clone ‘B-302’ after storage for 4 months, still had sufficient capacity for fruit set after cross-pollinations.