南瓜哈密瓜复合饮料制作研究

以南瓜、哈密瓜为原料,通过单因素试验和正交试验对复合果蔬汁饮料制作工艺进行研究。确定南瓜哈密瓜复合饮料工艺参数为加糖量4 g/100 mL,水与果肉比例2∶1,南瓜与哈密瓜比例2∶3,酶解时间90 min,胶体磨均质3次,柠檬酸添加量0.1 g/100 mL,稳定剂选择果胶,其添加量0.06 g/100 mL。     

铁皮石斛苹果复合饮料加工工艺及其抗氧化性研究

在单因素试验的基础上,利用正交试验优化铁皮石斛苹果复合饮料加工工艺,并研究了复合饮料对·OH和O^-2·的清除作用。结果表明,铁皮石斛苹果复合饮料的最佳配方为:铁皮石斛汁料液比1∶15(g/mL),铁皮石斛汁与苹果汁体积比6∶4,黄原胶添加量0.04 g/100 mL,白砂糖添加量4.0 g/100 mL,柠檬酸添加量0.1 g/100 mL;按最佳配方制得的复合饮料对·OH和O^-2·均有较好的清除作用,在1.0 mL/mL时,清除率分别为70.6%和22.4%。制备的复合饮料具有明显铁皮石斛和苹果清香,酸甜适中,口感细腻。     

山药核桃饮料工艺优化研究

研究山药核桃饮料的加工工艺,通过试验确定合适的工艺参数。山药核桃饮料的最佳配方为山药汁添加量20%,核桃汁添加量20%,蔗糖添加量6%;复合稳定剂配方为黄原胶0.02%,羧甲基纤维素钠0.04%,单硬脂酸甘油酯0.04%,蔗糖酯0.08%。应用上述工艺及配方获得的山药核桃饮料风味独特,营养丰富,口感良好,具有广阔的开发前景。     

山药核桃饮料工艺优化研究

研究山药核桃饮料的加工工艺,通过试验确定合适的工艺参数。山药核桃饮料的最佳配方为山药汁添加量20%,核桃汁添加量20%,蔗糖添加量6%;复合稳定剂配方为黄原胶0.02%,羧甲基纤维素钠0.04%,单硬脂酸甘油酯0.04%,蔗糖酯0.08%。应用上述工艺及配方获得的山药核桃饮料风味独特,营养丰富,口感良好,具有广阔的开发前景。     

食用木薯饮料加工工艺优化

以华南9号食用木薯为材料,在单因素试验的基础上,采用正交试验设计方法对制备食用木薯饮料的酶解条件、调配配方及稳定性等工艺条件进行优化研究。结果表明,最佳酶解工艺条件为:耐高温α-淀粉酶添加量80 U/g,酶解温度85℃,酶解时间120 min;最优调配配方组合为:8%白砂糖+0.2%植脂末+0.04%柠檬酸;复合稳定剂最佳添加量为:蔗糖脂肪酸酯0.04%,分子蒸馏单甘酯0.04%,微晶纤维素0.02%和卡拉胶0.04%。经该工艺生产的食用木薯饮料风味独特,口感细腻,稳定性良好。     

蓝莓红树莓复合果汁的配方优化及稳定性研究

以蓝莓、红树莓为主要原料,添加白砂糖、柠檬酸等辅料进行复合果汁的配方及稳定性研究。以感官评分为评价指标,根据单因素试验和正交试验结果,得出蓝莓红树莓复合果汁的最优配方为蓝莓汁用量30 g,红树莓汁用量20 g,白砂糖用量10 g。柠檬酸用量0.30 g,加水量100 g。通过筛选,选出适合蓝莓红树莓复合果汁的稳定剂,对选出的稳定剂进行单因素试验和正交试验,确定复配稳定剂的最佳添加量为黄原胶0.02%,羧甲基纤维素钠0.04%,海藻酸钠0.02%。在此配方条件下,研制的复合果汁饮料风味独特、营养丰富、组织状态稳定,并具有保护视力的功效。     

山楂决明子苹果醋复合饮料的研制

通过在苹果醋中添加山楂汁、决明子汁、木糖醇、柠檬酸,开发一种复合型饮料。以感官评分为指标,采用单因素试验结合正交试验筛选最优配方。结果表明,复合饮料最佳配方为：以苹果醋为基液,山楂汁添加量20%,决明子汁添加量15%,木糖醇添加量10 g/L,柠檬酸添加量0.15 g/L;按该配方制备的山楂决明子苹果醋复合饮料,色泽透亮、口感纯正、酸甜可口、具有山楂和苹果特有的果香味;蛋白质含量为8.6 mg/100 mL,总酸含量为5.9 g/100 mL,总糖含量为3.6 mg/100 mL,微生物指标检测结果符合相关国家标准。     

欧李仁植物蛋白饮料的研制及其营养特性分析

以欧李仁为原料制备植物蛋白饮料,并评价其营养特性。在单因素试验的基础上,采用正交试验确定欧李仁植物蛋白饮料的最佳配方为：料液比1∶20（g/mL）,蔗糖添加量4%,蔗糖脂肪酸酯添加量0.06%,黄原胶添加量0.10%。采用该配方制作的饮料中含14种氨基酸,总量为0.955 mg/mL,其中6种为人体必需氨基酸（苏氨酸、缬氨酸、异亮氨酸、亮氨酸、苯丙氨酸、赖氨酸）,总量为0.336 mg/mL,占氨基酸总量的35.18%。同时,含有亚油酸、油酸、棕榈酸、二十碳五烯酸（EPA）、硬脂酸、十三烷酸、二十二碳二烯酸7种脂肪酸,其中油酸和亚油酸含量较高,分别为59.80 mg/100 g和66.40 mg/100 g。采用上述配方研制的饮料产品呈乳白色,香味浓郁,稳定性好,具有较高的营养价值和保健功能。     

海棠灵芝桂花复合饮料配方及稳定性研究

以海棠果、灵芝、桂花为主要原料,蔗糖、柠檬酸、β-环状糊精、黄原胶、CMC-Na为辅料,在单因素试验的基础上,通过正交试验和响应面试验优化海棠灵芝桂花复合饮料配方,并提高其稳定性。结果表明,海棠灵芝桂花复合饮料的最佳配方为：海棠果汁添加量50%,灵芝汁添加量6%,桂花汁添加量12%,蔗糖添加量100 g/L,柠檬酸添加量0.2 g/L;复合稳定剂配方为：黄原胶添加量0.3 g/L,CMC-Na添加量0.4 g/L,β-环糊精添加量0.6 g/L。按此配方制备的复合饮料产品外观呈橙黄色,口感酸甜柔和,具有海棠果、灵芝、桂花的香气。     

燕麦鹰嘴豆复合饮料配方优化及工艺研究

以燕麦和鹰嘴豆为原料,参考联合国粮农组织和世界卫生组织（FAO/WHO）规定的氨基酸组成标准模式,确定了燕麦和鹰嘴豆最佳氨基酸互补质量比为138∶18。在单因素试验的基础上对燕麦鹰嘴豆复合饮料配方进行正交试验优化,并在最佳复合饮料配方基础上,通过响应面试验对其稳定性进行优化。结果表明,燕麦鹰嘴豆复合饮料最佳配方为：料液比（燕麦鹰嘴豆复合粉∶水）1∶16（g/mL）,白砂糖添加量20 g/L,柠檬酸添加量2 g/L,在此条件下配制的复合饮料口感最佳,感官评分为88.63±0.97分;燕麦鹰嘴豆复合饮料最佳稳定剂配方为：羧甲基纤维素钠（CMC-Na）添加量0.8 g/L,黄原胶添加量0.5 g/L,海藻酸钠添加量0.3 g/L,在此条件下复合饮料稳定性最高,离心沉淀率为12.40%±0.07%。该试验结果为谷豆类复合饮料加工提供了理论支撑。     

Biological Activity and Quantification of Suspected Allelochemicals from Alfalfa Plant Parts

Autotoxicity restricts reseeding of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) after alfalfa until autotoxic chemical(s) breaks down or is dispersed into external environments. A series of aqueous extracts from leaves, stems, roots and seeds of alfalfa ‘Vernal’ were bioassayed against alfalfa seedlings of the same cultivar to determine their autotoxicity. The highest inhibition was found in the extracts from the leaves. Extracts at 40 g dry tissue l^?1 from alfalfa leaves were 15.4, 17.5 and 28.7 times more toxic to alfalfa root growth than were those from roots, stems and seeds, respectively. A high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis with nine standard compounds showed that the concentrations and compositions of allelopathic compounds depended on the plant parts. In leaf extracts that showed the most inhibitory effect on root growth, the highest amounts of allelochemicals were detected. Among nine phenolic compounds assayed for their phytotoxicity on root growth of alfalfa, coumarin, trans‐cinnamic acid and o‐coumaric acid at 10^?3 m were most inhibitory. The type and amount of causative allelochemicals found in alfalfa plant parts were highly correlated with the results of the bioassay, indicating that the autotoxic effects of alfalfa plant parts significantly differed.     

Changes in Seed Yield and Quality with Maturity in Onion (Allium cepa L., cv. 'Early Cream Gold')

Development of onion (Allium cepa L., cv. ‘Early Cream Gold’) seed under cool climate conditions in Tasmania, Australia occurred over a longer duration than previously reported, but similar patterns of change in yield components were recorded. In contrast to previous studies, umbel moisture content declined from 85 to 67 % over 57 days while seed moisture content decreased from 85 to 31 %. Seed yield continued to increase over the duration of crop development, with increasing seed weight compensating for seed loss resulting from capsule dehiscence in the later stages of maturation. Germination percentage was high and did not vary significantly from 53 to 77 days after full bloom (DAF), but mean germination time declined and uniformity of germination increased significantly over the same time period. The percentage abnormal seedlings declined with later harvest date, resulting in highest seed quality at 77 DAF. The results of this study suggest that the decision to harvest cool climate onion seed crops before capsule dehiscence will result in a loss of potential seed yield and quality.     

Location of a high-lysine gene and the DDT-resistance gene on barley chromosome 7

Summary The high-lysine gene in Risø mutant 1508 conditions an increased lysine content in the endosperm via a changed protein composition, a decreased seed size, and several other characters of the seed. The designation lys3a, lys3b, and lys3c, is proposed for the allelic high-lysine genes in three Risø mutants, nos 1508, 18, and 19. Linkage studies with translocations locate the lys3 locus in the centromere region of chromosome 7. A linkage study involving the loci lys3 and ddt (resistance to DDT) together with the marker loci fs (fragile stem), s (short rachilla hairs), and r (smooth awn) show that the order of the five loci on chromosome 7 from the long to the short chromosome arm is r, s, fs, lys3, ddt. The distance from locus r to locus ddt is about 100 centimorgans.     

A note on the origin of Kalanchoë x vadensis Boom & Zeilinga (Crassulaceae)

Summary K x vadensis is a hybrid of K. blossfeldiana and K. marmorata obtained after doubling the number of chromosomes.     

Simultaneous Determination of Four Phenolic Acids in Radix Salviae Miltiorrhizae Formula Granules by QAMS

[Objectives]This study aimed to establish a QAMS(quantitative analysis of multi-components by single-marker)method for simultaneous determination of four phenol...     

Avoidance of leaf rust fungi in wild relatives of cultivated cereals

Summary Avoidance of rust fungi that was based on poor appressorium induction was previously found in Hordeum chilense. In the present study 95 accessions of Triticeae were screened for avoidance of Puccinia hordei. The percentage of appressorium formation per germinated spore ranged from 6 to 90%. On none of the 41 accessions of Aegilops, Agropyron, Elymus, Secale, Thinopyrum or Triticum studied was the rate of appressorium formation lower than 25%. Lower rates of appressorium formation were, however, found on accessions of wild barley species Hordeum brachyantherum, H. marinum, H. parodii and H. secalinum. Its implications in cereal breeding are discussed.     

Variation in forage grasses as hosts of the root-knot nematode Meloidogyne naasi (Franklin) and selection for resistance in ryegrass

Summary Reactions of 13 grasses to Meloidogyne naasi varied with species; ryegrasses, fescues and their hybrids were generally susceptible and cocksfoot and timothy resistant. Marked variation in host resistance levels occurred between genotypes within cultivars.Selection of single plants, followed by tests on replicate tillers, identified resistant and susceptible genotypes in both Italian and perennial ryegrass cultivars. Resistant plants had few nematode-induced galls and fewer females and eggs than susceptibles. There was more or less continuous variation, with many genotypes intermediate between extremes of resistance and susceptibility. Selected resistant and susceptible genotypes are of use in assessing variation in nematode populations and as controls for breeding and selection programmes.     

Current and future strategies in breeding lentil for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Lentil production is limited by lack of moisture and unfavorable temperatures throughout its distribution. Waterlogging and salinity are only locally important. Progress has been made in breeding for tolerance to drought through selection for an appropriate phenology and increased water use efficiency and in breeding for winter hardiness through selection for cold tolerance.The diseases rust, vascular wilt, and Ascochyta blight, caused by Uromyces viciae-fabae, Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. lentis, and Ascochyta fabae f. sp. lentis, respectively, are the key fungal pathogens of lentil. Cultivars with resistance to rust and Ascochyta blight have been released in several countries and resistant sources to vascular wilt are being exploited. Sources of resistance to several other fungal and viral diseases of regional importance are known. In contrast, although the pea leaf weevil (Sitona spp.) and the parasitic weed broomrape (Orobanche spp.), and to a lesser extent the cyst nematode (Heterodera ciceri), are significant yield reducers of lentil, no sources of resistance to these biotic stresses have been found. Directions for future research in lentil on both biotic and abiotic stresses are discussed.     

Present status and future strategy in breeding faba beans (Vicia Faba L.) for resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses

Progress is being made, mainly by ICARDA but also elsewhere, in breeding for resistance to Botrytis, AScochyta, Uromyces, and Orobanche; and some lines have resistance to more than one pathogen. The strategy is to extend multiple resistance but also to seek new and durable forms of resistance. Internationally coordinated programs are needed to maintain the momentum of this work.Tolerance of abiotic stresses leads to types suited to dry or cold environments rather than broad adaptability, but in this cross-pollinated species, the more hybrid vigor expressed by a cultivar, the more it is likely to tolerate various stresses.     

Water Extraction Process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning

[Objectives]To optimize the water extraction process of Chinese Herbal Compound Man Gan Ning and establish a method for its extraction and content determination...