盐度对寄主暗纹东方鲀(Takifugu obscurus)存活影响及其对车轮虫的杀灭作用

为防治河鲀车轮虫病,分别设置0、2.5、5.0、7.5、10.0、12.5、15.0、17.5、20.0、25.0、30.0、35.0和40.0共13个盐度梯度,对暗纹东方鲀进行了浸浴实验。结果显示,盐度为15以下,对暗纹东方鲀的存活没有影响;盐度为0、2.5、5.0时,4 d内车轮虫的数量没有减少反而有增加趋势;盐度7.5作用4 d,盐度10.0作用3.5 d,盐度12.5作用3 d,杀虫率可达95%以上;盐度15.0作用32 h,盐度17.5作用24 h,盐度20.0作用10 h,盐度25.0作用4 h,盐度30.0作用1.5 h,盐度35.0作用1 h,盐度40.0作用0.5 h,对车轮虫的杀虫率均可达100%。应用SPSS软件,对杀虫盐度和时间进行拟合曲线方程分析,其数学模型为对数曲线方程y=34.19-5.55lnx。另外,车轮虫在暗纹东方鲀体表的复活试验显示,用提高盐度的方法杀灭暗纹东方鲀体表车轮虫后,再恢复到正常养殖盐度5.0的情况下,暗纹东方鲀的体表车轮虫病不再复发,说明盐度7.5以上能治疗暗纹东方鲀的车轮虫病。结合提高盐度治疗暗纹东方鲀车轮虫病的生产性试验结果,建议以盐度为7.5–15.0作为治疗暗纹东方鲀体表车轮虫的适宜盐度。     

盐度和温度对褐菖鲉初孵仔鱼耐饥饿能力的影响

以褐菖鲉(Sebastiscus marmoratus)初孵仔鱼为研究对象,研究了3种水温(12、16、20℃)条件下,不同梯度盐度(5.0、7.5、10.0、15.0、20.0、25.0、30.0、35.0)对褐菖鲉初孵仔鱼不投饵存活指数(SAI)的影响.试验结果显示,在相同水温条件下,水体盐度对褐菖鲉初孵仔鱼的SA...     

暗纹东方鲀集约化养殖中的几种常见疾病的诊断、治疗及防治

本文报道了1995～1998年间作者在暗纹东方鲀集约化养殖中,对小瓜虫病、鲀异钩虫病、指环虫病、车轮虫病及细菌性疾病进行的诊断、治疗及防治方法,同时描述了各病的典型症状。本文为鉴别、治疗、防范暗纹东方鲀鱼病提供了依据,在集约化养殖中具有一定的应用价值。     

褶皱臂尾轮虫对提高暗纹东方鲀鱼苗成活率的作用

利用褶皱臂尾轮虫和暗纹东方鲀鱼苗在5‰的咸淡水中都能够存活的特点,用面包酵母培育褶皱臂尾轮虫经海水小球藻强化培育后在5‰的盐度条件下投喂暗纹东方鲀鱼苗,结果表明,褶皱臂尾轮虫较之淡水轮虫可使暗纹东方鲀鱼成活率显著提高。     

河鲀异钩虫病的防治方法

河鲀异钩虫病是日本养殖红鳍东方鲀危害最大的寄生虫病,我国在2002年首次确认此病在养殖红鳍东方鲀时发生,笔者于2002年在暗纹东方鲀亲鱼越冬时发现,2003年和2004年一龄暗纹东方鲀越冬时又多次发现,是目前长江口区域养殖暗纹东方鲀鱼种时发病最严重的,损失最大的一种寄生虫病。本病全年均可发生,危害各生长阶段的河纯鱼,并且常常和纤毛虫病、车轮虫病、细菌病并发。     

黄鳍东方鲀人工育苗技术初步研究

本文报道了福建省水产研究所2005年黄鳍东方鲀人工育苗技术研究结果.在水温18.6～20.2℃、盐度27.3～28.6条件下,亲鱼催产效应时间为39～49h;在水温18～21℃、盐度27.3～28.6条件下,受精卵孵化时间为120～216h;在水温18～21℃、盐度20.0～30.0条件下,室内水泥池前期培育13d,仔鱼成活率69.7%;在水温26.0～29.0℃、盐度15.0～30.0条件下,30万尾稚鱼经池塘50d后期培育,共培育出平均全长3.9cm、平均体重1.1g幼鱼5.0万尾,成活率16.7%.     

盐度对暗纹东方鲀幼鱼生长及摄食的影响

为研究盐度对暗纹东方鲀幼鱼生长和摄食的影响,将暗纹东方鲀幼鱼在盐度分别为0、10、17、26、40的水体中饲养6周,比较不同盐度下幼鱼存活率、特定生长率、摄食率和饲料系数的差异。结果表明:当盐度为40时,暗纹东方鲀幼鱼的死亡率为100 %;各盐度组的特定生长率无显著差异;幼鱼的摄食率随着盐度的增高而下降。在淡水环境中,暗纹东方鲀幼鱼的摄食率最高,达5.02 %;在高盐度水体中最低,为3.75 %。暗纹东方鲀幼鱼的饲料系数随着盐度的升高逐渐升高,淡水组和26盐度组与10、17盐度组有显著差异。     

暗纹东方鲀越冬盐度试验

为研究不同温度条件下盐度对暗纹东方鲀幼鱼越冬成活率的影响,于2012年底进行了盐度梯度试验,测定在不同温度(8、10、12、15℃)下,(50±2.32)g的暗纹东方鲀在不同盐度(0、1.5、3.0、4.5、6.0)下的越冬成活率,并通过大棚自然越冬试验进行验证。结果表明:同一温度条件下,在试验盐度范围内,随着盐度的升高,暗纹东方鲀的越冬成活率也逐渐提高;而在同一盐度下,随着温度的升高,暗纹东方鲀的越冬成活率也逐渐提高。当盐度为0时,暗纹东方鲀无法在自然温度下安全越冬;当盐度为4.5时,水温在8℃以上,暗纹东方鲀即能安全过冬,其越冬成活率达到80%以上。暗纹东方鲀大棚自然越冬试验证明,随着温度的下降逐渐增加水体盐度的方法经济而有效,当温度为15、12、10、9℃时,将相应的水体盐度调节为1.5、3.0、4.5、4.5,经过150 d的越冬期,两种规格(50~60 g和20~40 g)暗纹东方鲀的成活率分别为93.7%和80.5%。     

盐度对真鲷(♀)×黑鲷(♂)杂交子一代仔鱼活力的影响

比较了不同盐度梯度(5.0、10.0、15.0、20.0、25.0、30.0)下真鲷(Pagrosmus major,♂)×黑鲷(Sparus macrocephalus,♀)杂交子一代(杂交F1)初孵仔鱼的生长情况,并在此盐度梯度下对杂交F1仔鱼进行耐饥饿试验,测定不投饵存活系数(sAI).结果表明,10.0,15.0,20.0的3个盐度组的仔鱼生长速度最快,这3个盐度组下仔鱼的sAI值也最高,真鲷与黑鲷杂交F1的最适生长盐度为10.0-20.0.当自然海水盐度为20.0以上时,在允许的情况下,适当降低杂交F1仔鱼培育盐度,可以提高苗种的成活率.     

3种水产消毒剂对暗纹东方鲀稚鱼的急性毒性试验

在水温21~23℃,pH 8.20~8.50,溶解氧6.00~7.50mg/L条件下,采用半静水法研究了苯扎溴铵、戊二醛和聚维酮碘对全长(1.73±0.32)cm、体质量(0.19±0.01)g暗纹东方鲀稚鱼的急性毒性效应。试验结果表明,苯扎溴铵对暗纹东方鲀稚鱼24、48、72h和96h半致死质量浓度分别为1.04、0.95、0.72mg/L和0.53mg/L;戊二醛对暗纹东方鲀稚鱼24、48、72h和96h半致死质量浓度分别为4.27、3.55、2.94mg/L和2.40mg/L;聚维酮碘对暗纹东方鲀稚鱼24、48、72h和96h半致死质量浓度分别为269.80、200.00、158.54mg/L和151.09mg/L。苯扎溴铵、戊二醛和聚维酮碘对暗纹东方鲀安全质量浓度分别为0.24、0.74mg/L和32.97mg/L,均高于其厂家推荐使用质量浓度,可以在暗纹东方鲀生产中使用。但暗纹东方鲀对苯扎溴铵和戊二醛较为敏感,在生产过程中应严格控制使用质量浓度。     

Activity of the antimicrobial polypeptide piscidin 2 against fish ectoparasites

Abstract The antiparasitic effects of piscidin 2, an antimicrobial polypeptide (AMPP) first isolated from mast cells of hybrid striped bass, were tested against three protistan ectoparasites of marine fish (the ciliates Cryptocaryon irritans and Trichodina sp., and the dinoflagellate Amyloodinium ocellatum) and one ciliate ectoparasite of freshwater fish (Ichthyophthirius multifiliis). I. multifiliis was the most susceptible parasite, with all theronts killed at 6.3 microg mL(-1) piscidin 2. The most resistant parasite was Trichodina, where a few cells were killed at 12.5 microg mL(-1), but several were still alive even at 100 microg mL(-1). C. irritans was of intermediate sensitivity, with some theronts killed at 12.5 microg mL(-1) and all killed at 25 microg mL(-1). High parasite density apparently exhausted the piscidin 2 before it could attain its maximal effect, but surviving parasites were often visibly damaged. The lower efficacy of piscidin 2 against marine parasites compared with the freshwater ciliate might be related to the inhibitory effects of high sea water cation levels. The tissue concentration of piscidins estimated in healthy hybrid striped bass gill (40 microg mL(-1)) suggests that piscidin 2 is lethal to the parasites tested at physiological concentrations and is thus an important component of innate defence in fish expressing this type of AMPP.     

Low-salinity tolerance of juvenile fugu <Emphasis Type="Italic">Takifugu rubripes</Emphasis>

ABSTRACT:   To study the adaptability of juvenile fugu Takifugu rubripes to low-salinity environments, fish were transferred from full-strength seawater (100% SW) to freshwater (FW) and 25, 50, 75 and 100% SW, and checked for mortality over 3 days. No mortality was observed in 25–100% SW, whereas all fish died in FW. In fish transferred to 25–100% SW, blood osmolality was maintained within a physiological range. To further explore the lower limit of salinity that fugu could tolerate, fish were transferred from 100% SW to FW and 1, 5, 10, 15 and 25% SW. All fish survived in 5–25% SW, but fish died in FW and 1% SW. In fish surviving transfer to FW and 1 and 5% SW, blood osmolality was decreased to a near sublethal level of approximately 300 mOsm/kg·H₂O. Therefore, the lower limit of salinity tolerance is estimated to lie between 5 and 10% SW. Preacclimation in 25% SW for 7 days did not essentially affect the survival salinity range. Although survival rates and blood osmolality were slightly improved by preacclimation in 25% SW, blood osmolality was markedly decreased in salinities less than 10% SW, as was seen in the direct transfer. Neither chloride cell morphology nor sodium-potassium adenosinetriphosphatase activity in the gills showed a significant change following transfer to low salinities. These findings indicate that fugu can be adapted to hypoosmotic environments to some extent, exerting hyperosmoregulatory ability, although chloride cells are less likely to absorb ions in hypoosmotic environments.     

Riboflavin Requirement of Fingerling Red Hybrid Tilapia Grown in Seawater

Red hybrid tilapia Oreochromis mossambicus × O. niloticus fingerlings were fed diets containing 0, 2.5, 5.0, 10.0, 20.0 and 40.0 mg/kg, and 0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, 10.0 and 20.0 mg/kg of riboflavin in separate 8 and 12 wk feeding studies, respectively. The dietary riboflavin level required to provide maximum growth and survival, and prevent deficiency symptoms in red hybrid tilapia fingerlings was found to be approximately 5 mg/kg of diet. In both trials, fish fed the diet devoid of supplemental riboflavin exhibited anorexia, reduced growth and nervous symptoms after 4–6 wk. Mortality began to occur after the sixth week. None of these abnormalities were observed during the first 6 wk in fish fed the riboflavin supplemented diets. However, by the seventh week, fish fed the diet supplemented with 2.5 mg/kg of riboflavin showed reduced appetite and growth rate. In both experiments, short body dwarfism was observed during week 8 for fish fed the diet without riboflavin supplementation. In experiment 1, fish fed the riboflavin-deficient diet had lens cataracts at week 8. This deficiency sign was not observed in experiment 2. Histological studies of liver, kidney, spleen, lateral muscle, gill and gastrointestinal tract revealed no major histopathological changes.     

Pathological changes induced by three myxosporeans in the intestine of cultured tiger puffer, Takifugu rubripes (Temminck and Schlegel)

Pathological changes in cultured tiger puffer, Takifugu rubripes , with emaciation disease in Kyushu, Japan were studied histologically. In most cases, diseased fish were heavily infected with at least one of three myxosporeans ( Myxidium fugu , Myxidium sp. and Leptotheca fugu ) and two unidentified hyperparasitic microsporeans, attached to, or in, the intestinal epithelium. Myxidium fugu attached to the surface of the epithelium, caused no noticeable effects on the host tissue, irrespective of its infection with the hyperparasite. Myxidium sp., which proliferated in the epithelium, induced severe pathological changes including accumulation of cell debris between the epithelium and lamina propria and resultant detachment of the epithelium. Leptotheca fugu, another histozoic myxosporean, induced degeneration of the epithelium, associated with massive infiltration of macrophages into the epithelium to encapsulate parasites. When L. fugu was infected with its hyperparasitic microsporean, shortened villi were also observed. This is probably because passage of macrophage-parasite aggregates through the basement membrane of the epithelium severely damaged the epithelial structure. It is evident histologically that, unlike epicellular M. fugu , histozoic Myxidium sp. and L. fugu with or without hyperparasitic microsporeans, were highly pathogenic to host fish. This strongly suggests that they are causative agents of the emaciation disease.     

河北白洋淀鱼类外寄生车轮虫属分类研究

2009年4月—2010年10月对河北省白洋淀营外寄生生活的车轮虫属进行种类鉴定工作。采用干银染色法显示车轮虫的附着盘结构,活体吉姆萨染色方法显示细胞核形态。采用"统一特定方法"和"齿体定位描述法"鉴定出车轮虫属9种,分别为显著车轮虫、拟黑色车轮虫、网状车轮虫、杜氏车轮虫、异齿车轮虫、喙状车轮虫、卡氏车轮虫、短棘车轮虫、适度车轮虫。波氏吻鱼叚虎鱼为显著车轮虫、拟黑色车轮虫、网状车轮虫的新宿主记录,黄黝鱼为异齿车轮虫和杜氏车轮虫的新宿主记录,麦穗鱼为喙状车轮虫的新宿主记录,鲫鱼和圆尾斗鱼为适度车轮虫的新宿主记录。该研究是白洋淀地区乃至华北地区车轮虫属首次细致的分类描述,研究结果将有助于阐明白洋淀鱼类寄生车轮虫区系组成。     

Protozoan parasites of wild and cultured sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax (L.), from the Mediterranean area

Abstract. In a parasitic survey of wild and cultured sea bass, Dicentrarchus labrax (L.), thirteen protozoan species were found. Ectoparasites included two ciliates ( Trichodina spp.), one dinoflagellate ( Amylodinium sp.) and one zooflagellate ( Cryptobia sp.). Endoparasites were represented by members of Apicomplexa ( Hemogregarina sp., Eimeria spp.). Microsporea (unidentified species) and Myxosporea ( Myxobilatus sp., Ceratomyxa spp., Sphaerospora dicentrarchi, Sphaerospora testicularis). Myxobilatus sp., Eimeria spp. and the microsporean were exclusively found in wild fish, whereas Amyloodinium sp. and Hemogregarina sp. were only detected in cultured fish. Data on prevalence and intensity of infections and on the location in the host are provided. The potential importance of protozoan parasites for sea bass culture is discussed.     

盐度对暗纹东方鲀胚胎发育的影响

研究了不同盐度对暗纹东方鲀胚胎发育的影响，盐度为4和8的试验组中受精卵的发育历期、孵化率及初孵仔鱼24小时的存活能力和淡水相比均无显著差异。在盐度12及以上，绝大部分受精卵死亡，仅有极少数个体孵化出膜，且全为畸形并都在24小时内死亡；发育速度随着盐度的升高而变慢。因此，暗纹东方鲀胚胎正常发育所能耐受的盐度范围是0～8。     

The effects of dietary Eucommia ulmoides Oliver on growth,feed utilization,antioxidant activity and immune responses of turbot (Scophthalmus maximus L.)

The present study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary Eucommia ulmoides (EU) on growth, feed utilization, antioxidant activity and immune responses of turbot fed a basal diet (CON) or EU‐supplemented diets with 5.0 g/kg (EU1), 10.0 g/kg (EU2) and 20.0 g/kg (EU3) EU leaf powder. After 70‐day trial, EU supplementation did not affect nutrient utilization, but reduced feed intake (FI) and specific growth rate (SGR) of fish at doses above 5.0 g/kg. Superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and total antioxidant capacity (T‐AOC) activities in the EU‐supplemented groups were significantly higher than those in the control group at a dose of 20.0 g/kg. Significantly reduced malondialdehyde (MDA) contents were observed in EU‐supplemented groups at doses over 5.0 g/kg. Furthermore, fish fed 20.0 g/kg EU showed the highest lysozyme (LZM) activity among groups. The EU‐supplemented diets with doses above 5.0 g/kg significantly enhanced the mRNA expressions of cytokines. The expression level of major histocompatibility complex II alpha (MHC IIα) was significantly upregulated compared to that of the control fish when the supplemental level was at 20.0 g/kg. Taken together, the present study indicated that the EU could remarkably enhance the antioxidant activity, non‐specific immunity and maintain an active immune response in turbot.     

Dietary arginine requirement of fingerling hybrid Clarias (Clarias gariepinus×Clarias macrocephalus)

The dietary arginine requirement of fingerling hybrid Clarias (Clarias gariepinus×Clarias macrocephalus) (4.2±0.03 cm, 0.56±0.04 g) was determined by feeding six isonitrogenous (400 g kg⁻¹ crude protein) and isocaloric (17.9 kJ g⁻¹) amino acid test diets containing casein, gelatin and l ‐crystalline amino acids with graded levels of arginine (10.0, 12.5, 15.0, 17.5, 20.0 and 22.5 g kg⁻¹) for 4 weeks to triplicate groups. Diets were fed twice a day at 09:00 and 16:00 hours at 8% body weight day⁻¹. Maximum weight gain (523%), best feed conversion ratio (FCR, 1.41), protein efficiency ratio (1.78) and specific growth rate (6.53%) were recorded in fish fed the diet containing arginine at 20.0gkg⁻¹ of the diet. Second‐degree polynomial regression analysis of live weight gain and FCR values indicated the dietary arginine requirement at 17.8 and 20.0 g kg⁻¹ of dry diet respectively. Significantly higher carcass protein and protein deposition values were recorded at the requirement level (20.0 g kg⁻¹). Higher fat and lower moisture values were obtained in carcass of fish fed the diet with 15.0g kg⁻¹ arginine. The maximum carcass ash value was noticed in the fish fed at 20.0 g kg⁻¹ dietary arginine. We recommend that the diet for hybrid Clarias (C. gariepinus×C. macrocephalus) should contain arginine in the range of 17.8–20.0 g kg⁻¹ of the dry diet, corresponding to 44.5 and 50 g kg⁻¹ of dietary protein respectively.     

Comparison of two assay methods for determination of nutrient and energy digestibility in fish

Determination of digestible energy (DE) and digestibility of protein, lipid and nitrogen-free extract (NFE) was studied by two methods in rainbow trout held in fresh water. The whole diet-substitution method used a reference diet composed of casein, dextrinised maize starch and fish oil supplied with minerals and vitamins. Test samples of fish meal were substituted for the reference diet at 25.0, 37.5, 50.0 and 75.0% in the test diets. Energy values and nutrient digestibilities of test samples were calculated from the values determined for the reference and the test diets using the substitution principle. The ingredient-substitution method used the same reference diet but in the test diets, test samples of fish meal were substituted for casein at levels of 15.0, 25.0, 30.0, 45.0 and 50.0%. Energy values and protein digestibility of the casein were determined in initial studies and used together with those of the reference diet to determine nutrient and energy digestibilities of the test samples. Thus, in the whole diet-substitution method, the digestibility of the test substance was determined relative to that of the reference diet, while in the ingredient-substitution method the values are relative to those of casein.

The study revealed no major differences between the two methods with regard to determined values and variability, and for both methods nutrient and energy digestibilities could be determined with a high level of accuracy. The ingredient-substitution method revealed a positive effect of fish meal on NFE digestibility, leading to a slight overestimation of the DE in fish meal that decreased when levels of inclusion increased.

For the whole diet-substitution method, inclusion of fish meal reduced the level and increased the digestibility of NFE in the test diets compared with that of the reference diet due to dilution, and consequently the determined DE value of the diets increased, which in turn led to an overestimation of the DE value of the fish meal. Since the casein-based ingredient-substitution method is based on a reference substance of presumably constant composition and digestibility, this method allows for comparison of results over time within the same laboratory as well as between laboratories, and may therefore be recommended.