马尾松人工中龄林施肥肥效与增益持续性研究

通过13a的观测资料表明,在红壤地区施N肥对马尾松中龄林生长不利,施P、K肥有利于马尾松中龄林生长,且肥效持续时间长,最佳处理组合为N1P3K2,即每公顷施N、P、K分别为0、240、65kg.其中P3水平树高、胸径、蓄积12a定期生长量比对照P1水平分别高6.1%、15.0%、12.3%.施肥一定时间后林地质量仍是马尾松生长密切相关的因子,施肥不会促进马尾松中龄林在空间层次上的分化.     

马尾松人工中龄林施肥肥效与增益持续性研究

通过13a的观测资料表明，在红壤地区施N肥对马尾松中龄林生长不利，施P、K肥有利于马尾松中龄林生长，且肥效持续时间长，最佳处理组合为N1P3K2，即每公顷施N、P、K分别为0、240、65kg。其中P3水平树高、胸径、蓄积12a定期生长量比对照P1水平分别为6.1%,15.0%,12.3%。施肥一定时间后林地质量仍是马尾松生长密切相关的因子，施肥不会促进马尾松中龄林在空间层次上的分化。     

毛竹林细根生长的趋富特化及对养分限制的响应

为探讨毛竹林细根生长的趋富特化现象及对养分限制的响应,采用内生长土芯法在毛竹林地设置5种养分处理(NPK、NP、PK、NK、CK),定期收集根系样品,分成活细根(0~1mm,1~2mm,2~5mm)和死细根(0~5mm)。通过对不同养分处理下细根(0~5mm)生物量差异的研究,揭示其对缺素处理的响应及季节动态变化规律,为优化毛竹林科学施肥提供理论依据。结果表明:4种添加养分处理(NPK、NP、PK、NK)的全年平均细根生物量在各径级均显著高于CK处理(P<0.05),表现了细根生长的“趋富特化”现象。不同养分限制条件下细根生长的趋富特化特征存在差异,养分限制作用表现为P>N>K,NPK处理显著高于NK和PK处理(P<0.05),与NP处理之间差异不显著(P>0.05)。毛竹林全年细根生长表现为6月和10月生长高峰的双峰型,在高峰期细根生长所表现出的趋富特化特征更为明显。     

马尾松近熟林施肥技术研究

通过对17a生马尾松近熟林施肥试验4年的生长效应分析表明:在南方红壤地区施适量的P,K肥对马尾松近熟林生长有显著的促进作用,但施用过量却有负作用;施N肥短期内对林木生长不利;施肥效果显著时可掩盖林地本身质量对林木生长的影响。根据对各肥种水平效应值的分析可知,最佳施肥处理为每株混施P2O590g,K2O 90g,其4年蓄积定期生长量比对照高13.4%。施肥措施对促进小径阶木生长有利。在肥效期内施肥措施与马尾松近熟林的生长效应呈显著相关性。     

不同施肥措施对西南桦幼林生长的影响

以林地采取施用基肥与追肥相结合的方式,连续2次施用不同肥料(CK、N、P、K、NP、NK、KP、NPK)对西南桦幼林期林木生长的影响进行了试验,其试验结果表明:施用不同肥料对西南桦幼林(3年生)径、高、材积生长有显著影响。经对不同施肥处理的效果作比较,施NP肥的效果最好,其西南桦幼林材积比其他施肥处理高17.8%~138.9%;其次是施NPK处理,其幼林材积比施NP处理低15.1%,比其他施肥处理高10.4%~102.8%;再次是施NK处理,其生长量比施NP和施NPK处理低14.2%~23.1%,比其余5种施肥处理高1.7%~83.7%,施N与施NK处理的生长差异小,两者差异仅1.7%;生长最差是施KP处理,其生长量比不施肥的CK处理低7.2%,CK比施P处理低11.1%,施P处理又比施K处理低14.7%。由此得出,西南桦幼林林地以施用NP复合肥为好,两者采取1?1的比例比较恰当;用常用的NPK复合肥和N肥也能起到较好的结果。但忌K肥与P肥结合使用。     

闽北山地不同苗木马尾松幼林施肥效应研究

对5年生不同苗木马尾松幼林施肥试验结果表明,造林苗木以选择马尾松切根裸根苗为宜,不同施肥处理的幼林树高和胸径生长有极显著差异,以施复合肥效果最好,树高和胸径增长率为40.79%和61.19%,单纯P肥效果次之,树高和胸径增长率为31.41%和43.58%,单施K肥也有明显效果,而单施N肥则效果不显著,说明我省红壤严重缺磷肥,造林施肥宜选用磷肥为主,少量施钾肥,氮肥在马尾松幼林地上可不施用,或少量施用,尽量做到合理施肥,以提高林地施肥的经济效益。     

天然马尾松林细根生物量分布及其与土壤理化性质相关性研究

基于江西中部天然马尾松林不同生长阶段细根生物量及土壤性质的调查,分0~20 cm、20~40 cm土层探讨细根生物量的分布规律及其与土壤理化性质的相关关系。结果表明,不同龄组土壤细根总生物量大小表现为:过熟林幼龄林成熟林中龄林近熟林,同一土层不同龄组生物量之间无显著差异(P0.05),各龄组细根生物量主要集中在0~20 cm土层中。各土层不同龄组间土壤含水率均表现为成熟林显著大于幼龄林(P0.05),容重与土壤碳氮磷含量差异均不显著(P0.05),且碳氮磷大部分都储存在0~20 cm土层中。0~20 cm土层中,活细根生物量与土壤含水率、容重、有机碳、全氮含量相关性均达显著水平(P0.05),而死细根生物量与土壤理化性质之间的相关性均不显著(P0.05),细根总生物量与土壤含水率、容重相关性显著(P0.05),与全氮含量相关性达极显著水平(P0.01);20~40 cm土层中,活细根生物量与土壤理化性质之间相关性均不显著(P0.05),但全氮含量与细根总生物量相关性显著(P0.05),与死细根生物量相关性达极显著水平(P0.01);活细根总生物量、死细根总生物量及细根总生物量与全磷含量相关性在两土层中均不显著(P0.05)。     

闽南山地不同苗木马尾松幼林施肥效应研究

对5年生不同苗木马尾松幼林施肥试验结果表明,造林苗木以选择马尾松切根裸根苗为宜,不同施肥处理的幼林树高和胸径生长有极显著差异,以施复合肥效果最好,树高和胸径增长率为40．79％和61．19％,单施P肥效果次之,树高和胸径增长率为31．41％和43．58％,单施K肥也有明显效果,而单施N肥则效果不显著,说明我省红壤严重缺磷肥,造林施肥宜选用磷肥为主,少量施钾肥,氮肥在马尾松幼林地上可不施用,或少量施用,尽量做到合理施肥,以提高林地施肥的经济效益。     

不同施肥处理对间伐后杉木生长的影响

为探明不同施肥方式对间伐后杉木人工林生长的影响,加快培育杉木大径材,庆元林场在三个林区开展了4种不同施肥措施(N、P、K、NPK=1:1:1)对杉木人工林生长影响的研究。结果表明:间伐后,相同林区中,隆宫林区和卢峰林区施P肥的平均胸径、林分蓄积高于其他施肥处理,而大洋林区施NPK肥的平均胸径、林分蓄积较高,但三个林区施P肥的胸径总生长量和林分蓄积总生长量都较高且胸径连年生长量、林分蓄积连年生长量显著高于其他施肥处理;各林区树高变化不一,卢峰林区施K肥树高连年生长量显著低于其他施肥处理,其余差异不显著。通过综合胸径、树高、林分蓄积3个林分因子分析得出:三个林区最好的施肥方式都是施P肥。     

广西马尾松人工林施肥效应研究

通过近十年的定位试验研究，马尾松人工林合理施肥，能显著增加胸径、树高、蓄积生长量。在本试验条件下，施肥以磷肥为主，配以氮或钾，或氮磷钾配合施肥，效果最好，在１８指数林地条件下，中龄林放肥效果优于幼林。施肥不但在生长量上有差异，施磷肥还能促进马尾松菌根菌硬皮马勃子实体的形成。中龄林施肥，优化施肥处理Ｎ１００Ｐ１２０Ｋ１３０在施肥８年后，即林龄１８年，胸径、树高、蓄积生长量分别比对照增加１２％、１１％     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.