银杏叶聚戊烯醇含氮和含卤素衍生物的抑菌活性研究

利用含氮和含卤素试剂对银杏叶聚戊烯醇末端羟基进行含氮和含卤素的衍生化改性,结果得到5种衍生物,分别为聚戊烯基邻苯二甲酰亚胺(GPH)、氨基聚戊烯醇(GAM)、聚戊烯基季铵盐(GAS)、聚戊烯基三氟乙酰(GTF)和聚戊烯基氯乙酰(GCH),并用~1H NMR分别表征并证实了产物结构。通过比较产物抑菌圈直径和最小抑质量浓度(MIC)来筛选出抗菌作用较强的衍生物,结果显示:GAS对于大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的抗菌活性均为最高,其抑菌圈为19.1~19.8 mm,MIC均为31.3 mg/L。同时研究了GAS在亚抑菌质量浓度下(15.6 mg/L)对大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的杀菌曲线,结果显示:GAS对大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌在48 h内具有一定抗菌性;在前8 h内,GAS对于大肠杆菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的杀菌作用较强,致使菌群数量迅速下降;8 h以后,两种菌群都有不同程度的再生,抑菌活性减弱。     

壳聚糖抗菌性能研究进展

壳聚糖是天然生物多糖几丁质的脱乙酰产物,具有生物相容性,生物可降解性,无毒、抗炎、抗癌、抗菌等一系列优良的生物特性。作为一种天然、安全、无毒的抗菌防腐剂,壳聚糖在服装、食品和生物医药等领域具有广泛的应用前景。然而,由于壳聚糖本身抗菌能力较弱,因此提高壳聚糖的抗菌能力及抗菌持效性是亟待解决的关键问题。目前提高壳聚糖抗菌能力的策略主要有两种:一是通过对壳聚糖的氨基和羟基进行化学改性以引入抗菌性基团,改变壳聚糖自身的物理化学性能如亲疏水性,从而达到增强抗菌能力的效果;二是向壳聚糖材料中添加外源抗菌因子如纳米银颗粒、金属氧化物、生物抗菌因子等提高壳聚糖复合材料的抗菌能力。笔者分别从壳聚糖、壳聚糖衍生物和壳聚糖复合材料3个方面综述了壳聚糖材料抗菌性能的研究进展,并对其存在的问题及解决对策进行了分析,同时,对其研究前景进行了展望。     

抗菌耐磨实木复合地板的性能分析

本文对一种经过纳米无机银类抗菌材料和纳米TiO2光催化剂处理的抗菌耐磨实木复合地板的抗菌性能和耐磨性能进行了检测和分析。结果表明，经处理的产品能够抑制室内常见的金黄色葡萄球菌以及大肠杆菌的繁殖，同时对“黑曲霉”有防霉和灭菌的效果，且其表面耐磨性高于实木地板和实木复合地板。     

竹炭粉/丁苯橡胶/超高分子量聚乙烯柔性复合材料的制备与性能表征（英文）

以干混和挤出法制备竹炭粉/丁苯橡胶/超高分子量聚乙烯复合材料,研究丁苯橡胶和超高分子量聚乙烯的含量比例对复合材料形貌、拉伸和动态力学性能的影响。观察发现添加丁苯橡胶后复合材料表面光滑,且具有一定的韧性。通过扫描电镜分析发现竹炭粉与丁苯橡胶在没有添加任何助剂的情况下与基体树脂混合良好,形成良好的分散状态。在丁苯橡胶和超高分子量聚乙烯含量分别为10%和30%的时候,复合材料的断裂伸长率从26.29%增加到39.57%,比不添加橡胶最终提高了50.51%。动态力学分析发现,复合材料的存储模量随着超高分子量聚乙烯含量的增加和丁苯橡胶含量的减少而增大,最大可达到17.17 GPa。而在60%竹炭粉/10%丁苯橡胶/30%超高分子量聚乙烯的质量配比下可以得到相对高强高韧的材料,此时复合材料的拉伸强度为91.45 MPa,断裂伸长率为39.57%。这种柔性复合材料为超高分子量聚乙烯拓宽了应用领域。     

防霉抗菌软木地板的制备与性能研究

为了制备具有防霉抗菌功能的环保型软木地板，在水性涂料面漆中加入纳米银抗菌剂和二氧化钛载银抗菌剂，分析抗菌剂类型和添加量对地板性能的影响。结果表明：抗菌剂的加入对软木地板的物理性能无明显影响，但可以有效提高其抗菌性能，且对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑制效果显著优于大肠杆菌；软木本身具有一定的防霉作用，纳米银抗菌剂和二氧化钛载银抗菌剂防霉作用较弱，可通过加入少量防霉剂提高软木地板防霉性。     

银杏叶聚戊烯醇及其衍生物的抑菌活性研究

以银杏叶聚戊烯醇为原料,通过酯化反应合成了聚戊烯基季铵盐、聚戊烯基磷酸钠以及聚戊烯基乙酸酯,并对其结构进行了表征。采用滤纸片法测定了银杏叶聚戊烯醇及其衍生物对于金黄色葡萄球菌(S.aureus)和大肠杆菌(E.coli)的抑菌圈直径,以等倍稀释法测定其最小抑菌浓度(MIC)值,并对其进行抗菌谱测试。结果表明,银杏叶聚戊烯醇衍生物对金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌的MIC值范围0.062 5～1 g/L,低于银杏叶聚戊烯醇的MIC值范围2～4 g/L,4种样品对于金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌均有较好的抑制作用,银杏叶聚戊烯醇的抑菌活性较其衍生物略低,4种样品对于枯草芽孢菌和沙门氏菌亦有抑制作用,对于啤酒酵母菌和黑曲霉菌无明显抑菌作用。     

灵芝孢子壳聚糖分离提取工艺优化研究

为实现灵芝孢子粉的高效利用,本研究对灵芝孢子粉残余物中壳聚糖的提取工艺进行了优化。首先通过单因素试验确定试验条件并进行正交试验设计,再经正交试验确定最佳提取工艺,而后对该工艺条件下所提取的壳聚糖进行质量分析。结果表明,NaOH质量分数40%、温度90℃、水浴时间4 h,为最佳壳聚糖提取条件,该条件所得壳聚糖脱乙酰度为91.52%,且各项指标均符合GB 29941-2013《食品安全国家标准食品添加剂脱乙酰甲壳素(壳聚糖)》。该研究结果为灵芝孢子粉残渣中的壳聚糖分离提取提供了新的工艺条件和理论依据。     

绿原酸的提取及稀土配合物抗菌活性测定

以乙酸乙酯和 0.05 mol/L HCl组成的混合溶液作萃取剂,从金银花中一步提取绿原酸.研究了乙酸乙酯体积分数、温度、浸取时间对提取绿原酸的影响.并用绿原酸与LaCl3·6H2 O反应合成了绿原酸合镧(Ⅲ)配合物,通过元素分析、红外光谱、热重分析和化学分析,确定配合物的组成为:[La(C16H17O9)3]·2H2 O.测试了配体和配合物分别对革兰氏阴性菌(大肠杆菌)和革兰氏阳性菌(金黄色葡萄球菌)的抗菌活性.实验结果表明,提取绿原酸最佳实验条件是:温度 65 ℃,乙酸乙酯体积分数 80 %,浸取时间 3 h.提取物相对原料量的质量分数为 3.21 %,绿原酸的质量分数 86.3 %;绿原酸抗金黄色葡萄球菌的活性比抗大肠杆菌强.配合物对大肠杆菌的抗菌活性比配体明显增强,但对金黄色葡萄球菌的抗菌活性反而比配体弱.     

酰胺基水杨醛Schiff碱的合成及抗菌活性研究

以氨基酸、水杨醛为主要原料,合成了五种Schiff碱,通过元素分析、紫外吸收、质谱等测试手段进行了结构鉴定,并采用琼脂扩散法分别测定了各Schiff碱对大肠杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和枯草芽孢杆菌的抑菌活性,结果表明:新合成的五种Schiff碱均具有抗菌作用,抗菌活性分别为色氨酸Schiff碱对大肠杆菌的作用最强,丝氨酸Schiff碱对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑菌作用最强,谷氨酸Schiff碱对枯草芽孢杆菌的抑菌作用最强。     

毛竹叶抑菌活性成分提取工艺研究

研究了毛竹叶活性成分的提取工艺及其抑菌效果.用液体培养基稀释法对金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌进行了最低抑菌浓度(MIC)测定.结果表明,温度60℃、乙醇体积分数60%、液固比20∶ 1 (mL∶ g)、提取2h条件下毛竹叶提取物对金黄色葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌有很强的抑制作用,对金黄色葡萄球菌的MIC为3.125g/L,对大肠杆菌的MIC为6.25g/L.     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Key Habitats in the Norwegian Production Forest: A Case Study

This study investigated the forest history, structural characteristics, the presence of fungal species suggested to indicate ecological continuity in old-growth forest, and the species composition of saproxylic beetles in 30 old forest ''woodland key habitats'' (WKHs), and compared them with production forest in the same age-class in south-eastern Norway. No statistically significant differences in forest characteristics, community of saproxylic beetles or number of red-listed beetles were found between the WKHs and the production forest, probably owing to a combination of profound long-term logging and a lack of will to delineate sufficiently large WKHs in the one area with significantly less forestry impact. The study indicates the advantage of including forest history information in WKH selection where such data exist, and the importance of restoring habitats in heavily exploited forest landscapes.