基于Pleiades-1卫星数据薇甘菊信息提取

薇甘菊Mikania micrantha是一种极具危险性的外来物种,对侵入地生态系统的完整性构成了极大威胁,及时、准确掌握薇甘菊分布信息成为防控其入侵的关键技术。目前,薇甘菊的监测主要采用人工方法,耗时费力。随着遥感技术的发展,采用高分辨率遥感数据快速准确提取薇甘菊分布信息成为可能。以深圳市Pleiades-1影像为主要信息源,开展薇甘菊信息的快速提取研究。结果表明:(1)Pleiades-1影像分辨率较高,在开展薇甘菊识别时的最佳波段组合是R(B3)、G(B2+B4)/2、B(B1);(2)通过Brovey变换、Gram-Schmidt变换、Pansharpen变换的对比分析,Gram-Schmidt变换在信息量、最佳波段、清晰度等方面,均优于Brovey变换和Pansharpen变换,既保留了大量的原有信息,又增强目视解译效果,是影像融合时的最优变换;(3)基于光谱与纹理信息分析,提取薇甘菊信息范围更好;(4)薇甘菊信息提取的最佳分割尺度是30,综合识别精度达95.3%,说明采用高分辨率遥感影像能实现薇甘菊信息的精细识别。     

基于Worldview-2八波段影像改进指数的湿地类型分类研究

采用Worldview-2八波段影像作为数据源,选取东洞庭湖湿地核心区域作为研究区,进行了Worldview-2八波段特征分析、构建改进遥感指数、采用改进遥感指数阈值分层分类的策略对湿地区域进行信息提取。研究结果表明,基于Worldview-2八波段影像改进指数的湿地类型分类总精度达到了92.24%,Kappa系数为0.902,比原始遥感指数的分类精度提高了8.18%,特别是对草滩地和泥滩地的区分有了较大的提高,是有效、准确提取湿地类型的技术方法。     

广西国有博白林场薇甘菊危害现状及防控措施

薇甘菊（Mikania micrantha）为入侵性和危害性极强的外来入侵植物,对生物多样性和农林生产造成严重影响。为了解广西国有博白林场薇甘菊入侵状况,通过外业踏查调查林场薇甘菊入侵现状及其危害程度,有针对性地建立防治示范点,开展防治试验,对比不同防治方式的防治效果。结果显示,博白林场各分场均有薇甘菊入侵,最严重的为东方分场,危害度达6.9%;化学复配方法防治效果最佳,防治效果达98%;营养期防治效果比盛花期好。在营养期采用500倍草甘膦和1 000倍紫薇清溶液复配喷施,几乎消灭所有薇甘菊,该方法操作简单、见效快。     

Worldview-2树种分类T&N波段优势分析

分析遥感影像不同类型波段在树种分类中的表现,可为遥感数据光谱信息的深度挖掘提供基础信息。本研究以8波段Worldview-2影像为数据源,将光谱波段分为传统波段和新增波段两种类型,在室外调查的基础上利用最大似然法对树种进行分类,分析传统波段、新增波段及完整波段在树种识别中的精度差异。结果表明:传统波段对树种分类的总体精度(63.348 2%)不及新增波段的(67.669 6%)高,完整波段分类的总体精度最高(74.071 3%)。本研究表明,在树种识别中,Worldview-2新增波段比传统波段更具优势,两类波段的充分结合,更有利于树种的识别。     

基于ETM+影像竹林信息提取的最佳波段组合研究

以竹林信息提取为研究目的,应用最佳指数法(OIF)法和典型地物影像光谱特征曲线分析,对福建省顺昌县ETM+多光谱数据的波段选组合进行了研究.研究结果表明:345波段是竹林信息提取的最佳波段组合;典型地物影像光谱特征曲线可以直观的看出地物在不同波段上的光谱差异,能为最佳波段选择提供可靠的参考依据;竹林在第5波段与其他地物光谱差异最大,分离效果最好,在第1波段的光谱影像特征曲线与阔叶林相近,在第2波段与针叶林相近,说明在第1波段和第2波段中竹林分别与阔叶林、针叶林容易混淆,不利于竹林信息提取.     

浙江入侵新记录种薇甘菊发生现状及危害预测

2021年，在浙江省温州市瓯海区发现假泽兰属Mikania Willd.薇甘菊Mikania micrantha Kunth野外种群，此发现为浙江省菊科Asteraceae归化新记录属、种。在给出该植物的形态特征、实地拍摄图片和凭证标本（温州大学标本馆-WZU）的基础上，对薇甘菊在温州地区野外入侵现状和其生境植物多样性进行调查。结果表明，薇甘菊在湿地水岸边和山地路边均有较强的适应性，已形成了初步扩散的趋势。提出了加强生物检疫，外来入侵植物的巡查，做到早发现早清除的防控建议。本次发现为我国外来入侵植物的防控、生物多样性和生态环境的保护提供了重要信息，并且薇甘菊在浙江的发现更新了其在我国入侵分布的记录，浙江成为该种入侵分布的中国最北界。     

基于GF-1卫星东洞庭湖湿地类型信息提取

以我国自主发射的第一颗高分辨率卫星(GF-1卫星)的影像为数据源,在东洞庭湖开展湿地信息提取。结合国家湿地遥感分类系统和高分影像数据的可解译性,建立了东洞庭湖湿地类型遥感分类系统,包括湖泊、河流、泥滩地、林地、芦苇、苔草、辣蓼+泥蒿7种湿地类型。利用最佳指数和联合熵2个指标确定最佳波段组合方式为4(R)3(G)2(B),并在遥感图像进行预处理的基础上,采用面向对象的决策树进行分类,结果表明:基于面向对象决策树遥感分类方法比最大似然法分类的精度高,总分类精度达85.41%,Kappa系数为0.822 5,并且各类信息的提取精度均有所提高,其中湖泊、芦苇、林地的精度较高。     

基于landsat8影像的植被信息提取最佳波段组合研究 ——以浙江省龙泉市为例

以龙泉市为例,运用最佳指数OIF法,同时结合Landsat 8各个波段的统计信息和相关系数、地物光谱特征曲线及各波段主要用途进行综合分析,探讨了Landsat 8影像用于植被信息提取时的最佳波段组合的选择。结果显示:256波段组合信息量最为丰富,为植被信息提取的最佳波段组合。     

国产高分辨率遥感影像融合方法比较与分析

GF-1,ZY-3和ZY1 02C三种国产卫星数据为研究对象,在分析单波段信息熵的基础上,运用联合熵,最佳指数和相关系数矩阵确定3种影像数据的最佳波段组合,选择具代表性的PC、Brovey、GS、IHS和MT变换融合等五种基于像素的融合方法对影像进行融合,分析融合前后影像联合熵以及融合后各影像波段的梯度变化。研究结果表明:(1)GF-1的最佳组合为Band1、Band3及Band4,ZY-3的最佳组合为Band2、Band3及Band4,ZY-1 02C数据的最佳波段组合为Band1、Band2及Band3;(2)融合后影像中Brovey变换融合的联合熵小于融合前,其余4种融合方法联合熵均大于融合前联合熵值;(3)GF-1、ZY-3和ZY 1 02C影像数据最佳融合方法分别为GS融合、PC融合以及IHS变换融合。     

滇缅公路薇甘菊危害状况调查初报

为掌握云南薇甘菊危害核心区内薇甘菊发生危害的分布特征,2010年11月22日沿滇缅公路木康至畹町桥段路肩两侧200m进行薇甘菊发生危害情况调查。结果表明,滇缅公路薇甘菊分布不连续,呈板块、点状分布;纬度越低,距中缅边境越近,薇甘菊发生、分布点频度越高;薇甘菊发生点盖度变化大,厚薄不均,发生面积大小不等;危害植物高度由被侵害植物高度决定;覆盖能力强,危害植物种类多,表现极强的入侵、侵害性;薇甘菊分布点多在农业耕作区的田边、地角以及稀疏林地、河流、溪水、水沟边和农户院落四旁;林木郁闭度大的林地薇甘菊危害相对较轻,完全郁闭的林中尚未发生薇甘菊危害。     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.