水貂酪氨酸酶(TYR)基因克隆、SNPs筛查及其皮肤组织mRNA差异表达分析

旨在克隆和分析水貂酪氨酸酶(tyrosinase,TYR)基因编码区,揭示该基因编码区SNPs及其皮肤组织mRNA差异表达规律与水貂毛色表型的关系。本研究采集7月龄雄性金州黑水貂、名威银蓝水貂和红眼白水貂共计301个样本的血液,利用聚合酶链式反应(PCR)方法对水貂TYR基因5个外显子进行分段克隆,并拼接获得其完整编码区序列(coding sequence,CDS);采用PCR产物直接测序技术筛查3种毛色水貂外显子1、4和5中的SNPs;采集9只7月龄雄性水貂(黑、灰与白色被毛各3只)背中部皮肤组织,通过实时荧光定量PCR(quantitative real-time PCR,qRT-PCR)技术检测TYR基因mRNA在3种毛色水貂皮肤组织中的表达水平。结果表明,克隆的水貂TYR基因序列长2 391 bp,由5个外显子组成,编码区长1 596 bp,编码的531个氨基酸中包括信号肽(18个氨基酸)和成熟肽(513个氨基酸),该序列已上传GenBank(KJ716783)。SNPs筛查发现,3种毛色水貂TYR基因外显子4和5不存在突变位点,外显子1发现2处变异:c.441GA和c.138TA,c.441GA为同义突变且仅存在于金州黑水貂群体。qRT-PCR分析显示,TYR基因mRNA在3种毛色水貂皮肤组织中均表达,且在金州黑水貂中的表达极显著高于银蓝水貂和红眼白水貂(P0.01),在银蓝水貂中的表达显著高于红眼白水貂(P0.05)。研究结果提示,TYR基因c.138TA位点及其皮肤组织mRNA差异表达水平与水貂毛色显著关联。     

美洲水貂TYR基因编码蛋白结构及功能的生物信息学分析

为进一步探明美洲水貂酪氨酸酶(TYR)基因的结构和功能信息,对美洲水貂TYR基因编码蛋白进行生物信息学分析,同时构建TYR基因的系统发育树。结果表明:美洲水貂TYR基因共编码531个氨基酸,其编码产物为不稳定的亲水蛋白;二级结构主要以α-螺旋和无规卷曲为主,含有1个酪氨酸酶超家族结构域,存在信号肽、跨膜结构域和二硫键;该蛋白主要在内质网中发挥细胞被膜、运输和结合的作用,同时还通过信号转导在细胞内发挥其生物学作用;系统进化情况和动物分类学基本一致,美洲水貂TYR基因与雪貂、家犬的亲缘关系最近。美洲水貂TYR基因编码蛋白在生物进化中具有较强保守性,该基因结构和功能的分析为水貂TYR基因遗传特性的进一步研究奠定了基础。     

红眼白水貂FSHβ和NCOA1基因多态性及其与繁殖性状的相关分析

本研究旨在检测红眼白水貂促卵泡激素β（follicle-stimulating hormone beta subunit,FSHβ）和核受体辅激活蛋白1（nuclear receptor coactivator 1,NCOA1）基因多态性与繁殖性状的关系。采用单链构象多态性（SSCP）和DNA测序相结合的方法检测了红眼白水貂215个个体的单核苷酸多态性,针对红眼白水貂群体的特点建立合适的统计分析模型,利用SAS 9.4统计软件对候选基因进行多态性分析,并采用最小二乘法分析了总产仔数和产活仔数的遗传效应。结果表明,在红眼白水貂FSHβ基因上存在2个多态位点,分别为内含子1处的g.1228G > A突变和外显子2处的g.1866T > C突变;在NCOA1基因上存在1个多态位点,为第6外显子处g.151536T > C突变。在红眼白水貂群体中,FSHβ基因的优势基因为B等位基因,NCOA1基因的优势基因为A等位基因;FSHβ基因g.1228G > A位点的AA和AB基因型个体在总产仔数、产活仔数上均极显著高于BB基因型（P < 0.01）,g.1866T > C位点在总产仔数和产活仔数上呈现BB > AB > AA的趋势;NCOA1基因的AB基因型个体的总产仔数和产活仔数均极显著高于AA基因型（P < 0.01）;g.151536T > C与g.1228G > A的合并基因型对繁殖性状有显著影响（P < 0.05）。因此,可以利用以上突变位点对红眼白水貂的繁殖性状进行标记辅助选择研究。     

猪TYR基因外显子1的克隆测序及序列分析

本研究对荣昌猪和内江猪的TYR基因外显子1进行了克隆测序及序列分析，结果发现3个新的突变位点：319C→T，537C的插入，551A→G。部分突变序列已被GenBank收录，登录号为：AY236997。将突变序列翻译成氨基酸序列后发现，319C→T和551A→G是同义交变。537C的插入是移码突变，其是否会对猪的毛色造成影响，还有待进一步研究。     

红眼白水貂FSHβ和NCOA1基因多态性及其与繁殖性状的相关分析

本研究旨在检测红眼白水貂促卵泡激素β(follicle-stimulating hormone beta subunit,FSHβ)和核受体辅激活蛋白1(nuclear receptor coactivator 1,NCOA1)基因多态性与繁殖性状的关系。采用单链构象多态性(SSCP)和DNA测序相结合的方法检测了红眼白水貂215个个体的单核苷酸多态性,针对红眼白水貂群体的特点建立合适的统计分析模型,利用SAS 9.4统计软件对候选基因进行多态性分析,并采用最小二乘法分析了总产仔数和产活仔数的遗传效应。结果表明,在红眼白水貂FSHβ基因上存在2个多态位点,分别为内含子1处的g.1228GA突变和外显子2处的g.1866TC突变;在NCOA1基因上存在1个多态位点,为第6外显子处g.151536TC突变。在红眼白水貂群体中,FSHβ基因的优势基因为B等位基因,NCOA1基因的优势基因为A等位基因;FSHβ基因g.1228GA位点的AA和AB基因型个体在总产仔数、产活仔数上均极显著高于BB基因型(P0.01),g.1866TC位点在总产仔数和产活仔数上呈现BBABAA的趋势;NCOA1基因的AB基因型个体的总产仔数和产活仔数均极显著高于AA基因型(P0.01);g.151536TC与g.1228GA的合并基因型对繁殖性状有显著影响(P0.05)。因此,可以利用以上突变位点对红眼白水貂的繁殖性状进行标记辅助选择研究。     

水貂TYR基因T138A位点多态性及其与毛色性状的关联分析

试验旨在检测水貂酪氨酸酶（tyrosinase,TYR）基因T138A位点的多态性,并分析其与水貂毛色表型的相关性。提取5种被毛色型430只水貂血液基因组DNA,采用PCR-RFLP技术,对TYR基因T138A位点进行多态性检测,统计等位基因频率与基因型频率,通过卡方（χ²）独立性检验分析该位点多态性与水貂毛色性状的相关性。结果表明,T138A位点存在2个等位基因T和A,形成TT、TA和AA 3种基因型,AA基因型在吉林白水貂群体中为优势基因型（0.9069）,而TT基因型为金州黑水貂、珍珠水貂、咖啡水貂和银蓝水貂群体的优势基因型,其中在金州黑水貂群体中基因型频率最高（1.0000）。关联分析表明,TYR基因T138A位点的多态性与毛色性状呈极显著相关（P<0.0001）。表明TYR基因T138A位点可能是影响水貂毛色的主控位点或与调控白色被毛表型主控位点连锁的分子标记。     

水貂酪氨酸酶(TYR)基因克隆、SNPs筛查及其皮肤组织mRNA差异表达分析

旨在克隆和分析水貂酪氨酸酶(tyrosinase,TYR)基因编码区,揭示该基因编码区SNPs及其皮肤组织mRNA差异表达规律与水貂毛色表型的关系.本研究采集7月龄雄性金州黑水貂、名威银蓝水貂和红眼白水貂共计301个样本的血液,利用聚合酶链式反应(PCR)方法对水貂TYR基因5个外显子进行分段克隆,并拼接获得其完整编码...     

水貂DCT基因5′ UTR克隆分析与启动子活性探究

旨在克隆获得水貂DCT基因5′UTR序列并分析其结构特征,预测转录调控元件并检测启动子活性,为探究DCT基因在调控水貂毛皮颜色形成中的作用提供理论依据。本研究利用PCR扩增黑貂、白貂和咖啡貂DCT基因5′UTR,构建咖啡貂DCT基因5′UTR的pGL3-1～pGL3-7和黑貂pGL3-4～pGL3-6缺失片段的荧光素酶报告基因重组质粒,检测各片段的启动子活性;利用亚硫酸氢盐法检测3种毛色水貂DCT基因启动子区CpG岛甲基化水平。结果,克隆获得水貂DCT基因长8 203 bp的5′UTR序列,发现g.7133-7336为长204 bp的转座元件,与其高相似度的100条序列中,一条为蜕皮动物总门线虫纲的索巴利吸虫,其他均来自犬形亚目。P3和P4片段具有显著的启动子活性(P<0.05);咖啡貂的CpG岛甲基化水平显著高于黑貂和白貂(P<0.05);咖啡貂CC单倍型启动子活性显著低于黑貂的TT单倍型片段(P<0.05)。结果表明,水貂DCT基因5′UTR长204 bp的犬形亚目特异短散在元件Can-SINEs由蜕皮动物门的索巴利吸虫侵入动物基因组形成;基因上游32 bp元件和近端域共同作用发挥启动子活性,而GC-box和CpG岛结构沉默水貂DCT基因启动;g.-684和g.-621位点的T> C突变形成的CC单倍型导致咖啡貂DCT基因的高甲基化与低启动子活性,从而抑制真黑素合成,产生咖啡色被毛特征。     

猪Lmbr1基因部分cDNA序列的克隆及序列分析

利用RT—PCR和RACE方法克隆了正常猪和全同胞多趾猪Lmbr1基因部分cDNA序列并进行了序列分析。结果表明,正常猪该序列长1797bp,其中CDS序列1178bp,3’UTR序列619bp。全同胞多趾猪该序列长1069bp,其中CDS序列768bp,3’UTR序列301bp。正常猪与多趾猪Lmbr1基因的CDS序列相似性近77％,而3’UTR序列相似性不足20％。两者的CDS序列在755～768bp间,共发生13个核苷酸突变：G755C、A756T、A757G、T758C、C759A、A760G、C761T、T762G、A763C、G764T、A765G、T767G、T768A。其中,前11个突变属于错义突变,导致相应的氨基酸序列中4个氨基酸发生变化：G突变为A、I突变为A、T突变为V、R突变为L;后2个突变属于无义突变,导致阅读框提前终止。猪Lmbrl基因发生突变能引起SHH的异常表达,这可能是导致猪多趾发生的根本原因。     

4种犬科动物黑素皮质激素受体1基因序列比对及遗传进化分析简

基于GenBank中已公布的家犬(Canis familiaris)、赤狐(Vulpes vulpes)、北极狐(Alopex lagopus)和貉(Nyctereutes procyonoides)黑素皮质激素受体1(MC1R)基因序列,利用BioEdit 7.0等生物信息软件,对4种犬科动物MC1R基因进行序列比对和遗传进化分析。结果表明,家犬、赤狐、北极狐及貉MC1R基因为单一外显子,编码区序列长度均为954 bp,碱基组成表现为C＞G＞T＞A,且G+C百分含量高于A+T;编码区碱基序列中共检测到20个突变位点,包括16个单一突变和4个简约突变,转换类型多于颠换,核苷酸和氨基酸序列同源性较高;赤狐与北极狐间的遗传距离最短,邻近法(NJ)、最小进化法(ME)和非对组算数平均法(UPGMA)3种方法构建的进化树基本一致,赤狐与北极狐首先聚为一簇,貉比家犬、赤狐和北极狐分化时间更早。     

Relationship Analysis Between the Polymorphism of T138A Locus in TYR Gene and Hair Color in Mink (Neovison vison)

In order to detect the polymorphism of T138A locus in tyrosinase (TYR) gene in mink and analyze the relationship between the genetic polymorphisms and phenotypes of mink hair color, the blood samples of 430 minks with five kinds of different hair color were taken and their genomic DNA were extracted. The T138A locus of TYR gene in mink was detected using PCR-RFLP method. Allele frequency and genotype frequency were calculated. Furthermore, the relationship between the polymorphism of T138A locus and hair color trait were analyzed by the statistical method of Chi-square independence test. The results showed that the T138A locus polymorphism was found with two alleles T and A,and three genotypes of TT, TA and AA. AA genotype was dominant genotype in Jilin White mink (0.9069), TT genotype was dominant genotype in Jinzhou Black mink,Pearl mink,Coffee mink and Silverblue mink, and existed mainly in Jizhou Black mink (1.0000). The association analysis of T138A locus polymorphism with hair color trait indicated that there was extremely significant correlation between TYR gene polymorphism and hair color of mink (P < 0.0001). This results indicated that the T138A locus might affect hair color phenotype, or molecular marker linked with the major gene regulating the white hair phenotype of mink.     

水貂ASIP基因单倍型检测及其皮肤组织mRNA差异表达分析

试验旨在探究鼠灰色（agouti signaling protein，ASIP）基因单核苷酸多态性（single nucleotide polymorphisms，SNPs）形成的单倍型及皮肤组织差异表达mRNA对水貂被毛色素沉积的影响。通过PCR扩增、Sanger测序技术对金州黑水貂、红眼白水貂和名威银蓝水貂ASIP基因进行SNPs单倍型检测分析，利用实时荧光定量PCR技术检测3种毛色皮肤组织ASIP基因的表达量，分析单倍型及mRNA差异表达与毛色表型的相关性。结果表明，301个样本中共检测到10个SNPs，内含子2中4个SNPs （G18A、A159G、G235T、C1189T）共形成10种单倍型（Hap1~Hap10），其中Hap1（GAGC）和Hap2（GAGT）是3种不同毛色水貂群体的共享单倍型；部分内含子3中6个SNPs （C252T、A290C、G298C、A340G、T343C、T379C）形成4种单倍型（Hap1~Hap4），且Hap2（CCCGCC）是名威银蓝水貂群体的主体单倍型。5个位点（A290C、G298C、A340G、T343C、T379C）均处于完全连锁不平衡状态。实时荧光定量PCR检测显示，金州黑水貂和名威银蓝水貂ASIP基因mRNA表达量分别是红眼白水貂的1.25和0.95倍，三者间差异不显著（P>0.05）。研究结果初步提示，ASIP基因调控水貂不同毛色表型形成的分子机制可能存在差异。     

Polymorphism Analysis of the Agouti-related Protein Gene Exon Ⅰof Quail

The poultry feather color inheritance has been a hot research topic, because the feather color is a kind of important quality character.In this study, we used polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis to detect the polymorphisms of four quail populations of different feather color (China Yellow quail, Black quail, Korean quail, Beijing White quail) of agouti-related protein gene (Agrp) exon Ⅰ, so as to investigate the relationship of Agrp exon I with quail plumage color, and to provide reference for the breeding and production of quail.The results showed that two alleles were detected in the Agrp exon Ⅰ of China Yellow quail, Black quail, Korean quail, Beijing White quail populations,and expressed by A and B, respectively. Frequency of allele A in Beijing White quail was up to 0.9500. The frequency of B allele in Korean quail was the highest, reaching 0.3392, in Beijing White quail genes in the lowest frequency is only 0.0500. The genotype frequency of AA genotype in Beijing White quail was the highest (0.9500), the lowest in Korean quail and Black quail (0.4286). BB genotype was not observed in Beijing White quail. We speculated that it may have a certain relationship between Agrp exon Ⅰ B allele and feather color of quail.     

不同猪种ADIPOQ基因外显子2多态性及其与山西白猪体重和体尺性状的关联分析

本研究旨在检测猪脂联素（adiponectin,ADIPOQ）基因外显子2的多态性,并分析其对山西白猪体重和体尺性状的影响。采用PCR-SSCP技术检测了长白猪、大白猪、杜洛克猪、山西白猪、山西黑猪和马身猪6个猪种392个个体ADIPOQ基因外显子2的多态性,并采用GLM程序分析了ADIPOQ基因外显子2多态性与山西白猪体重和体尺性状的关联性。结果显示,在ADIPOQ基因外显子2的89 bp处检测到G→A错义突变,引起缬氨酸（Val）向异亮氨酸（Ile）的转变。ADIPOQ基因外显子2存在3种基因型：AA、AB、BB,2个等位基因：A和B。杜洛克猪中只有BB基因型,长白猪、大白猪、山西白猪和山西黑猪中BB基因型为优势基因型,马身猪中AA基因型频率最高。在引入品种长白猪、大白猪和杜洛克猪中B等位基因为优势等位基因,基因频率分别为0.96、0.96和1.00;在地方品种马身猪中A等位基因频率（0.52）略高于B等位基因（0.48）;在培育品种山西白猪和山西黑猪中B等位基因频率分别为0.76和0.78,介于引入猪种和地方品种之间。基因型频率分布在马身猪、山西白猪和山西黑猪之间无显著差异（P>0.05）,杜洛克猪与长白猪、大白猪间差异均不显著（P>0.05）,而长白猪和大白猪间差异显著（P<0.05）,任意一个引入品种与马身猪、山西白猪和山西黑猪之间的差异均达到极显著水平（P<0.01）。ADIPOQ基因外显子2多态性对断奶重有显著影响,其中BB基因型个体28日龄断奶重显著高于AA和AB基因型（P<0.05）,AA和AB基因型间无显著差异（P>0.05）,但对其他性状无显著影响,说明该位点只在个体发育早期阶段起作用。     

Nucleotide sequence and polymerase chain reaction/restriction fragment length polymorphism analyses of Aleutian disease virus in ferrets in Japan.

Two ferrets with spontaneous Aleutian disease (AD) were found in Japan. The diagnosis was verified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification of part of the capsid gene specific to AD virus (ADV). The nucleotide sequences (365 bp in length) of the amplified fragments from the 2 ferrets differed by a single nucleotide, producing an amino acid alteration. Compared with other types of ADV, these isolates had 96% sequence similarity to a published ferret ADV (FADV) in contrast to <91% homology to various types of mink ADV (MADV). The phylogenetic tree of ADVs indicates that these 2 isolates and the published FADV belong to the same genetic group and definitely are divergent from MADVs. The predicted amino acid sequence of the hypervariable segment in the capsid gene was conserved among the 3 types of FADV. These results indicated that the 2 isolates found in Japan were new DNA types of FADV and could have been derived from FADV(s). A restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) method to distinguish the ferret types of ADV from the mink types of ADV was developed on the basis of differences in their nucleotide sequences. Digestion of the PCR products with Afal or ScaI provided different cleavage patterns for FADV and MADV. This PCR/RFLP analysis of the ADV capsid gene will be a valuable asset for diagnosis of this virus infection in ferrets.     

Effects of dietary protein level on nutrients digestibility and reproductive performance of female mink(Neovison vison)during gestation

The objective of this study was to determine whether nutrient digestibility and reproductive performance of pregnant mink(Neovison vison) were affected by different dietary protein levels. One hundred and twenty female mink were randomly assigned to four groups, receiving diets of fresh material with different protein levels. The dietary protein levels,expressed as percentage of dry matter(DM),were 32,36, 40 and 44% respectively. These values corresponded to average 320, 360, 400 and 440 g protein/kg DM, respectively. Results were as follows. All of crude protein digestibility, nitrogen(N) intake, N retention increased along with dietary protein level increasing. Low protein level(32%) significantly reduced the above indicators(P 0.05). DM digestibility and ether extract digestibility were not affected by dietary protein level. Results of mated females, barren females, kids per litter, live born kids per mated female, birth survival rate, and birth weight showed that mink achieved optimal reproductive performance when dietary protein level was 36%. In conclusion, dietary protein was anticipated to significantly influence some nutrients' utilization. Adopting the appropriate dietary protein level allow better reproduction performance. The most preferable reproductive performance was achieved when diet contained 275.5 g digestible protein per kg DM for female mink in gestation.     

水貂毛色性状遗传机理解析及优良品种培育研究进展

被毛颜色作为一个直观且易被识别的重要经济性状,在水貂优良品种培育过程中备受关注。不同毛色皮张的品质和价格也存在一定的差异,因此,探明水貂毛色遗传机理已成为育种者不可避免的问题。作者从遗传学角度对水貂的毛色进行分类,对决定其毛色性状的黑素亲和素（MLPH）、溶酶体转运调节基因（LYST）、酪氨酸酶相关蛋白1（TYRP1）、小眼畸形相关转录因子（MITF）、酪氨酸酶（TYR）、刺鼠信号蛋白（ASIP）、内皮素受体（EDNRB）基因与配对盒基因3（Pax3）转录因子的DNA序列变异与毛色表型之间的关系进行了综述,并概述了中国在培育水貂优良品种方面取得的重要成果,以期为今后系统性研究水貂毛色形成机理、制定育种目标与方案及新色型品种的选育提供借鉴和参考。     

会理黑山羊肌肉生长抑制素基因编码序列的克隆与多样性分析

为探究会理黑山羊遗传分化状况,试验参考普通山羊肌肉生长抑制素（MSTN）基因设计引物,采用PCR方法扩增、克隆会理黑山羊MSTN基因编码区,并与其他物种相应基因编码区核苷酸序列进行比对分析。结果表明,会理黑山羊MSTN基因完整编码序列长度为1128 bp,由外显子1（372 bp）、外显子2（375 bp）和外显子3（381 bp）组成;会理黑山羊与建昌黑山羊、黔北麻羊同源性最高,均达97.4%,聚为一簇,亲缘关系最近,与牛、恒河猴、狗等物种的同源性最低,亲缘关系远;会理黑山羊MSTN基因编码区共编码375个氨基酸,会理黑山羊MSTN基因编码的各种氨基酸含量相差较大,其中以亮氨酸含量最丰富,达8.80%。本研究为会理黑山羊的遗传资源保护、开发与利用提供了分子遗传学研究基础。