不同动物源大肠杆菌的耐药性调查

为了解畜禽源大肠杆菌的耐药状况,2011—2012年从患病和健康食品动物中分离鉴定大肠杆菌935株,包括健康猪源606株、患病猪源114株、患病鸡源51株、患病水禽源(鸭和鹅)164株。试验采用琼脂稀释法测定了不同动物来源的大肠杆菌对15种抗菌药物的敏感性。结果发现,大肠杆菌耐药严重,对大部分药物的耐药率超过70.0%,其中氨苄西林、复方新诺明和四环素的耐药率均达到了80.0%以上;仅对头孢西丁、黏菌素和阿米卡星较敏感,但患病水禽源大肠杆菌对阿米卡星的耐药率达到了52.4%,明显高于其他动物。健康畜禽源大肠杆菌对多数抗菌药的耐药率低于患病畜禽源大肠杆菌,表明抗菌药物的使用增加了病原菌对第3代头孢类药物和氟喹诺酮类药物的耐药率,势必增加临床治疗难度。     

有机农场鸡、猪源大肠杆菌耐药性研究

为了解有机养殖模式下鸡、猪源大肠杆菌的耐药情况,2014年从广东从化某有机农场鸡、猪粪便中采集并分离出118株大肠杆菌,包括55株鸡源大肠杆菌和63株猪源大肠杆菌,采用琼脂稀释法测定大肠杆菌对18种抗菌药的敏感性。结果发现,同一有机农场中,鸡源大肠杆菌与猪源大肠杆菌在耐药种类及耐药率上均呈现相似规律,对头孢他啶、头孢喹肟、头孢噻肟、头孢西丁、阿米卡星、安普霉素、庆大霉素、新霉素、氟苯尼考、氯霉素、亚胺培南、环丙沙星、喹乙醇等较敏感(鸡0~21.8%,猪0~14.3%),对氨苄西林、链霉素呈现轻度耐药(鸡29.1%~38.2%,猪23.8%~27.0%),对复方新诺明、四环素、多西环素呈现较严重耐药(鸡45.5%、76.4%和72.7%,猪50.8%、81.0%和68.3%)。鸡源大肠杆菌中3耐及3耐以上的菌株占56.4%,猪源大肠杆菌占47.6%。结果表明有机养殖模式下鸡、猪源大肠杆菌耐药率相对较低,多重耐药现象存在但相对轻微,对个别临床常用抗菌药耐药率虽较严重但比常规养殖场低。由于目前国内大部分学者致力于研究常规养殖方式下细菌耐药情况,本研究很好地填补了有机养殖模式下畜禽大肠杆菌耐药性研究的空白。     

凉山州不同动物源大肠杆菌耐药性调查

为了给凉山州特色畜禽临床用药及耐药性监测提供理论依据,试验采用微量肉汤稀释法对分离自凉山州不同动物的214株大肠杆菌(包括建昌鸭源80株、建昌马源72株、德昌水牛源62株)进行土霉素、阿米卡星、氟苯尼考等13种抗菌药物的敏感性试验,以确定其耐药谱型。结果表明:214株大肠杆菌耐药严重,对大部分药物耐药率达到70%以上;仅对阿米卡星、左氧氟沙星较敏感,多重耐药多集中在10~12耐。说明凉山州特色畜禽源大肠杆菌耐药情况较为严重,应增加耐药性监测力度宣传力度,指导合理用药。     

我国18个省份猪源肠球菌耐药调查及分析

为研究我国猪源肠球菌的耐药情况,本研究采集18个省市猪养殖场的粪便样品836份进行了肠球菌的分离鉴定,并通过琼脂稀释法测定11种抗菌药物的最小抑菌浓度。结果显示:从836份样品中共分离出225株肠球菌,其中屎肠球菌106株,粪肠球菌56株,小肠肠球菌34株,鹑鸡肠球菌17株,铅黄肠球菌7株,坚忍肠球菌4株,Enterococcus thailandicus 1株。所有的肠球菌对被检抗菌药物耐药程度由高到低依次是四环素(98.2%)、阿米卡星(94.7%)、多西环素(89.3%)、米诺环素(88.9%)、氟苯尼考(88.4%)、红霉素(86.2%)、环丙沙星(63.1%)、氨苄西林(33.8%)、氯霉素(29.8%),未检测到万古霉素和利奈唑胺耐药菌株。除氨苄西林、万古霉素、利奈唑胺外,粪肠球菌对其余8种被检抗菌药物耐药率均高于屎肠球菌。小肠肠球菌对阿米卡星、红霉素、四环素、多西环素、米诺环素5种抗菌药物的耐药率高于屎肠球菌。肠球菌的多重耐药情况集中在6耐、7耐和8耐,占肠球菌总数的72.9%。本研究表明我国猪源肠球菌对常见抗菌药物耐药率较高,应引起更多关注。     

西昌地区猪源肠外致病性大肠杆菌的分离鉴定与耐药性检测

为了解西昌地区猪源肠外致病性大肠杆菌的耐药情况,本试验对2016～2018年西昌地区21个猪场的106个病猪样本进行了大肠杆菌的分离鉴定和耐药性检测。通过培养特性、染色特点和形态观察以及PCR鉴定、致病性试验,共分离到28株肠外致病性大肠杆菌。采用K-B纸片法进行药敏试验,结果显示28株致病性大肠杆菌对阿莫西林、氨苄西林、强力霉素、四环素、庆大霉素、复方新诺明耐药严重,耐药率高于85%,对阿米卡星和头孢喹肟保持较高的敏感性,耐药率分别为14.3%和10.7%。28株大肠杆菌的多重耐药率高达100%,表明西昌地区猪源肠外致病性大肠杆菌的耐药性强、耐药谱广。     

四川地区猪源致病性大肠杆菌的分离鉴定与耐药性检测

为了解四川地区猪源大肠杆菌的耐药情况,本试验对2015～2017年四川地区40个猪场的125个病猪样本进行了大肠杆菌的分离鉴定和耐药性检测。结果共分离到37株致病性大肠杆菌,采用K-B纸片法进行药敏试验,发现37株致病性大肠杆菌对恩诺沙星、四环素、阿莫西林、复方新诺明、氨苄西林、庆大霉素、强力霉素的耐药性强,耐药率高于80%,对四环素的耐药率甚至达到了100%;对阿米卡星有较高的敏感性,耐药率为13.5%;所有菌株的多重耐药率高达100%,表明四川地区猪源大肠杆菌的耐药性强、耐药谱广。     

动物源性大肠杆菌耐药性分析

目的:对吉林省长春市伊通地区分离出的113株动物源性大肠杆菌耐药性进行分析,了解猪源和鸡源大肠杆菌耐药程度及其耐药谱。方法:采用K-B纸片扩散法对大肠杆菌耐药性初步定性分析,并从中选出十株耐药谱不同的大肠杆菌测定其抗生素的最小抑菌浓度(MIC)。结果:113株均表现出不同程度的耐药,耐药谱广,且多表现为多重耐药。结论:动物源性大肠杆菌对抗生素的耐药性以多重耐药为主。113株对喹诺酮类、磺胺类、利福平耐药率达到90%以上,其中鸡源、猪源大肠杆菌耐药情况各不相同,二者均对丁胺卡那霉素、先锋必/舒巴坦较敏感,耐药率低于15%,可知丁胺卡那霉素、先锋必/舒巴坦可作为这些地区防治致病性大肠杆菌的首选药物。本实验结果对临床科学合理用药有重要指导意义。     

四川省部分地区大肠杆菌的耐药性监测

采用常规方法对87份采集于四川省部分地区规模化养猪场病料样品(51份),健康鸡(28份)和野生白鹭(8份)粪便样品进行大肠杆菌分离鉴定,并采用K irby-Bauer法对大肠杆菌分离株的26种抗菌药物耐药性进行检测。结果表明,分离鉴定的51株猪源大肠杆菌、28株鸡源大肠杆菌和8株白鹭源大肠杆菌均存在不同程度多重耐药性,3重及3重以上耐药菌株占总菌株数88.51%:其中对青霉素G(100%)、强力霉素(89.66%)、复方阿莫西林(85.20%)、四环素(82.76%)、头孢氨苄(63.22%)、头孢噻吩(52.87%),氨苄青霉素和复方新诺明(51.72%)的耐药性较强;8株野生白鹭大肠杆菌多重耐药性远低于猪源和鸡源大肠杆菌分离株多重耐药性,对受试喹诺酮类、复方新诺明等多种药物高度敏感。     

800株不同动物源大肠杆菌的耐药性监测

采用微量稀释法,检测了2007年12月分离自四川省5个市的牛源、猪源、鸡源800株大肠杆菌对13种抗菌药物的敏感性.结果显示,分离菌株的耐药率除阿米卡星仅5.9%外,其余药物均超过35%,对磺胺异(口惡)唑、磺胺甲嗯唑+甲氧苄啶、氨苄西林的耐药率较高,分别为100%、96.6%、75.8%;分离菌株多重耐药情况严重,耐受3种以上药物的菌株占92.6%.不同地区及不同动物源大肠杆菌耐药水平存在差异.其中成都地区耐药性最严重,鸡源大肠杆菌耐药率最高.监测结果表明,四川省动物源大肠杆菌的耐药现状已不容乐观,有必要加强耐药性监测,指导兽医临床合理使用抗菌药物.     

徐州地区猪源致病性大肠杆菌耐药性调查

为了掌握徐州地区猪场大肠杆菌耐药菌株的产生情况和耐药程度,在2016-2018两年间对徐州地区猪源大肠杆菌进行耐药监测。从猪场分离鉴定致病性大肠杆菌,采用纸片扩散法测定46株分离菌株对15种抗菌药物的敏感性。结果表明,猪源大肠杆菌分离株多重耐药现象严重,至少耐药10种以上,其中10耐和11耐的菌株所占比例最大,分别为28.3%和23.9%;分离菌株对阿莫西林、氟苯尼考、强力霉素耐药率最高,达到80%以上,对头孢噻呋耐药率最低,为17.4%。两年间痢菌净耐药率下降幅度最大,丁胺卡那霉素耐药率增长幅度最大。     

广东地区猪源大肠杆菌耐药性及其系统发育群的研究简

为分析广东地区猪源大肠杆菌耐药性及其系统进化背景,试验于2011年从患病猪分离出264株大肠杆菌,包括粪便源131株和肝源133株,采用琼脂稀释法测定18种抗菌药物的敏感性,多重PCR法确定系统进化关系,并对不同来源菌株的耐药性和系统进化背景进行分析比较。结果发现,大肠杆菌多重耐药现象严重,共存在128种耐药谱型。分离菌株对氨苄西林、复方新诺明、萘啶酸和四环素高度耐药,对黏菌素、头孢他啶和阿米卡星较敏感。种群进化分析结果表明,分离菌株主要分布在共生型的A组和B1组（91.66%）,且不同来源菌株的种群进化分布差异不显著(P＞0.05)。结合药敏试验结果发现,不同进化组别的分离菌株对特定抗菌药物的耐药性存在显著差异（P＜0.05）。通过对大肠杆菌耐药性及其系统发育群进行综合分析,为兽医临床用药提供依据。     

Antimicrobial resistance in enteric pathogens isolated from Minnesota pigs from 1995 to 2004

This study investigated the occurrence and antimicrobial resistance profiles of Escherichia coli and Salmonella sp. isolated from swine samples submitted to the Minnesota Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory (MVDL) in Saint Paul, Minnesota from 1995 to 2004. During this time period, a total of 5072 E. coli and 2793 Salmonella sp. was isolated. Most of these isolates were found to be resistant to the tetracycline and beta-lactam group of antibiotics. Resistance to spectinomycin was also frequently observed. An increasing trend in ampicillin resistance and a decreasing trend in apramycin resistance were seen in both pathogens, although ampicillin resistance was relatively higher in E. coli than in Salmonella. Aminoglycoside (amikacin) and quinolone (enrofloxacin) were the only antimicrobials to which minimum or no resistance was observed. The resistance of pig pathogens to several antibiotics indicates the need to routinely monitor the use of these antimicrobials and their associated resistance in pig populations.     

Comparison of antimicrobial resistance in generic Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. cultured from identical fecal samples in finishing swine

The objectives of this study were to investigate the associations between antimicrobial resistance patterns in generic Escherichia coli and Salmonella spp. isolates recovered from identical pen pooled fecal samples, and to evaluate potential clustering of multiple isolates of these organisms within identical fecal samples. Up to 5 generic E. coli (n = 922 isolates) and Salmonella spp. (n = 922 isolates) isolates were obtained from each of 188 pen pooled fecal samples that had been collected from 45 finishing swine farms in Alberta in 2000, and tested for susceptibility to 15 antimicrobials. No isolates of either organism were resistant to 3rd generation cephalosporins or fluoroquinolones, which in Canada are considered antimicrobials of very high importance to human health. Approximately twice as many generic E. coli isolates as Salmonella spp. isolates were resistant to at least 1 antimicrobial. In addition, E. coli isolates showed more multidrug-resistance patterns. No significant association was observed between the resistance phenotypes of Salmonella spp. and E. coli at the fecal sample level. More clustering at the sample level was observed for proportions of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in Salmonella spp. isolates than E. coli indicating that in future studies it might be sufficient to test fewer than 5 Salmonella spp. isolates per sample.     

Prevalence and patterns of antimicrobial resistance of fecal Escherichia coli among pigs on 47 farrow-to-finish farms with different in-feed medication policies in Ontario and British Columbia

The main objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence and patterns of antimicrobial resistance in pigs on farms that medicated swine ration and those that did not. A total of 940 isolates of Escherichia coli from 188 pooled fecal samples obtained from weaner and finisher pigs on 47 farrow-to-finish swine farms (34 farms used in-feed medication and 13 did not) were tested for susceptibility to 21 antimicrobials using a breakpoint concentration method. The prevalence of resistance varied widely (0.0% to 81.3%) among the antimicrobials tested. Ninety percent of all the isolates tested were resistant to one or more antimicrobials. The most common multi-drug resistance patterns were to 2 to 6 antimicrobials. Resistance was significantly more frequent (P < 0.01) on farms that used in-feed medication compared to those that did not, and significantly more frequent (P < 0.01) in weaner pigs compared to finisher pigs. These findings indicate that resistance to a broad range of antimicrobials was prevalent among fecal E. coli isolates of pigs on study farms, and that this constitutes a potential reservoir for resistance genes that could spread to pathogens. The findings also provide further evidence that use of medication in swine rations provides selective pressure for antimicrobial resistance in E. coli in pigs.     

Study on Drug Resistance of Escherichia coli Isolated from Chicken and Swine in Organic Farm

To determine the drug resistance of E.coli strains from swine and chicken in organic farm,collection of stool specimens was conducted in one organic farm in Conghua city,Guangdong province in 2014,in which 118 E.coli strains were separated,including 55 from chicken and 63 from swine.The sensitivity of the E.coli strains from swine and chicken to 18 kinds of drugs was detected through agar dilution method.Similar properties in drug resistance were observed both in E.coli strains from swine and chicken in the same organic farm.In consideration of the resistance rate,samples were relatively sensitive to ceftazidime,cefquinome,cefoxitin,amikacin,apramycin,gentamicin,neomycin,florfenicol,chloramphenicol,imipenem,ciprofloxacin and olaquindox (chicken 0 to 21.8%;swine 0 to 14.3%).These isolates showed moderate resistance to ampicillin and streptomycin (chicken 29.1% to 38.2%;swine 23.8% to 27.0%).About 56.4% chicken isolates and 47.6% swine isolates showed resistant to more than 3 kinds of drugs.However,severe resistance was observed in trimethoprim-sulphamethoxazole,tetracyclineand and doxycycline (chicken 45.5%,76.4% and 72.7%;swine 50.8%,81.0% and 68.3%).The results also indicated that under organic farming mode,the drug resistance rates of E.coli strains from swine and chicken were relatively low in general.Multi-drug resistance existed but was relatively slight.Although the drug resistance rate to several specific antimicrobials was high,it was still lower than that in conventional farms.Since most studies focused on the drug resistance of the bacteria under conventional farming model,this study filled the blank of the research of drug resistance under organic farming model.     

种鹅大肠杆菌分离鉴定及耐药性分析

为了解种鹅致病性大肠杆菌病的病原及其药物敏感性,2012年从广东地区患病种鹅器官和粪便中分离鉴定了62株大肠杆菌,采用琼脂稀释法测定了大肠杆菌对17种抗菌药物的敏感性。结果发现大肠杆菌耐药性严重,对大部分药物的耐药率超过60.0%,仅对头孢西丁、头孢他啶和黏菌素较敏感。联合药敏试验结果显示多西环素和氟苯尼考联用对耐药大肠杆菌产生协同抑菌作用,FIC指数为0.375～0.75。采用脉冲场凝胶电泳（PFGE）法对24株大肠杆菌进行分型,结果分为17种不同的PFGE型别。大肠杆菌系统进化分群结果显示43.5%属于系统进化组群的D组,其次是A组和B1组,分别为34.8%和21.7%,B2组未检测到。通过对种鹅大肠杆菌耐药性、PFGE分型及其系统发育群进行综合分析,为临床用药提供了参考依据。     

Antimicrobial susceptibility of Escherichia coli isolates from dairy farms using organic versus conventional production methods

OBJECTIVE: To compare antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of Escherichia coli isolates cultured from fecal samples from cows and calves on dairy farms that used organic (ie, no or severely limited antimicrobial use) versus conventional production methods. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SAMPLE POPULATION: Fecal samples from 10 cows and 10 calves on each of 30 organic dairy farms and 30 neighboring conventional dairy farms in Wisconsin. PROCEDURE: E. coli isolates obtained from the fecal samples were tested for susceptibility to 17 antimicrobials by means of a microbroth dilution test. Prevalence of antimicrobial resistance was compared between organic and conventional dairy farms. RESULTS: E. coli was isolated from 1,121 (94%) fecal samples. Farm type (organic vs conventional) and animal age (cow vs calf) were significantly associated with odds that E. coli isolates would be resistant to various antimicrobials. After controlling for age, logistic regression analyses indicated that isolates from conventional dairy farms had significantly higher rates of resistance to ampicillin, streptomycin, kanamycin, gentamicin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, and sulfamethoxazole than did isolates from organic dairy farms. However, no significant differences were detected for the 10 other antimicrobials that were tested. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results indicated that compared with isolates from conventional dairy farms, E. coli isolates from organic dairy herds have significantly lower prevalences of resistance to 7 antimicrobials; however, prevalence of resistance was not significantly different for 10 other antimicrobials. Resistance was more common for isolates from calves than for isolates from adult dairy cows.     

Prevalence and antimicrobial resistance among Escherichia coli and Salmonella in Ontario smallholder chicken flocks

Surveillance is an important component of an overall strategy to address antimicrobial resistant bacteria in food animals and the food chain. The poultry market has many points of entry into the Canadian food chain, and some production practices are underrepresented in terms of surveillance. For example, pathogen carriage and antimicrobial resistance surveillance data are limited in smallholder chicken flocks raised for slaughter at provincially inspected abattoirs. In Canada, antimicrobial resistance in Escherichia coli and Salmonella isolated from commercial broiler chicken flocks, slaughtered at federally inspected abattoirs, is monitored by the Canadian Integrated Program for Antimicrobial Resistance Surveillance (CIPARS ). The objective of this study was to establish baseline information of antimicrobial resistance presence in E. coli and Salmonella isolated from smallholder flocks in Ontario, utilizing CIPARS collection and isolation methodologies, and to compare findings with CIPARS federally inspected abattoir data from Ontario, Canada. Five chickens per flock were sampled from 205 smallholder flocks. Of 1,025 samples, the E. coli prevalence was 99% (1,022/1,025), and 47% (483/1,022) of positive E. coli isolates were resistant to one or more of the 14 antimicrobials. Furthermore, as compared to results reported for the CIPARS commercial flocks, E. coli isolates from smallholder flocks had significantly lower resistance prevalence to six of 14 individual antimicrobials. Recovery of E. coli did not differ between federally inspected and provincially inspected flocks. Salmonella prevalence at the bird level in smallholder flocks was 0.3% (3/1,025), significantly lower (p  ? 0.0001, 95% CI 0.080%–0.86%) than federally inspected commercial flocks. The overall differences found between the commercial and smallholder flocks may be explained by differences in poultry husbandry practices and hatchery sources.