猪源耐黏菌素大肠杆菌PFGE分型及耐药性研究

为了解河南省焦作市、许昌市规模化养殖厂耐黏菌素大肠杆菌的流行情况,对分离到的32株耐黏菌素大肠杆菌使用微量肉汤稀释法检测其药物敏感性,并采用脉冲场凝胶电泳(Pulsed field gel electrophoresis,PFGE)对分离株进行分型研究。结果显示,32株耐黏菌素大肠杆菌对四环素、多西环素、磺胺异噁唑、复方新诺明的耐药率均高达90%以上,32株猪源大肠杆菌可分为30种带型。结果表明,两地市养殖场猪源大肠杆菌耐药性普遍存在,且以多重耐药为主,PFGE分型结果显示,32株耐黏菌素大肠杆菌整体上表现出较大的遗传多样性,但不同菌株存在着不同程度的亲缘关系。     

广东地区猪源大肠杆菌耐药性及其系统发育群的研究简

为分析广东地区猪源大肠杆菌耐药性及其系统进化背景,试验于2011年从患病猪分离出264株大肠杆菌,包括粪便源131株和肝源133株,采用琼脂稀释法测定18种抗菌药物的敏感性,多重PCR法确定系统进化关系,并对不同来源菌株的耐药性和系统进化背景进行分析比较。结果发现,大肠杆菌多重耐药现象严重,共存在128种耐药谱型。分离菌株对氨苄西林、复方新诺明、萘啶酸和四环素高度耐药,对黏菌素、头孢他啶和阿米卡星较敏感。种群进化分析结果表明,分离菌株主要分布在共生型的A组和B1组（91.66%）,且不同来源菌株的种群进化分布差异不显著(P＞0.05)。结合药敏试验结果发现,不同进化组别的分离菌株对特定抗菌药物的耐药性存在显著差异（P＜0.05）。通过对大肠杆菌耐药性及其系统发育群进行综合分析,为兽医临床用药提供依据。     

胶东地区肉鸡大肠杆菌耐药性研究

试验通过CLSI推荐的K-B药敏纸片法,对胶东地区分离的肉鸡大肠杆菌进行耐药性研究。结果显示:169株肉鸡大肠杆菌分离株对17种抗菌药物均有不同程度的耐药性,对四环素、多西环素、阿莫西林耐药的菌株数量较多,耐药率分别为94.08%、94.08%、92.90%;对多黏菌素B耐药菌株数量最少,耐药率仅为0.59%;耐药率低于30%的有4种,依次为磷霉素、大观霉素、丁胺卡那霉素、多黏菌素B;其余10种药物耐药率在36.09%~79.89%。169株大肠杆菌中仅有一株大肠杆菌表现单一耐药性,其余168株分离菌均对抗菌药物表现出多重耐药,耐药范围在3~15种,其中对9~13种抗菌药物具有多重耐药性的分离菌共106株,占全部分离菌的62.72%。     

肠致病性大肠杆菌的分离鉴定和耐药性分析

为了给临床合理用药提供正确的指导,对江苏南京、扬州、镇江、泰州、盐城及安徽天长等地区送检的病死猪、羊、鸡、鹅等动物进行细菌分离和鉴定,调查肠致病性大肠杆菌对常用抗菌药物的耐药情况。结果分离出78株大肠杆菌,经过血清型鉴定,其中17株为肠致病性大肠杆菌,共属于8种血清型。通过对这17株肠致病性大肠杆菌进行耐药性分析,发现分离的肠致病性大肠杆菌对15种药物存在不同程度的耐药性。对多西环素、诺氟沙星、洛美沙星高度耐药,耐药率分别为100%、94.12%、94.12%,对头孢曲松钠、阿米卡星敏感性较高,敏感率分别为52.94%、41.18%。研究结果显示肠致病性大肠杆菌在动物感染的大肠杆菌病例中占有一定的比例,同时分离菌株的耐药性较为严重,给治疗增添了难度,因此应重视对肠致病性大肠杆菌的监测,根据药敏结果选用合适的药物进行治疗。     

宁夏地区腹泻犊牛产超广谱β-内酰胺酶大肠埃希氏菌的药敏试验及脉冲场凝胶电泳分型

为了解宁夏地区规模化牛场犊牛腹泻源产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)大肠埃希氏菌耐药和遗传变异情况，对分离得到的17株产ESBLs大肠埃希氏菌，采用K-B纸片法进行药物敏感性试验，采用脉冲场凝胶电泳进行分型研究。结果显示，17株分离株对试验药物多数呈耐药状态，对头孢拉定、四环素、阿莫西林3种药物完全耐药，其他药物的耐药性为70.24%～94.12%,只对阿米卡星、诺氟沙星敏感性较高。分离菌株可分为17个PFGE型，菌株间的相似度为67.5%～85.7%,无优势带型。宁夏地区犊牛腹泻源产ESBLs大肠埃希氏菌耐药性严重，遗传差异较大，但不同菌株存在着不同程度的亲缘关系。     

广东鹅场大肠杆菌耐药状况及bla_(CTX-M)基因的传播特征

为揭示广东地区鹅场动物和环境源大肠杆菌的耐药情况及超广谱β-内酰胺酶CTX-M的流行与传播特征,本研究从广东省江门及阳江市共10处鹅场采集鹅及环境样品199份,采用MALDI-TOF-MS法分离鉴定大肠杆菌。采用琼脂稀释法对菌株进行耐药性分析,采用PCR法检测头孢噻肟耐药菌中bla_(CTX-M)基因及其基因环境,采用脉冲场凝胶电泳(PFGE)、接合转移和质粒复制子分型等方法探究bla_(CTX-M)基因的传播特征。结果显示,共获得196株大肠杆菌,对氨苄西林、多西环素、氟苯尼考和链霉素耐药率均超过50%,第三代头孢菌素耐药率为10%～25%,其中头孢噻肟耐药菌有49株(24.6%)。阳江地区大肠杆菌对受试药物的耐药率高于江门,且动物源高于环境源,尤其是头孢噻肟和头孢噻呋均存在显著差异(P0.05)。头孢噻肟耐药菌中共检出19株携带bla_(CTX-M)基因,包括bla_(CTX-M-55)(n=17)、bla_(CTX-M-27)(n=1)和bla_(CTX-M-65)(n=1),且bla_(CTX-M)基因阳性菌均可对5～11种药物耐药,呈现多重耐药的表型。bla_(CTX-M-55)基因环境均为ISEcp1-bla_(CTX-M-55)-orf477,且在ISEcp1与bla_(CTX-M)基因之间有3种长度的间隔序列;而bla_(CTX-M-27)和bla_(CTX-M-65)的基因环境均为ISEcp1-bla_(CTX-M-27/65)-IS903。19株bla_(CTX-M)基因阳性菌呈现10种PFGE谱型,存在一种主要流行的谱型(47.4%),其包括多种来源菌株,暗示存在克隆传播现象。12株(63.2%)bla_(CTX-M)基因阳性大肠杆菌中bla_(CTX-M)基因转移成功,bla_(CTX-M)基因阳性接合子携带的复制子型为IncFⅡ(n=10)和IncHⅠ2(n=2),且存在多西环素和氟苯尼考耐药表型与bla_(CTX-M)基因共转移现象。研究发现,阳江鹅场大肠杆菌耐药情况较为严重,bla_(CTX-M)基因存在一定的流行性且以bla_(CTX-M-55)亚型为主,bla_(CTX-M)基因阳性菌的克隆传播和质粒及插入序列ISEcp1介导的水平传播是导致该基因在鹅场大肠杆菌中扩散的主要原因,应引起高度重视。     

新疆犊牛源大肠杆菌系统进化及其耐药特性

本研究利用三重PCR的方法对新疆犊牛源大肠杆菌临床分离株进行系统进化分群,对不同进化群的菌株进行致病性和16种药物的敏感性试验。结果:粪便样品中分离出的127株大肠杆菌中非致病群A(37.8%)和高致病群D(30.7%)菌株分布相对较多,其次是低致病群B1(18.1%)和高致病群B2(13.4%);其中腹泻犊牛源(B2+D)群大肠杆菌明显多于健康犊牛。药敏结果显示,犊牛源大肠杆菌多重耐药表型的菌株占85.0%,主要分布在3耐~7耐,其中腹泻犊牛携带的大肠杆菌耐药率高于健康犊牛,D群大肠杆菌耐药率最高,B2群耐药率最低,A群和B1群居中。结论:新疆犊牛源大肠杆菌耐药性比较严重,应受到重视。     

奶牛乳房炎分离大肠杆菌的耐药性及脉冲场凝胶电泳分型研究

为了解宁夏地区奶牛乳房炎分离大肠杆菌的耐药表型及同源性特征,本试验采用肉汤微量稀释法测定了16种抗菌药物对66株奶牛乳房炎分离大肠杆菌的最低抑菌浓度(MIC),同时进行了脉冲场凝胶电泳(PFGE)分子分型研究.结果显示,66株大肠杆菌对氨苄西林、链霉素、四环素、多西环素、头孢菌素类抗生素和磺胺甲氧嘧啶的耐药率都比较高,而对阿米卡星、卡那霉素、多粘菌素、氟苯尼考及喹诺酮类药物则比较敏感.分离菌株最多耐受15种药,且主要以8耐、5耐和7耐为主.66株大肠杆菌中有54株能被PFGE分型,可分为A-a 27个型.分型结果显示,宁夏地区的奶牛场分离的菌株之间既存在垂直传播也存在水平传播,同一养殖场不同奶牛之间和不同养殖场的奶牛之间存在多重耐药大肠杆菌的克隆传播.     

猪源CTX-M型超广谱β-内酰胺酶阳性大肠杆菌耐药基因的流行性分析

为了解福建地区猪源CTX-M阳性大肠杆菌耐药性、耐药基因流行情况以及耐药质粒特征,本研究采用琼脂二倍稀释法测定福建地区分离的67株猪源CTX-M型超广谱β-内酰胺酶阳性大肠杆菌对13种抗菌药物的敏感性,通过PCR检测其重要的耐药基因;通过供体菌与受体菌(C600)的接合转移试验,检测携带CTX-M耐药基因耐药质粒的水平转移情况,并测定接合子的药物敏感性变化以及耐药质粒的复制子类型。结果显示,分离菌株对头孢噻呋(100%)、头孢噻肟(100%)和四环素(94.0%,63/67)耐药性较高,对阿米卡星相对敏感,耐药菌株仅占7.5%(5/67)。耐药基因检测结果显示,53.7%(36/67)的分离株携带3个以上耐药基因,黏菌素耐药基因mcr-1(49.3%,33/67)和氟苯尼考耐药基因floR(37.3%,25/67)的检出率较高,氟喹诺酮类耐药基因aac(6')-Ib-cr和oqxAB、四环素类耐药基因tetA、酰胺醇类耐药基因cmlA和磷霉素耐药基因fosA3的检出率在10.4%～19.4%,氨基糖苷类耐药基因rmtB(4.5%,3/67)的检出率最低;其中以CTX-M+mcr-1+floR耐药基因的组成模式流行为主,检出率为25.4%(17/67)。通过接合转移试验共获得21株接合子,与受体菌C600相比,其对受试药物,如头孢噻呋、头孢噻肟和庆大霉素等的最小抑菌浓度(MIC)提高了2～32倍。复制子分型结果显示17株分离菌分型成功,4株分离菌未能分型,其中以IncF型质粒为主。福建地区猪源CTX-M阳性大肠杆菌对抗菌药物呈较为严重的耐药性,耐药基因的携带率普遍较高且以mcr-1和floR基因流行为主,耐药质粒以IncF型为主。本研究为福建地区猪源大肠杆菌耐药性的风险评估与抗菌药的合理应用提供科学依据。     

河北地区蛋鸡源大肠杆菌分子分群、耐药性及生物被膜检测与分析

试验采用三重PCR法、结晶紫微孔板法和K-B药敏纸片法对分离自河北地区的120株蛋鸡源大肠杆菌分离株的系统进化分群、耐药性及生物被膜形成能力进行检测。结果显示,120株大肠杆菌中属于A群9株(7.5%),B1群24株(20%),B2群64株(53.3%),D群23株(27.5%),以B2+D群流行为主;120株大肠杆菌对氨苄西林、阿莫西林、头孢曲松等8种药物耐药率为45.8%～93.3%,其他药物的耐药率为15.0%～43.3%; B2+D群的大肠杆菌分离株对氨苄西林、阿莫西林、头孢曲松等12种药物的耐药率均高于A+B1群;120株大肠杆菌中强形成膜能力的菌株有58株(48.3%)、中形成膜能力的菌株有29株(24.3%)、弱形成膜能力的菌株有24株(20.0%)、不形成BF菌株的有9株(7.5%),BF形成能力强、中的菌株多属于B2群和D群;120株大肠杆菌分离株的BF形成能力与14种抗生素耐药性的符合率在73.7%以上。结果表明,120株蛋鸡源大肠杆菌的分子分群、耐药性及生物被膜形成能力之间存在一定的相关性。     

屠宰前鸡、猪源大肠杆菌耐药性调查

本试验旨在了解屠宰前鸡、猪源食品动物体内大肠杆菌耐药情况,分析潜在的食品安全问题。从广州市畜禽交易市场随机采集待屠宰鸡和猪的粪便样品,分离鉴定大肠杆菌,并采用琼脂稀释法检测大肠杆菌对15种抗菌药物的敏感性。结果显示,从658份猪源样品和133份鸡源样品中共分离鉴定出731株大肠杆菌,其中猪源606株,鸡源125株。药敏试验结果显示,731株大肠杆菌均表现出不同程度的耐药,耐药谱广且多重耐药现象严重。对复方新诺明和四环素的耐药率为90.0%以上,仅对头孢西丁、黏菌素和阿米卡星较敏感(耐药率均低于3%)。鸡源大肠杆菌对头孢噻肟、头孢曲松、新霉素、阿米卡星、萘啶酸和环丙沙星的耐药率显著高于猪源大肠杆菌(P＜0.05)。鸡源大肠杆菌中3耐及3耐以上的菌株占97.60%,猪源大肠杆菌占94.72%。结果表明,屠宰前畜禽体内大肠杆菌对临床常用抗菌药物的耐药性非常严重,以多重耐药为主,且耐药谱丰富多样。提示屠宰前畜禽携带的耐药菌对食品安全和人类健康存在较大的安全隐患。     

不同动物源大肠杆菌的耐药性调查

为了解畜禽源大肠杆菌的耐药状况,2011—2012年从患病和健康食品动物中分离鉴定大肠杆菌935株,包括健康猪源606株、患病猪源114株、患病鸡源51株、患病水禽源(鸭和鹅)164株。试验采用琼脂稀释法测定了不同动物来源的大肠杆菌对15种抗菌药物的敏感性。结果发现,大肠杆菌耐药严重,对大部分药物的耐药率超过70.0%,其中氨苄西林、复方新诺明和四环素的耐药率均达到了80.0%以上;仅对头孢西丁、黏菌素和阿米卡星较敏感,但患病水禽源大肠杆菌对阿米卡星的耐药率达到了52.4%,明显高于其他动物。健康畜禽源大肠杆菌对多数抗菌药的耐药率低于患病畜禽源大肠杆菌,表明抗菌药物的使用增加了病原菌对第3代头孢类药物和氟喹诺酮类药物的耐药率,势必增加临床治疗难度。     

食品动物源大肠杆菌多重耐药性监测

为掌握畜禽源大肠杆菌的耐药情况,了解其对各种抗菌药物的敏感程度,自广东地区临床分离鉴定出294株食品动物源大肠杆菌,采用琼脂稀释法测定294株大肠杆菌对14种抗菌药物的敏感性。结果显示,食品动物源大肠杆菌对各抗菌药的敏感性不同,且多重耐药现象较严重;受试大肠杆菌对四环素和复方新诺明的耐药率较高,均达到80%以上;对第3代头孢菌素类耐药率相对较低。     

鸭大肠杆菌超广谱β-内酰胺酶的检测及药物敏感性分析

分析鸭大肠杆菌的耐药性与超广谱β-内酰胺酶的关系,为临床相关感染的治疗提供理论依据。采用CLSI推荐的初步筛选试验和表型确证试验方法,检测了临床分离的12株鸭大肠杆菌产超广谱β-内酰胺酶的情况,用微量稀释法测定了环丙沙星等9种抗菌药对其的抗菌活性。临床分离的12株鸭大肠杆菌中,有4株产超广谱β-内酰胺酶,检出率为33%。产超广谱β-内酰胺酶的菌株对多种药物耐药,对氟喹诺酮类药物之间产生交叉耐药,对氟喹诺酮类、氨基糖苷类、头孢菌素类产生多重耐药性,产酶菌的耐药性明显大于非产酶菌。产超广谱β-内酰胺酶是鸭大肠杆菌对抗菌药物产生耐药性的主要机制之一。     

Antimicrobial susceptibility of Escherichia coli isolates from dairy farms using organic versus conventional production methods

OBJECTIVE: To compare antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of Escherichia coli isolates cultured from fecal samples from cows and calves on dairy farms that used organic (ie, no or severely limited antimicrobial use) versus conventional production methods. DESIGN: Cross-sectional study. SAMPLE POPULATION: Fecal samples from 10 cows and 10 calves on each of 30 organic dairy farms and 30 neighboring conventional dairy farms in Wisconsin. PROCEDURE: E. coli isolates obtained from the fecal samples were tested for susceptibility to 17 antimicrobials by means of a microbroth dilution test. Prevalence of antimicrobial resistance was compared between organic and conventional dairy farms. RESULTS: E. coli was isolated from 1,121 (94%) fecal samples. Farm type (organic vs conventional) and animal age (cow vs calf) were significantly associated with odds that E. coli isolates would be resistant to various antimicrobials. After controlling for age, logistic regression analyses indicated that isolates from conventional dairy farms had significantly higher rates of resistance to ampicillin, streptomycin, kanamycin, gentamicin, chloramphenicol, tetracycline, and sulfamethoxazole than did isolates from organic dairy farms. However, no significant differences were detected for the 10 other antimicrobials that were tested. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Results indicated that compared with isolates from conventional dairy farms, E. coli isolates from organic dairy herds have significantly lower prevalences of resistance to 7 antimicrobials; however, prevalence of resistance was not significantly different for 10 other antimicrobials. Resistance was more common for isolates from calves than for isolates from adult dairy cows.     

奶牛子宫内膜炎源性大肠埃希菌药敏试验与耐药基因检测

为探索奶牛子宫内膜炎源性大肠埃希菌耐药基因及其耐药性之间的关系。采用K-B纸片法对临床分离的54株奶牛子宫内膜炎源性大肠埃希菌进行12种抗菌药物敏感性测定,应用PCR进行这些抗菌药物相关耐药基因的检测。结果显示,54株大肠埃希菌对复方新诺明、恩诺沙星和四环素的耐药率较高,分别为67%、39%和35%。分离的54株大肠埃希菌中有41株至少含有所检测耐药基因中的1种,CyrA、CyrB、ParC和Tet耐药基因较为普遍,其耐药菌基因检出率依次为96%、83%、100%和95%,13株没有检测到相应的耐药基因。奶牛子宫内膜炎源性大肠埃希菌对常见抗菌药物耐药严重,耐药基因普遍存在于耐药菌株中,除氨基糖苷类耐药菌株,其他3种抗菌药物类型耐药表型与耐药基因检测结果有较高一致性。     

Study on Molecular Characterization of Class Ⅰ Integron and Integron-associated Antimicrobial Resistance in Escherichia coli from Beef Cattle

To investigate the prevalence and molecular characterization of class Ⅰ integron in Escherichia coli isolated from beef cattle, and analyze the relationship between integron and antimicrobial resistance, susceptibilities to 11 antimicrobials were conducted on 92 isolates, the presence and characterization of class Ⅰ integrons and inserted gene cassettes were performed using PCR combined with sequencing analysis. The results showed that 29 isolates had been detected positive for class Ⅰ integron integrase gene (intⅠ1) among 92 isolates, and aadA1 and dfrA17＋aadA5 were the most prevalent gene cassette arrays detected. The resistance rates of 92 isolates to ampicillin, streptomycin, sulfisoxazole and tetracycline were all more than 45.0%. As revealed by analyzing the association between resistance phenotypes and class Ⅰ integron, isolates that contained the class Ⅰ integron were significantly highly resistant to ampicillin, chloramphenicol, streptomycin, sulfisoxazole and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (P<0.05), but not to quinolones and amoxicillin/clavulanic acid. The conclusion was that E.coli isolated from beef cattle were seriously resistant to antimicrobials,and integron/cassettes widely existed. The presence of integrons and the association of antimicrobial resistance determinants with transferable elements might play a crucial role in the dissemination of antibiotic resistance among E.coli. Data reported here clearly emphasized the need for a stricter application of antimicrobials restriction policies in feedlot setting.     

宠物源大肠埃希菌的分离鉴定和耐药性研究

为调查长春地区宠物源大肠埃希菌耐药流行情况,从2家宠物医院采集135份宠物肛拭子样品,分离和鉴定大肠埃希菌并进行多重PCR分群。测定大肠埃希菌分离株对19种抗菌药物的耐药性,并鉴定超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)表型。共分离鉴定获得95株宠物源大肠埃希菌,它们对氨苄西林和哌拉西林的耐药率最高(78.9%和76.8%);其次是四环素(61.6%);对头孢唑林、头孢噻肟、头孢吡肟、庆大霉素、复方新诺明、环丙沙星和左氧氟沙星的耐药率均超过了50%;所有分离株均对亚胺培南和美罗培南敏感。其中15个分离株对受试的抗菌药物全部敏感(15.8%),63株呈多重耐药表型(66.3%)。ESBLs型菌株占53.7%。本研究探明了长春地区宠物源大肠埃希菌的耐药流行情况,对宠物临床上用药具有指导价值。     

Antimicrobial resistance in fecal Escherichia coli isolated from growing chickens on commercial broiler farms

To investigate the effects of rearing practices of commercial broiler chickens on the incidence of antimicrobial resistance in commensal Escherichia coli isolates, fecal E. coli isolates obtained in 4 farms were screened for anitimicrobial resistance. Ten E. coli isolates were recovered from each of the fecal samples collected from 10 birds in the farms at the ages of 2 days, 14-17 days, and 47-50 days. In 2 out of the 4 farms, no antimicrobials were used during the rearing period. In the other two farms, following collection of the fecal samples at 14 and 15 days of age, oxytetracycline (OTC), sulfadimethoxine (SDMX), and tylosin were given to birds on one farm and SDMX was used in the other. Isolates resistant to ampicillin and OTC that were obtained from an untreated flock at different sampling times were closely related to each other by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis patterns (PFGE) of XbaI-digested chromosomal DNA. PFGE analysis together with in vitro conjugation experiments suggested that diversity of resistance phenotypes within a clone may be resulted from the acquisition and loss of R-plasmids in an untreated and a treated flock. The numbers of resistance phenotypes observed among fecal isolates increased during the growth of the chickens in all the farms. The results in the present study suggest that persistence of commensal E. coli strains resistant to antimicrobials even in the absence of antimicrobial administration. It is also hypothesized that horizontal transmission of resistance determinants resulted in the emergence of different resistance phenotypes in those farms.