DHPLC对环丙沙星诱导沙门菌靶基因和调控基因的突变筛选

选择11株动物源沙门菌(包括6种血清型)进行环丙沙星耐药性体外诱导.应用变性高效液相色谱(DH-PLC)对11株诱导株不同诱导阶段的靶基因gyrA、gyrB、parC、parE的喹诺酮耐药决定区(QRDR)和mar操纵子基因marO、marR、marA、marB、soxR、soxS及外排泵acrAB的抑制基因acrR(包括启动子区)进行基因突变筛选,并对筛选出的突变基因进行测序确证.结果显示,6种血清型沙门菌在诱导过程中,GyrA突变集中在S83F和/或D87G,marR、soxR、acrR均出现新突变,提示在环丙沙星诱导压力下,因靶基因和调控基因突变使耐药性不断增加.     

临床分离大肠杆菌对氟喹诺酮类药物高耐药株AcrA的过量表达

大肠杆菌对氟喹诺酮类药物的耐药性通常由靶位酶DNA旋转酶和拓扑异构酶IV基因gyrA和parC突变介导，但是否基因突变单独就能介导高水平的耐药还不十分清楚。因为大肠杆菌对氟喹诺酮类药物耐药还存在主动外排系统——AcrAB—TolC介导的耐药。Everett等检测了36株对环丙沙星高水平耐药的大肠杆菌，发现所有菌株都存在gyrA的突变，     

沙门菌体内耐药性诱导模型的建立和体内外诱导耐药菌基因差异分析

以秀丽隐杆线虫N2野生型为宿主,将鼠伤寒沙门菌ATCC13311定植于线虫体内,然后使用梯度浓度递增法提高培养液中的环丙沙星浓度,诱导沙门菌在线虫体内产生耐药性,同时进行体外诱导耐药试验。对体内、外诱导耐药菌的gyrA、gyrB、parC和parE基因的氟喹诺酮耐药决定区(Quinolone resistance determining regions,QRDR)和外排泵抑制子基因(acrR、marR、ramR和soxR)进行PCR扩增、测序和分析。结果表明,鼠伤寒沙门菌ATCC13311定植于线虫体内,经过诱导后得到环丙沙星MIC为4 mg/L的耐药菌TN4,体外诱导试验获得环丙沙星MIC为4μg/mL的耐药菌TW4。TN4的gyrA基因发生了Asp87Asn突变。体外诱导耐药菌TW4的gyrA基因发生了Ser83Phe和Asp87Val突变,ramR基因出现了20bp的缺失。本研究建立了鼠伤寒沙门菌-秀丽隐杆线虫体内耐药性诱导模型,并比较了体内、外诱导耐药菌的基因突变差异,为进一步研究细菌在动物体内的耐药机理奠定了基础。     

氟喹诺酮类抗茵药对临床分离猪链球菌的防耐药变异浓度测定及一步耐药突变株的筛选

分别用微量肉汤稀释法(CLSI规定的标准方法)和琼脂二倍稀释法测定了4种氟喹诺酮抗菌药(环丙沙星、恩诺沙星、氧氟沙星、甲磺酸培氟沙星)对临床分离的32株氟喹诺酮敏感的猪链球菌的体外最小抑菌浓度(MIC)和防耐药变异浓度(MPC),比较二者的关系;分别与利血平和氰氯苯腙(CCCP)联合用药,检测了各抗菌药突变选择窗(MSW)内富集的一步耐药突变株是否存在主动外排泵机制;采用PCR和基因测序的方法检测在不同药物突变选择窗内筛选出的猪链球菌一步耐药突变株的DNA回旋酶(gyrA和gyrB)和拓扑异构酶IV(parC和parE)耐药决定区(QRDR)的基因突变和氨基酸序列变化,探明猪链球菌耐氟喹诺酮类药物的作用机制,分析不同氟喹诺酮药物在抑制猪链球菌时的特点,为临床用药提供依据.结果显示:4种药的MIC90.值从小到大依次为环丙沙星=恩诺沙星<氧氟沙星<甲磺酸培氟沙星,MPC90.值从小到大依次为恩诺沙星<氧氟沙星<环丙沙星<甲磺酸培氟沙星,选择指数(MPC/MIC)除了环丙沙星为16外,其余药物均为2;只在环丙沙星的耐药突变窗内筛选到了耐药株,但其DNA回旋酶(gyrA和gyrB)和拓扑异构酶IV(parC和parE)耐药决定区(QRDR)没有碱基或氨基酸的突变;与利血平联合用药时检测到了外排机制.结论:环丙沙星在治疗猪链球菌感染时很容易筛选出一步耐药突变株,从而导致猪链球菌对其产生耐药性,耐药机制可能是由主动外排泵介导产生.     

猪源链球菌对环丙沙星耐药性与耐药基因突变的相关性研究

通过微量稀释法测定28株猪源链球菌对环丙沙星的MIC值,研究东北地区猪源链球菌对环丙沙星耐药性与parC、gyrA基因突变的相关性.通过PCR方法扩增parC和gyrA基因喹诺酮耐药决定区(QRDR)并测序分析;18株耐药菌在parC基因80位的突变(AGC→ATT)导致氨基酸Ser→Ile突变,11株高度耐药菌在gyrA基因81位的突变(CAG→)CAT、CTT或CTA)导致氨基酸Ser→Ile、Phe或Tyr的突变.当菌株对环丙沙星的MIC值≤1μ/mL时,parC和gyrA基因的QRDR区均未有突变;而当MIC ≥2μg/mL时,ParC的氨基酸发生了Ser80→Ile的突变,同时发生GyrA氨基酸Ser81突变的菌株,耐药水平很高.研究表明,环丙沙星低水平类耐药是由于拓扑异构酶Ⅳ改变引起,而高水平耐药是由拓扑异构酶Ⅳ、DNA旋转酶共同改变引起的.实验结果证明,在一定条件下,耐药性的高低与突变位点的多少成正比.     

猪链球菌对氟喹诺酮类药物的耐药性与靶位突变相关性

旨在了解猪链球菌对氟喹诺酮类药物耐药性与parC、gyrA基因突变的相关性,通过微量稀释法测定34株猪链球菌对4种氟喹诺酮类药物的MIC值,采用PCR方法扩增并测序分析了临床分离的猪链球菌对氟唪诺酮类约物10株耐药株和9株敏感株的parC和gyrA基因喹诺酮耐药决定区(QRDRs).在氟喹诺酮类药物耐药菌株parC基因QRDRs发生Ser79→Phe、Arg 87→Leu的氨基酸突变,在4株高度耐药菌株gyrA基因QRDRs发生Arg66→Ser,Ser81→Arg氨基酸突变;当菌株对氟喹诺酮类药物敏感时,parC和gyrA基因的QRDR区均未有突变;而当MIC≥32 μg·L-1 时,parC的氨基酸发生了 Ser79→Phe的突变,同时发生gyrA氨基酸Arg66→Ser,Set81→Arg突变.结果表明,猪链球菌对氟喹诺酮类药物低水平类耐药是由parC单一位点突变引起,而高水平耐药是由parC和gyrA双位点突变引起.     

鸡源性沙门氏菌DNA旋转酶与耐氟喹诺酮类药物关系研究

取临床分离的、对5种氟喹诺酮类药物（环丙沙星、氧氟沙星、恩诺沙星、单诺沙星和沙拉沙星）均耐药的9株鸡源性沙门氏菌耐药株,提取其染色体DNA。设计引物gyrAF和gyrAR、gyrBF和gyrBR,分别扩增菌株DNA旋转酶gyrA基因和gyrB基因的氟喹诺酮类耐药决定区（QRDR）,对PCR扩增产物进行测序及序列分析。与质控菌株相比,9株临床分离耐药株中只有菌株38和60的gyrA基因发生单碱基突变,菌株38的gyrA基因第371位碱基发生C→T突变,菌株60的gyrA基因第350位碱基发生A→C突变,两处突变均位于QRDR内,其余菌株的核苷酸未发生任何突变。菌株38的碱基突变导致gyrA基因第99位氨基酸发生R→C取代,即Arg→Cys;菌株60的碱基突变导致gyrA基因第92位氨基酸发生M→L取代,即Met→Leu。9株临床分离鸡源性沙门氏菌氟喹诺酮类耐药株gyrB基因QRDR的核苷酸序列与质控菌株完全相同;只有菌株42的gyrB基因第1592位碱基发生C→A突变,但其位于gyrB基因QRDR之外,且菌株42的gyrB基因的碱基突变并没有导致相应氨基酸的改变。上述结果提示,DNA旋转酶gyrA基因和gyrB基因QRDR突变可能并非沙门氏菌耐药性产生的主要原因。     

MarA和SoxS共同调节大肠杆菌K12外排泵AcrAB-TolC的表达

利用Red同源重组技术构建大肠杆菌K12调控基因缺失菌株,探讨耐药发展过程中marRAB和soxRS对大肠杆菌K12外排泵AcrAB-TolC表达的调控作用。在环丙沙星浓度递增的条件下诱导K12及调控基因缺失菌株,分别获得系列突变菌株,测定各菌株对其他药物的MIC,并检测靶位基因突变情况。利用RT-PCR方法检测诱导突变株中外排泵基因、调控基因、膜孔蛋白基因的表达水平。结果表明,K12正向调控基因(marA和soxS)缺失株在环丙沙星选择压力下仅获得环丙沙星敏感性降低的菌株,而负向调控基因(marR和soxR)在环丙沙星选择压力下可获得环丙沙星中介和耐药的菌株,且诱导突变株仅出现与耐药有关的gyrA单突变(Ser83Leu和Asp87His)。正向调控基因marA和soxS缺失后,外排泵基因表达水平变化不明显,而负向调控基因marR和soxR缺失后,marA和soxS的表达水平显著升高,引起外排泵基因表达水平显著升高,最高达到约13倍。当阻遏蛋白SoxR被敲除后,soxS的表达水平没有变化,而marA的表达水平显著升高,外排泵基因acrB表达水平也升高,说明在调控AcrAB-TolC外排泵基因表达方面,marRA与soxRS存在功能上的冗余,即当其中一个调控因子功能缺陷时,另一个调控因子可以发挥互补调控功能。因此,MarA和SoxS对三聚体系统AcrAB-TolC的正向调控作用是通过解除负向调控蛋白MarR和SoxR对其的阻遏作用实现的,MarRA和SoxRS共同调节外排泵AcrAB-TolC的表达水平。     

沙门氏菌耐药株gyrA基因和parC基因突变特征分析

提取沙门氏菌染色体DNA，设计引物扩增gyrA基因和parC基因片段，克隆测序寻找耐药菌株的突变位点，通过系统的比较，分析氟喹诺酮类药物（以环丙沙星为代表）对各沙门氏菌MIC和耐药突变位点之间的关系。通过对耐药突变位点的研究，可以为下一步研究耐药性监测的快速方法提供理论基础。     

河南省猪产业链中耐头孢菌素沙门菌对β-内酰胺类和喹诺酮类药物的耐药机制分析

对河南省猪产业链中分离的28株耐头孢菌素沙门菌进行血清学分型、药敏试验和超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)筛查，并进一步采用PCR扩增和DNA测序检测β-内酰胺基因、喹诺酮类耐药基因以及喹诺酮类耐药决定区(QRDR)氨基酸突变。结果显示，河南省猪产业链中耐头孢菌素沙门菌的流行率为0.89%(28/3 137),其中肝脏样品流行率最高(4.98%,16/321);28株检测菌，共分为7种血清型，主要血清型为印第安纳(46.43%,n=13)和单相鼠伤寒变种(25%,n=7)。所有菌株除了黏杆菌素，对其他11种药物耐药率均高于60%,多重耐药率为100%;至少携带1种β-内酰胺酶基因，携带率最高的基因是blaCTX-M(89.29%,n=25),共携带有6种组合的β-内酰胺酶基因谱；共检测到4种喹诺酮类耐药基因(aac(6)-Ib-cr、oqxAB、qnrS和qnrC),gyrB和parE均无氨基酸突变，其中15株菌同时发生gyrA(Ser83Phe与Asp87Asn/Gly)突变和parC(Thr57Ser与Ser80Ile/Arg)突变，无论是否存在喹诺酮耐药基因，对环丙沙星均呈高水平的...     

Incidence of quinolone resistance in strains of Salmonella isolated from poultry, cattle and pigs in Germany between 1998 and 2001

This paper reports the susceptibility to the quinolone nalidixic acid and the fluoroquinolone ciprofloxacin of 14,514 strains of Salmonella isolated in Germany from poultry, cattle and pigs between 1998 and 2001. Quinolone-resistant salmonellae were most frequently isolated from poultry, with a prevalence of 10.2 to 16.8 per cent. Poultry-associated serotypes, such as Salmonella Paratyphi B (d-tartrate positive), Salmonella Hadar and Salmonella Virchow, had the highest prevalence of quinolone resistance, ranging between 35 and 74 per cent. All the nalidixic acid-resistant strains also had a reduced susceptibility to ciprofloxacin, with minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICS) of 0.125 to 2 microg/ml. A comparison of the MICS for ciprofloxacin of the strains of these poultry-associated serotypes and Salmonella Enteritidis phage type 4 isolated in 1998/99 and 2000/01 indicated that there had been a shift towards higher MIC values of up to 2 microg/ml. The quinolone resistance-determining region (QRDR) of the gyrA gene and the homologue region of the parC gene of 31 selected strains were sequenced. Several different amino acid changes were observed in gyrA of the quinolone-resistant isolates at positions 83 and 87, but no substitutions were observed in parC.     

Prevalence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance qnr genes in poultry and swine clinical isolates of Escherichia coli

The prevalence of qnr genes was investigated in veterinary clinical isolates of Escherichia coli in Guangdong province, China, and the aac (6')-Ib gene and the mutations in QRDRs of gyrase and topoisomerase IV were examined in qnr-positive strains. A total of 232 E. coli strains isolated from pig and poultry were screened for the presence of the qnrA, qnrB and qnrS genes by PCR and sequencing. The aac (6')-Ib gene was detected in qnr-bearing strains by PCR and sequencing. For all strains carrying qnr, MICs for six quinolones were determined. Mutations within the gyrase and topoisomerase were analyzed by PCR and sequencing for all the QRDRs of gyrA, gyrB, parC and parE. Among 232 E. coli isolates, 14 (6%) isolates were positive for the qnr gene, including one for qnrB, 13 for qnrS, but no qnrA was identified in this population. Detection of the aac (6')-Ib gene showed that one qnrS-positive isolate from pig and one qnrB-positive isolate from duck carried aac (6')-Ib gene, and both were the cr variant allele of aac (6')-Ib. All of the 14 isolates had MICs of ciprofloxacin more than 0.25 mg/L. Mutations in the QRDR of gyrA mutations were observed in 5 (35.7%) of the 14 strains. Three fluoroquinolone-resisting strains showed one mutation S83L of gyrA, while one S83I. One high-level resistance strains harboured gyrA S83L and A87N of gyrA. A singe mutation in site 58 of parC was detected in 3 (21.4%) strains. None mutations were found in QRDRs of gyrB and parE. The emergence of qnr genes in veterinary clinical E. coli isolates is described for the first time. This is also the first report of aac (6')-Ib-cr gene in E. coli isolates from food-producing animals.     

Molecular basis of quinolone resistance in Escherichia coli from wild birds

Nine quinolone resistant (minimal inhibitory concentration [MIC] was > 32 microg/mL for nalidixic acid, > 1 microg/mL for ciprofloxacin) isolates of Escherichia coli have been found in wild birds with septicemia. All of the isolates were aerobactin positive. The mechanisms of resistance were characterised by sequencing the quinolone resistance-determining region (QRDR) of the gyrA, gyrB, parC, and parE genes. Sequence analysis of the gyrA gene in all isolates identified only 1 nucleotide substitution at codon Serine-83 for Leucine-83. Sequence analysis of the gyrB, parC, and parE QRDR genes revealed no mutations in any of the isolates. This study was conducted to determine the importance of these genes in the susceptibility of E. coli strains isolated from wild birds to quinolones.     

A nucleotide mutation associated with fluoroquinolone resistance observed in gyrA of in vitro obtained Rhodococcus equi mutants

In this study, the quinolone resistance-determining region (QRDR) in gyrA and gyrB of in vitro fluoroquinolone-resistant Rhodococcus equi mutants was sequenced. These mutants were selected from four R. equi strains on blood agar plates containing ciprofloxacin or enrofloxacin. Each mutant became 8- to 64 or greater-fold resistant to fluoroquinolones compared with their parent strains. From the results of sequence analysis of QRDR in gyrA and gyrB, a nucleotide mutation of codon GAC for GGC in gyrA was detected in all mutants, but no mutation was observed in gyrB. This mutation leads to amino acid substitution of Asp for Gly in putative GyrA in R. equi. The position of this substitution corresponds to position 87 of GyrA in Escherichia coli. Our results suggest that the mutation of QRDR in gyrA, which was observed in in vitro fluoroquinolone-resistant R. equi mutants in this study, is closely associated with fluoroquinolone resistance.     

Characterization of fluoroquinolone resistance in Escherichia coli strains from ruminants.

Thirty-seven fluoroquinolone-resistant Escherichia coli strains from ruminants (according to Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines) were screened by molecular methods for mutations in the quinolone resistance-determining region (QRDR) of the gyrA and parC genes and for the presence of the qnrA gene. One of the strains studied was an enterohemorrhagic E. coli (EHEC) strain potentially pathogenic for humans. Three E. coli strains resistant to enrofloxacin (minimal inhibitory concentration [MIC] = 2 microg/ml) but not to ciprofloxacin (MIC = 1 microg/ml) presented single mutations in the gyrA and parC genes, while 34 strains resistant to both fluoroquinolones presented double and single mutations in gyrA and parC, respectively (31 strains), or double mutations in gyrA and parC (3 strains). The EHEC strain presented a double amino acid substitution in the GyrA protein (Ser-83-->Leu and Asp-87-->Gly) and a double amino acid substitution in the ParC protein (Gly-78-->Cys and Ser-80-->Arg), one of which has not been previously described. The present study shows that most of the mutations in the QRDR of the gyrA and parC genes of fluoroquinolone-resistant E. coli strains from ruminants are the same as those seen in E. coli strains from other animal species and humans and that there are no differences in mutation patterns in the QRDR of E. coli strains from healthy ruminants and those with diarrhea. No strains carried qnrA, which indicates that this gene does not play an important role in the selection of fluoroquinolone-resistant E. coli strains from ruminants.     

Prevalence of Salmonella serotypes in male mule ducks in Belgium

Salmonella species infections of male mule ducks were studied for 32 months in 100 flocks on nine duck farms in Belgium. The prevalence of Salmonella species infections changed significantly over time (P<0.001) with infection rates of 50, 13.4, 6.7, 2.6 and 2.9 per cent, respectively, at the time of arrival on the farm, at three, six and nine weeks of age, and when the ducks left the breeding unit to enter the force-feeding rooms (at 11 or 12 weeks of age). During the study period, 95 strains of Salmonella were isolated, belonging to 11 serotypes. S Indiana (42.1 per cent) and S Regent (36.8 per cent) were the two most common serotypes, whereas S Typhimurium and S Enteritidis were found only once (1.1 per cent). All isolated strains were resistant to at least two antimicrobials, but resistance to more than five antimicrobials was observed in 21.6 per cent of the strains.     

华中地区鸡源沙门菌分离鉴定及耐药性分析

为了探明华中地区种鸡场沙门菌(Salmonella)的优势血清型和耐药情况,本研究从湖北、河南、湖南等省市22个规模化鸡场采集病鸡、死胚及弱雏组织样品3 724份,通过分离培养、生化试验、PCR鉴定及血清型试验确定分离菌种属及其血清型,并采用Kirby-Bauer法对分离菌株进行了耐药性分析。结果显示,本试验从3 724份病料中共分离鉴定出124株沙门菌,其中79株为D群肠炎沙门菌(63.71%,79/124),34株为D群鸡白痢沙门菌(27.42%,34/124),8株为B群鼠伤寒沙门菌(6.45%,8/124),有3株沙门菌未能确定血清型。O抗原鉴定79株肠炎沙门菌和34株鸡白痢沙门菌为O9,8株鼠伤寒沙门菌为O4。H抗原鉴定79株肠炎沙门菌为Hg,m,8株鼠伤寒沙门菌为Hi。药敏试验结果显示,124株分离菌株对萘啶酸、氨苄青霉素、四环素和多西环素耐药率分别为95.97%(119/124)、91.94%(114/124)、57.26%(71/124)和70.16%(87/124);对复方新诺明和红霉素耐药率分别为25.81%(32/124)和12.10%(15/124);对氯霉素、庆大霉素、头孢噻肟和卡那霉素耐药率分别为6.45%(8/124)、1.61%(2/124)、1.61%(2/124)和0.81%(1/124);对左氧氟沙星、阿米卡星和多黏菌素B完全敏感。99.19%(123/124)的分离株至少对一种药物耐药,87.10%(108/124)的分离株表现多重耐药。本研究为华中地区养鸡场沙门菌的诊断及防控提供了数据支撑。