Upgrading of urea formaldehyde-bonded reed and wheat straw particleboards using silane coupling agents

Reed and wheat straw particleboards bonded with urea formaldehyde (UF) resin were manufactured from two different material configurations (i.e., fine and coarse particles). The board densities were in the range of 0.550–.90g/cm³. The effects of particle size and board density on the board properties were examined. The properties of particleboard produced from fine particles were better than those made from coarse particles. An increase in board density resulted in a corresponding improvement in the board properties. The properties of OF bonded reed and wheat straw particleboards were relatively lower than those of commercial particleboards. Three silane coupling agents were used to improve the bondability between the reed and wheat particles and OF resin. Results of this study indicate that all the board properties were improved by the addition of silane coupling agent. The degree of improvement achieved from each coupling agent was different; epoxide silane was found to be more effective for reed straw particleboard, and amino silane was better for wheat straw particleboard.     

Improvement mechanism of bondability in UF-bonded reed and wheat straw boards by silane coupling agent and extraction treatments

The effects of silane coupling agents and extractives on the wettability of reed and wheat straws were investigated. The inherent wettability of these materials was low but could be significantly improved by treating with silane coupling agents. The degree of improvement achieved by each silane coupling agent was different: Vinyl silane had almost no effect on wettability, epoxide silane was found to be more effective for reed straw, and amino silane was better for wheat straw. The wettability of these materials could also be improved by ethanol-benzene extraction, which resulted in more improvement in wheat straw than reed straw. The analyses of untreated reed and wheat straws by electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA) revealed that there was much silicon on both the outer and inner surfaces of the former but only on the outer surface of the latter. The influence of hot-water extractives and silane coupling agents on the gelation time and pH of urea formaldehyde (UF) resin was also examined. The addition of extractives was found to increase the gelation time. Amino silane greatly retarded the gelation of OF resin, whereas epoxide and vinyl silanes had no influence on resin gelation. This retardation was found to be due to an increase in the pH of the resin.     

Development of high-performance UF-bonded reed and wheat straw medium-density fiberboard

Urea formaldehyde resin-bonded reed and wheat straw fiberboards were produced from the fibers made under different steam cooking conditions in refining processes at densities of 500 and 700kg/m³. The effect of steam cooking conditions on the board properties was examined. The steam pressure and cooking time for reed and wheat straws were 0.4MPa/10min and 0.4MPa/5min, respectively, and 0.6MPa/3min and 0.6MPa/10min for both straws. The effect of steam cooking treatment before the fiber refining process on the wettability and weight losses of the straws was also investigated. The results indicated that the mechanical properties and linear expansion of the straw medium-density fiberboard (MDF) were improved with increasing steam cooking pressure and time during the refining process, whereas the thickness swelling (TS) did not vary much. The wettability of the straws was improved by cooking treatment. The steam cooking conditions had little effect on the wettability of the straw surfaces. For reed and wheat straws, the weight losses increased with increasing steam pressure and cooking time. In addition, it was found that the properties of MDF were significantly higher than those of particleboard, especially the internal bond (IB), where the IB values of MDF were more than 10 times higher than those of particleboard. All the properties of the straw MDF, except the TS of wheat board, can meet the requirement of JIS fiberboard standard. The high performances of MDF could be due to the improved wettability and the removal of extractives during the refining process.     

Properties of wheat straw particleboards bonded with different types of resin

Wheat straw particleboard bonded with a urea–formaldehyde (UF) resin, usually employed in the manufacture of wood-based particleboards, or with a resin based on epoxidised oil was manufactured using a compression molding machine. The effects of resin type on internal bond strength, flexural modulus, and thickness swelling were examined. The properties of boards using UF resins were poor. Internal bond strength and thickness swelling, linked to adhesion quality, were especially low. The high compatibility between straw particles and oil-based resin was explained in terms of straw surface free energy. In straw, this parameter exhibits a much lower polar component than wood species and leads to higher compatibility with resins based on oil than with water-soluble systems like UF.     

Use of amino silane coupling agent to improve physical and mechanical properties of UF-bonded wheat straw(Triticum aestivum L.) poplar wood particleboard

We evaluated the potential use of amino silane coupling agent(Si NH) to improve physical and mechanical properties of UF-bonded wheat straw(Triticum aestivum L.) poplar wood particleboard. We examined the effects of varied content of silane coupling agent content and ratios of straw to poplar wood particles on particleboard properties. The ratios of straw to poplar wood particles were100:0, 85:15, 70:30 and 55:45. Silane coupling agent content was tested at three levels, 0, 5 and 10 %. The experimental panels were tested for their mechanical strength, including modulus of elasticity(MOE), modulus of rupture(MOR), internal bonding(IB) and physical properties according to procedures specified in DIN 68763(Chipboard for special purposes in building construction:concepts, requirements, testing, 1982–03, 1982). All board properties were improved by the addition of silane coupling agent. The use of poplar wood particles had a positive effect on the mechanical properties of wheat straw particleboard but had a negative effect on physical properties(thickness swelling and water absorption).     

The influence of silane coupling agent and poplar particles on the wet-tability,surface roughness,and hardness of UF-bonded wheat straw （Triticum aestivum L.）/poplar wood particleboard

We used silane coupling agents to improve the bonding ability between wheat straw particles and UF resin, and investigated surface properties （wettability and surface roughness） and hardness of parti-cleboard made from UF-bonded wheat straw （Triticum aestivum L.） combined with poplar wood as affected by silane coupling agent content and straw/poplar wood particle ratios. We manufactured one-layered particleboard panels at four different ratios of straw to poplar wood par-ticles （0%, 15%, 30% and 45% wheat straw） and silane coupling agent content at three levels of 0, 5% and 10%. Roughness measurements, average roughness （Ra）, mean peak-to-valley height （Rz）, and root mean square roughness （Rq） were measured on unsanded samples by using a fine stylus tracing technique. We obtained contact angle measurements by using a goniometer connected to a digital camera and computer sys-tem. Boards containing greater amounts of poplar particles had superior hardness compared to control samples and had lower wettability. Panels made with higher amounts of silane had lower Rq values.     

麦秸染色预处理工艺与染色剂筛选

选取直接染料、活性染料、碱性染料在热浸渍条件下对不同预处理后的麦秸进行染色试验.根据色度学指标及染料上染率的对比分析,考察不同预处理方式对麦秸染色效果的影响,优选适合麦秸的染料种类和预处理工艺.结果表明:麦秸在1％氢氧化钠预处理去蜡层,用直接染料、碱性染料、活性染料分别染色后,其色度学指标△E*分别为46.27、49.52和57.31,上染率分别为43.71％、50.12％和75％,活性染料染色后的麦秸色彩较其他两种染料效果好,并且染料利用率较高.     

The effect of urea pretreatment on the formaldehyde emission and properties of straw particleboard

For manufacturing low-formaldehyde emission particleboard from wheat straw and urea-formaldehyde (UF) resins using urea treatment for indoor environments, we investigated the influence of urea treatment on the formaldehyde emission, physical and mechanical properties of the manufactured particleboard. Wheat straws were treated at three levels of urea concentration (5%, 10%, 15%) and 95℃as holding temperature. Wheat straw particleboards were manufactured using hotpress at 180℃and 3 MPa with two types of UF adhesive (UF-45,UF-91). Then the formaldehyde emission values, physical properties and mechanical properties were considered. The results show that the formaldehyde emission value was decreased by increasing urea concentration. Furthermore, the results indicate that the specimens under urea treatment have better mechanical and physical properties compared with control specimens. Also specimens under urea treatment at 10% concentration and UF-91 type adhesive have the most optimum physical and mechanical strength.     

Effects of five additive materials on mechanical and dimensional properties of wood cement-bonded boards

There is a growing desire to improve the properties and use of nonwood plant materials as supplements to wood materials for wood cement-bonded boards (WCBs). This study was conducted to determine the comparative properties of WCBs containing various amounts of discontinuous inorganic fiber materials, such as alkali-resistant glass fiber, normal glass fiber, mineral wool, and nonwood plant materials such as retted flax straw and wheat straw particles. Tested cement-bonded boards were made at wood/additive compositions of 100/0, 90/10, 80/20, 70/30, 60/40, and 50/50 (weight percentages). Seventy-eight laboratory-scale WCBs were produced. Various board properties, such as the modulus of rupture (MOR), internal bonding strength (IB), water absorption (WA), thickness swelling (TS), and linear expansion (LE), were studied. The test results showed that three types of discontinuous inorganic fiber used as reinforcing materials in composites significantly enhanced and modified the performance of WCBs. The mechanical properties and dimensional stability of cement-bonded board were significantly improved with increasing amounts of the additives. MOR and IB were increased; and WA, TS, and LE of boards were reduced by combination with the inorganic fiber materials. The results also indicated that combination with retted flax straw particles only slightly increased the MOR of boards, and wheat straw particles led to marked decreases in all the mechanical properties and the dimensional stability of WCBs.Part of this report was presented at the 50th Annual Meeting of the Japan Wood Research Society, Kyoto, April 2000     

Comparative study of organic solvent and water-soluble lipophilic extractives from wheat straw I: yield and chemical composition

 The chemical composition of six lipophilic extractives from wheat straw by extraction with toluene-ethanol (2 : 1, v/v), chloroform-methanol (2 : 1, v/v), methyl tert-butyl ether, hexane, petroleum ether, and dichloromethane, respectively, in a Soxhlet extractor, and one water-soluble lipophilic extract has been examined. Five main lipid classes (free fatty/resin acids, sterols, waxes, steryl esters, triglycerides) were identified and their individual components quantified by gas chromatography as their trimethylsilyl (TMS) esters (free fatty/resin acids) and TMS ethers (sterols). The abundant saturated fatty acids were palmitic acid (C16:0), myristic acid (C14:0), and pentadecanoic acid (C15:0). Palmitoleic acid (C16:1), linoleic acid (C18:2), and oleic acid (C18:1) were the major unsaturated free fatty acids. Abietic acid was detected as the only single component in the resin acids. Of the sterols identified, β-sitosterol was found to be the major compound together with minor amounts of cholesterol, ergosterol, stigmasterol, and stigmastanol. Palmityl palmitate and oleyl palmitate were identified as the major components in waxes. The steryl esters analyzed were composed of steryl laurate, steryl myristate, steryl palmitate, steryl heptadecanoate, and steryl oleate. Tripalmitin, dipalmitoyl-oleoylglycerol, and triolein were the major components of the triglycerides. Received: January 29, 2001 / Accepted: January 30, 2001 Acknowledgments We are grateful for the financial support of this research from the LINK program (fractionation of wheat straw) of the U.K. Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries, and Food, and the prominent young scientist program of National Natural Science Foundation of China (no. 30025036). We also thank Mrs. Jianmin Fang for her help with extraction of the samples. Correspondence to:R.C. Sun     

无机复合型阻燃剂对稻草刨花板阻燃性能的影响

选用氢氧化铝(ATH)与硼酸锌(ZB)组成的无机复合型阻燃剂压制阻燃稻草刨花板,采用锥形量热仪法研究不同配比的ATH和ZB对稻草刨花板阻燃性能的影响。结果表明:无机复合型阻燃剂能有效减少稻草刨花板的热释放和烟释放,减少烟气中CO和CO2的释放浓度,降低燃烧过程中的质量损失速率,表现出良好的阻燃抑烟效果;ATH与ZB具有协同阻燃作用,ZB的加入能有效提高复合阻燃剂的阻燃效果,减少ATH的用量,10%的ATH用量可达到比较好的阻燃效果。     

Comparative study of organic solvent-soluble and water-soluble lipophilic extractives from wheat straw 2: spectroscopic and thermal analysis

As a continuing study of six organic solventsoluble lipophilic extractives and one water-soluble lipophilic extract from wheat straw, seven extracts were further compared using Fourier transform-infrared (FT-IR) analysis,¹H and¹³C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, and thermal analysis. In the FT-IR spectra of two-thirds chloroform/one-third methanol, methyltertbutyl ether (MTBE), hexane, petroleum ether, and dichloromethane extracts, a strong band at 1746cm^–1 is indicative of the ester carbonyl of triglycerides or steryl esters or waxes, whereas the occurrence of carboxylic carbonyl of free fatty acids or resin acids at 1712–1719 cm^–1 is verified in the spectra of two-thirds toluene/one-third ethanol and hot water extracts. Signals at 187.9,178.4, and 173.3 ppm in the¹³C NMR spectrum of MTBE extract correspond to carbonyl groups of resin acids, fatty acids, and fatty acid/steryl esters, respectively. All the extractives were to varying degrees thermally unstable at a temperature of about 200°C, and the melting temperature occurred at about 54°C.     

p-TsOH对稻草的组分分离动力学及分离产物性质

在当前资源短缺和能源危机问题的背景下,用稻草等非木质纤维素原料制备生物质基材料等的研究备受重视。使用质量分数20%～60%的对甲苯磺酸,在60～80℃的反应温度、15～60 min的时间内对稻草进行组分分离,得到的纤维固体产物的得率基本在60%以上,灰分含量在10%以上。通过固体产物与废液等的化学成分分析,得到组分分离的脱木质素反应动力学曲线、半纤维素降解动力学曲线和反应动力学方程相应的参数值。分析了反应的联合脱木质素因子(CDF)跟固体产物的纤维组成、形态和表面电荷等之间的关系。根据反应剧烈程度,把CDF曲线分成3部分:当CDF值小于3 000 min·mol/L时,纤维分离不彻底;当CDF值为3 000～6 000 min·mol/L时,纤维分离程度较好;当CDF值大于6 000 min·mol/L时,纤维虽分离良好,但纤维断裂较多,碎片化严重。CDF因子越高,纤维表面Zeta电位绝对值越高,但红外光谱和羧基含量结果显示纤维的官能团类型没有变化。CDF曲线转折点附近的P30T80t30和P45T70t60条件下的纤维得到了有效的分离,并较好地保持了纤维形态,适用于造纸。     

Effects of mat moisture content and press closing speed on the formation of density profile and properties of particleboard

Isocyanate resin-bonded 0.5 and 0.7 g/cm³ lauan (Shorea sp.) particleboards were produced from mats with uniform and distributed moisture content (MC) distributions, using three hot press closing speeds. The effects of these processing variables on the formation of density profile in particleboard and board properties were analyzed statistically. A definition of the density profile was introduced, and the correlations among the various defining factors were established. The results are summarized as follows. (1) The peak density (PD) of particleboard could be increased, with a slight reduction in the core density (CD), using mats with different MC distributions. (2) In a conventional density profile, CD and PD are highly dependent on the board mean density (MD); and the gradient factor (GF), peak distance from the faces (Pdi), and peak base (Pb) are significantly correlated to each other, at the 99% significance level. (3) Greater press closing speed reduces Pdi and Pb, with an increase in GF. (4) Greater press closing speed could increase the PD in board of low MD, with minimal effect on CD. (5) The modulus of elasticity (MOE) of particleboards from mats with high MC near the faces were consistently higher than those from mats with uniform MC, irrespective of the press closing speed, whereas their modulus of rupture (MOR) became indifferent at higher MD under slow and fast closing speeds. (6) Sanding does not improve the MOR and MOE of particleboard significantly.     

Influence of moisture content on the vibrational properties of hematoxylin-impregnated wood

The vibrational property of hematoxylinimpregnated wood was investigated from the aspect of moisture content dependence. The specific dynamic Young's modulus (E/) and loss tangent (tan) of hematoxylin-impregnated wood were determined in the relative humidity (RH) range of 0%–97%, and were compared with those of the untreated and some conventional chemically treated woods. The changes in theE/ and tan of wood with increasing RH were suppressed by acetylation and formaldehyde treatment because of a marked reduction in the hygroscopicity of the wood. Although the hematoxylin impregnation did not significantly affect the hygroscopicity of the wood, its influence onE/ and tan were similar to that of formaldehyde treatment at low RH and of acetylation at medium RH. It was supposed that at low to medium RH hematoxylin restrains the molecular motion of amorphous substances in the cell wall because of its bulkiness and rigidity. On the other hand, at high RH it seems to work as a plasticizer with adsorbed water molecules.     

修枝处理对杨-麦复合模式内小麦产量和品质的影响

以杨-麦复合模式及小麦单作模式为研究对象,设计了4种修枝处理,比较不同修枝处理内小气候因子、小麦产量及品质的差异,并分析影响小麦产量及品质的主要小气候因子。结果表明：杨-麦复合模式内小麦穗长、单穗重、麦粒长、千粒重及产量均显著低于对照模式,但小麦营养成分含量表现不一;对杨-麦复合模式内欧美杨107进行不同修枝处理后,处理Ⅰ内小麦产量及品质要好于其他3种修枝处理。可见,小麦产量及品质随杨-麦复合模式内小气候因子的改变而发生变化,而小气候因子的变化与杨树修枝强度与方法密切相关。因此,为实现杨树与农作物“双赢”,应采用处理Ⅰ的修枝方法开展杨树修枝,即从造林第5年春季修除第1年生的轮生枝,第6年春季修除第2年生的轮生枝。     

热磨条件对麦秸中密度纤维板性能的影响

在不同的热磨条件下(蒸汽压力为0.4、0.6、0.8、1.0MPa,磨盘转数为2 500r/min和3 000r/min),将麦秸原料分离成纤维,并试制了相应的麦秸中密度纤维板,对比分析了不同的热磨条件对麦秸中密度纤维板的内结合强度、弯曲性能、吸水性能、表面硬度和边部握螺钉力的影响。结果表明,不同的热磨条件下分离得到的麦秸纤维形态存在差异,纤维的强度和形态对麦秸中密度纤维板的物理力学性能影响较大。当蒸汽压力为0.8MPa,磨盘转数为3 000r/min,麦秸中密度纤维板的各项性能得刮改善。     

稻草覆盖对果园土壤温度与含水量的影响

在洮南市北部半山区的果树试验场,按果树树冠垂直投影筑树盘,对树盘进行稻草覆盖处理,研究其对土壤温度与含水量的影响。结果表明：覆草处理能够有效地提高土壤含水量,年平均含水量比清耕地高出16．0％;经覆草处理的土壤,生长前期土温上升缓慢,后期土温下降缓慢,越冬前,土温高于清耕地2．00℃,可减少低温对根系的危害。     

Effects of heat treatment on some properties of MDF (medium-density fiberboard)

This work investigated some mechanical, physical and free formaldehyde emission properties of heat-treated MDF. For this purpose, MDF panels were subjected to varying heat treatment temperatures (155°C, 165°C and 175°C), durations (2.5?h., 3.5?h. and 4.5?h.) and waiting times after hot pressing (30?min., 120?min. and 600?min). Thickness swelling (TS), water absorption (WA), free formaldehyde emission (FFE), bending strength (BS), modulus of elasticity (MOE), tensile strength perpendicular to fibers (TSPF) for treated and untreated samples were tested and evaluated statistically. Consequently, after the heat treatment values of tensile strength, bending strength and modulus of elasticity were almost negatively affected relatively, but the thickness swelling and water absorption and quantities of free formaldehyde were improved positively of MDF samples.     

木聚糖酶处理对麦草化学组成及其纸浆纤维长度的影响

研究了木聚糖酶预处理对麦草的化学组成及其化学浆纤维长度的影响。结果表明,木聚糖酶酶处理后原料的热水抽出物和1%NaOH抽出物含量增加,乙醇-苯酚(苯-醇)抽出物含量有所降低,酶处理对原料中酸不溶木质素含量影响很小,但聚戊糖含量降低。延长酶处理时间,对酶处理最终结果影响不大。酶处理后的稀碱抽提可以有效地降低原料中的木质素和聚戊糖含量。与对照样品相比,酶处理后麦草化学浆的纤维长度有所增加。上述结果从理论上解释了酶法制浆过程中出现的一些现象。