锌镉交互作用对伴矿景天锌镉吸收性的影响

采用水培试验、不同Zn、Cd污染程度农田土壤结合外加Zn、Cd基础上的土培盆栽法,研究了不同Zn、Cd浓度交互作用对伴矿景天生长及Zn、Cd吸收和分布的影响.水培试验结果表明,增加溶液中Zn和Cd浓度,伴矿景天各组织中Zn和Cd浓度显著增加,但两个高浓度处理间没有显著差异;Zn在伴矿景天体内呈不均匀分布且与水培溶液中Zn和Cd浓度有关,当溶液中Zn浓度＞Cd浓度时,表现为新叶＞成熟叶＞其他部位＞＞根,反之则为成熟叶＞其他部位＞新叶＞＞根;而Cd在伴矿景天不同部位的分布没有一致的规律性;Zn、Cd交互作用主要体现在伴矿景天新叶上:在溶液中外加Cd时,Zn对伴矿景天新叶中Cd浓度具有“低促高抑”效应,而Cd处理对新叶中Zn浓度具有拮抗效应.土培试验也表明,添加Zn显著促进伴矿景天对土壤中Cd的吸收,外加Cd对伴矿景天Zn吸收具有拮抗效应;但无论Zn或Cd,外加量过大均会显著抑制伴矿景天的生长,降低修复效率.     

不同生境下锌镉在伴矿景天不同叶龄叶中的富集与分布特征

田间试验、温室盆栽和生长室水培试验研究了Zn和Cd超富集植物伴矿景天不同叶龄叶片的Zn、Cd富集和分布特征。结果显示,田间条件下伴矿景天新叶中Cd浓度高于成熟叶、但新叶中Zn浓度低于成熟叶。温室盆栽试验发现,连续种植伴矿景天,第4季时低污染土壤（S1）上新叶中Zn浓度低于成熟叶,但高污染土壤（S4）上新叶中Zn浓度高于成熟叶;而到了第6季,S1、S4上新叶中Zn浓度均低于成熟叶,且在S1上两者达到显著水平;第4和第6季,伴矿景天新叶中Cd浓度始终高于成熟叶（除S1成熟叶中Cd浓度略高于新叶外）。水培试验结果发现,无论在高Zn（600 mmol/L）、高Cd（100 mmol/L）,还是低Zn（10 mmol/L）、低Cd（1 mmol/L）处理,新叶中Zn、Cd浓度均高于成熟叶;而且随着处理时间的延长,新叶和成熟叶中Zn、Cd浓度均明显上升。水培条件下,新叶和成熟叶中Zn最高分别为43 107、33 774 mg/kg（以干重计）（600 mmol/L,处理56 天）;新叶和成熟叶中Cd的最高浓度分别为15 057、9 060 mg/kg（以干重计）（100 mmol/L Cd,处理56 天）。这些结果表明,Zn、Cd在伴矿景天新叶和成熟叶中富集和分布与其生长介质中Zn、Cd的浓度尤其是有效态浓度、处理时间及植物所处的生长阶段等有关,同时也表明Zn、Cd优先分布于新叶可能与伴矿景天超富集Zn、Cd的机制有关。     

水分特征对伴矿景天生长和重金属吸收性的影响

利用盆栽试验研究了水分特征对伴矿景天生长和重金属吸收性的影响.结果表明:在70% 土壤最大田间持水量(70%WHC)处理下,伴矿景天生长最好,其地上部鲜重显著高于其他处理;70%WHC处理伴矿景天对重金属吸收能力最强,其茎中Zn的浓度显著高于其他处理,茎中Cd的浓度分别比35%WHC、100%WHC、淹水处理高27.1%、29.0%、63.1%;叶中的Zn浓度表现出与茎中相同趋势,叶中Cd的浓度与茎中不同,以100%WHC处理最高.70%WHC处理下,植物提取Zn、Cd的效率最高,其修复效率均显著高于其他处理.这些结果表明,土壤水分状况在土壤重金属污染伴矿景天植物吸取修复中起着重要作用.     

铜对伴矿景天生长及锌镉吸收性的影响

利用植物生长室水培试验和温室土培盆栽试验相结合,研究了Cu对Zn、Cd超积累植物伴矿景天生长及Zn、Cd吸收性的影响。水培试验结果显示,0.31～50μmol/L Cu处理14天对伴矿景天生长及对Zn、Cd吸收性没有显著影响;但100μmol/L Cu处理显著抑制植物生长,降低地上部Zn、Cd及根中Cd浓度,对根中Zn浓度变化没有显著影响。盆栽试验结果发现,在土壤Cu仅为3.61 mg/kg时伴矿景天生长不良,外加Cu显著促进其生长并随Cu浓度升高效应增加;但施用3 mmol/kgEDDS和再次外加250 mg/kg Cu处理使伴矿景天因体内Cu积累量过高而导致明显毒害,地上部Cu最高达1 068 mg/kg。可见低量Cu处理可促进伴矿景天生长,利于植物对土壤Zn、Cd的吸取修复,但土壤中Cu浓度过高将抑制Zn、Cd超积累植物的生长,降低其Zn、Cd吸收能力,在利用该Zn、Cd超积累植物修复高Cu的Zn和Cd污染土壤时应采取适当措施降低Cu毒害效应。     

养分调控对超积累植物伴矿景天生长及锌镉吸收性的影响

采用四因素三水平正交设计温室盆栽试验研究了N、P、K三因素不同水平对Zn、Cd超积累植物伴矿景天的生长及地上部Zn、Cd吸收性的影响。结果表明,增施N肥是伴矿景天地上部干重增加的主要因素,高N配施低P(200 mg/kg N,60 mg/kg P,不施K)处理的伴矿景天地上部干重达最大值31.2 g/盆(1.5 kg土/盆),是不施肥处理的3.15倍。增施K肥是提高伴矿景天地上部重金属尤其是Cd浓度和吸收量的主要影响因子,高量K处理比不施K处理地上部Cd浓度增加28.1%;低量施P也可提高伴矿景天的Zn吸取修复效率。综合考虑伴矿景天生物量及其对Zn、Cd的吸取效率,本试验条件下低量N、P肥配施高量K肥为最佳施肥处理(N1P1K2),种植伴矿景天一季对Zn、Cd的吸取量分别为11.2 mg/kg±0.1 mg/kg和0.12 mg/kg±0.02 mg/kg。     

里氏木霉FS10-C对伴矿景天吸取修复镉污染土壤的强化作用

为提高伴矿景天对Cd污染土壤的修复效果,通过盆栽模拟试验,研究了木霉(Trichoderma)对伴矿景天生和Cd修复效率的影响.结果表明:Cd的加入抑制了伴矿景天的生长;伴矿景天在Cd含量为5 mg/kg模拟污染土壤中对Cd提取效率最高.在不同Cd污染水平下,里氏木霉(T.reesei)FS10-C使伴矿景天地上部干重比对照组增加了17.1％ ～42.5％,显著提高伴矿景天地上部对Cd的积累;在15 mg/kg Cd处理下,里氏木霉FS10-C处理组植物地上部Cd积累量高于对照组46.2％但对于土壤中NH4OAc提取态Cd含量影响不显著.说明里氏木霉FS10-C能提高伴矿景天对Cd的抗性,增加其生物量,从提高其修复效率.因此,里氏木霉FS10-C具有强化伴矿景天修复Cd污染土壤的应用潜力.     

EDTA与GA_3强化黑麦草修复Cd污染土壤及其解毒机制

采用盆栽土培方法研究生长调节剂GA3和重金属螯合剂EDTA强化黑麦草修复Cd外源浓度分别为50mg/kg和100mg/kg的污染土壤以及黑麦草对Cd的解毒机制。结果表明:EDTA单独作用可提高黑麦草体内Cd含量和Cd在细胞可溶组分和细胞器组分中的比例,以及Cd在地上部分的移动性,Cd对植物的毒害作用也随之增强,导致植物生物量大大降低(P0.05)。叶面喷洒GA3可促进黑麦草的生长和对Cd的富集,其中10μmol/L GA3效果最显著。GA3可促进细胞壁对Cd的沉积作用,降低Cd在地上部分的移动性,从而增强植物对重金属的耐性。GA3和EDTA的联合使用表明GA3和EDTA可协同促进黑麦草对Cd的提取和富集,10μmol/L GA3+EDTA联合作用效果最佳,GA3可在一定程度上缓解EDTA和Cd对植物的伤害。因此,10μmol/L GA3+EDTA处理对强化黑麦草修复Cd污染土壤效果最显著,可作为实际植物修复的强化措施。     

调控剂对锌镉污染土壤植物修复效率及后茬蔬菜重金属吸收的影响

采用盆栽试验,在连续12年高量施用污泥有机肥引起的Zn、Cd污染土壤上种植伴矿景天,并向土壤中添加亚氨基二琥珀酸(IDS)、乙二胺二琥珀酸三钠(EDDS)、硫磺等化学调控剂及稳定剂钙镁磷肥,研究调控剂对伴矿景天吸收Zn、Cd及施用钙镁磷肥对后茬蔬菜重金属污染风险的影响,以期探索出既可提高超积累植物重金属吸取修复效率又能降低后茬农作物重金属污染风险的植物修复模式.结果表明,施用120 mmol/kg硫粉(Sed+S)处理可显著增加伴矿景天地上部生物量,分别比未加调控剂的对照处理伴矿景天(Sed)、伴矿景天添加有机调控剂(Sed+OE)处理增加34.7％和47.9％.施用3 mmol/kg IDS则显著降低了伴矿景天地上部Cd浓度,比Sed处理降低了35.5％.施用钙镁磷肥稳定剂可有效降低后茬蔬菜苋菜体内Zn、Cd浓度,降幅为57％、63％,施用4 g/kg钙镁磷肥后土壤醋酸铵提取态Zn、Cd分别较对照降低66.1％、72.4％.可见,适当施用硫肥能促进伴矿景天的生长,添加钙镁磷肥降低土壤有效态重金属浓度,减少后茬作物污染风险.     

土壤紧实度对伴矿景天生长及镉锌吸收性的影响研究

采集黏土、壤黏土和砂质壤土,分别设置无压实、低紧实度及高紧实度3种处理,通过盆栽试验研究了土壤紧实度对Cd、Zn超积累植物伴矿景天生长和Cd、Zn吸收性的影响。结果表明,与无压实处理比较,砂质壤土、壤黏土和黏土中伴矿景天地上部生物量在低紧实度下显著下降66.8%~83.5%、59.9%~60.4%和57.9%~71.4%;高紧实度处理却显著提高了伴矿景天的根系活力(142%~241%)。高紧实度处理显著降低了壤黏土上伴矿景天地上部Cd和Zn含量,但低紧实度对砂质壤土和黏土上伴矿景天地上部Cd和Zn含量无显著影响。与无压实处理比较,低紧实度显著降低了砂质壤土、壤黏土和黏土上伴矿景天的Cd吸取量,分别下降50.4%~73.8%、61.4%~74.9%和43.4%~63.3%,Zn吸取量下降48.7%~79.5%、73.6%~79.0%和46.1%~63.5%;土壤紧实度对壤黏土上伴矿景天的镉锌吸取效率影响最明显。     

EDTA辅助小藜修复Pb及Pb-Cd复合污染土壤的研究

通过盆栽试验,研究了Pb及Pb-Cd复合污染土壤添加EDTA（乙二胺四乙酸）对小藜生长和转运、富集Pb、Cd的影响。结果表明,高浓度的EDTA对小藜的生长有抑制作用,Pb及Pb-Cd复合处理下EDTA最佳添加浓度均为2.5 mmol·kg^-1,此时小藜对Pb的转运系数达2.66和2.41,富集系数达1.51和1.82,分别比对照提高554%和493%、8 431%和2 367%;对Cd的转运系数达1.87和3.47,富集系数达1.78和10.8,分别比对照提高165%和355%、77%和283%。2.5 mmol·kg^-1EDTA辅助小藜修复Pb-Cd复合污染土壤的效果优于修复Pb污染土壤的效果。     

Bioavailability and Accumulation of Cadmium and Zinc by Sedum plumbizincicola after Liming of an Agricultural Soil Subjected to Acid Mine Drainage

A glasshouse pot experiment was conducted to study the effects of liming on plant growth and zinc (Zn) and cadmium (Cd) accumulation by Sedum plumbizincicola in a heavy-metal-contaminated acidified paddy soil. Lime application significantly increased the soil pH, which reached a maximum of 5.53 after addition of 4.0 g kg^?1 lime to soil, about 1.4 units more than that of the control. Sedum plumbizincicola grew larger after lime application but aboveground biomass did not increase significantly with increasing soil pH. Liming significantly reduced shoot Zn and Cd concentrations and uptake except at the lowest lime application rate (0.5 g kg^?1 lime to soil). This indicates that S. plumbizincicola can grow well in acidic soil at a soil pH of 4.15, and application of lime did not increase plant heavy-metal extraction. Consequently, it is promising to use this plant for Cd and Zn phytoextraction from agricultural soils polluted with acid and metals.     

谷氨酸N,N-二乙酸及液体肥联合强化对东南景天修复重金属污染土壤的影响

化学强化可提高超富集植物对土壤重金属的提取效果。采用盆栽试验,研究了可生物降解螯合剂谷氨酸N,N-二乙酸(GLDA)、液体肥的不同用量及复配使用对超富集植物东南景天吸收土壤重金属Cd、Zn的影响,并探讨了其渗滤液对环境的风险。结果表明:单一使用GLDA或者液体肥均能提高东南景天对土壤Cd、Zn的提取效率,其中1.25 mmol/kg GLDA处理的Cd、Zn提取量分别是空白处理的1.36,1.46倍,0.5 g/kg液体肥处理的Cd、Zn提取量分别是空白处理的1.40,1.43倍,这2种低用量单独使用的处理对Cd提取效率最高,达到41%～42%,且对应的渗滤液重金属含量均比空白处理要低,其环境风险较小。GLDA与较高用量(2 g/kg土)液体肥复配时,其东南景天对土壤Cd、Zn的提取量与空白处理相比有所下降。结果表明,GLDA和液体肥在强化植物修复方面有明显潜力,而且以低剂量单独使用强化效果较佳,值得进一步的田间试验核实。     

植物吸取修复及钝化处理对后茬水稻镉吸收的影响

采集湖南湘潭县某地镉(Cd)污染酸性农田土壤及其经伴矿景天分别吸取修复两季和三季后的土壤,采用盆栽试验研究了经伴矿景天修复及钝化改良与否对土壤pH、有效态Cd、Zn以及水稻生长和稻米Cd、Zn浓度的影响。结果表明:未改良的处理,随着修复次数的增加,土壤pH显著降低,降低幅度为0.26~0.38个单位;且修复两季、三季土壤CaCl_2提取态Cd浓度较未修复土壤分别降低19.4%、24.0%;修复后土壤种植水稻品种W184,其糙米中Cd浓度显著降低,但依然超标;修复三季土壤种植低积累水稻品种IRA7190,其糙米中Cd由0.47 mg/kg降为0.03 mg/kg。施加钝化剂海泡石和石灰(10 g/kg+1 g/kg)后,修复两季、三季土壤的pH显著升高,较未施钝化剂处理土壤pH分别提高0.95、0.72;土壤CaCl_2提取态Cd浓度分别降低79.8%、79.5%;修复两季、三季土壤上水稻W184糙米的Cd浓度与未施加钝化剂相比,分别降低27.3%、44.4%,均降至国家食品安全限值0.2 mg/kg以下;无论是否添加钝化剂,伴矿景天吸取修复三季的土壤上水稻IRA7190糙米中Cd浓度均仅0.03 mg/kg。     

3种有机酸对伴矿景天修复效率及土壤微生物数量的影响

伴矿景天(Sedumplumbizincicola)是一种Cd和Zn的超积累植物,常用于Cd污染土壤的植物修复。有机酸能够提高土壤重金属的有效性,促进植物对重金属的积累,对重金属污染土壤的植物修复效率具有强化作用,并对土壤微生物数量有重要影响。以河潮土和红黄泥为供试土壤,探讨了乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)、柠檬酸、草酸对伴矿景天修复效率和土壤微生物数量的影响。结果表明,有机酸能显著提高土壤有效态Cd含量,柠檬酸处理的效果最好,河潮土和红黄泥中有效态Cd含量较单种伴矿景天分别增加72.73%,12.99%(P<0.05);伴矿景天地上部Cd含量在河潮土和红黄泥中以EDTA处理最高,在河潮土和红黄泥中分别比单种伴矿景天增加99.24%和33.32%;与单种伴矿景天相比,添加有机酸处理河潮土和红黄泥中伴矿景天修复效率显著提高。添加有机酸比单种伴矿景天显著增加土壤中微生物数量,其中柠檬酸处理河潮土中细菌和真菌数量分别增加34.38%和68.42%(P<0.05),草酸处理红黄泥中放线菌数量增加150.00%。研究结果可为重金属污染土壤的植物强化修复提供理论支撑。     

Heavy-Metal Phytoextraction Potential of Spinach and Mustard Grown in Contaminated Calcareous Soils

Laboratory batch and greenhouse pot experiments were conducted to determine the extraction efficiency of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA) for solubilizing lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) and to explore the natural and chemically induced Pb and Cd phytoextraction efficiencies of spinach and mustard after EDTA application. The EDTA was applied at 0, 1.25, 2.5, and 5.0 mM kg^?1 soil in three replicates. Addition of EDTA increased significantly the soluble fraction Pb and Cd over the control and maximum increases for Pb (1.42- and 1.96-fold) and Cd (1.45- and 1.38-fold) were observed with the addition of 5.0 mM EDTA kg^?1 in Gujranwala and Pacca soils, respectively. Similarly, addition of EDTA increased significantly the Pb and Cd concentrations in the plant shoots, soil solution, bioconcentration factor, and phytoextraction rate. Mustard exhibited better results than spinach when extracting Pb and Cd from both contaminated soils.     

Heavy-Metal Bioavailability and Chelate Mobilization Efficiency in an Assisted Phytoextraction Process by Sesbania sesban (L.) Merr

Chelate-induced phytoextraction is an innovative technique for cleaning metal- contaminated soil. The present study evaluates the degree of metal mobilization in soil and enhancement of phytoextraction of cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb), and zinc (Zn) by Sesbania sesban (L.) Merr. from artificially contaminated soil by application of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA). After 30 days of plant growth, the pots were divided into three sets (0.0, 2.5, and 5.0 mmol EDTA per kg soil). Experimental results indicated that levels of diethylenetriaminepentaacetic acid (DTPA)–extractable metals and metals in the leachate decreased as the EDTA dose increased. Plant growth parameters and total chlorophyll contents in the plants with EDTA applied were less than those of control. However, EDTA application significantly reduced metal accumulation in root and increased metal accumulation in the shoot of plants; similar results were obtained for the bioconcentration factor and translocation factor. The application of 5 mmol EDTA kg^?1 to metal-spiked soil may be an efficient alternative for the chemically enhanced phytoextraction by S. sesban.     

Phytoextraction of Pb and Cd from a contaminated agricultural soil using different EDTA application regimes: Laboratory versus field scale measures of efficiency

Enhanced phytoextraction of heavy metals using chelating agents and agricultural crops is widely discussed as a remediation technique for agricultural soils contaminated with low mobile heavy metals. In this study, phytoextraction efficiency of Zea mays after single and split applications of EDTA was tested on the laboratory and the field scale. EDTA effectively increased the mobility of target heavy metals (Pb and Cd) in the soil solution. Split applications provided generally lower water-soluble levels of Pb and Cd both in the pot and the field experiment. Therefore, the risk of groundwater contamination may be reduced after split applications. Higher Pb and Cd mobilisation after single applications increased plant stress, phytotoxicity and reduced plant dry above-ground biomass production compared to corresponding split doses. Single doses enhanced plant uptake of Pb and Cd and the phytoremediation efficiency compared to corresponding split doses. Results of plant dry above-ground biomass and heavy metal uptake obtained from the pot experiment could be to some extent verified in the field experiment. Plant uptake of Pb and Cd was lower and biomass production dropped after EDTA additions in the field experiment. Remediation factors in the field experiment were in general significantly lower than in the pot experiment mainly due to the much higher mass of soil per plant under field conditions. This highlights the limitations when going from the lab to the field scale. The low phytoremediation efficiency in the field and the mobilisation of high amounts of Pb and Cd down the soil profile may make the use of EDTA and Z. mays not suitable for the remediation of severely heavy metal contaminated soils in a reasonable time frame and may result in substantial groundwater pollution under used crop management.     

Cadmium and zinc accumulation in willow and poplar species grown on polluted soils

Woody plant species that produce high biomass have been proposed for use in phytoremediation technology. We investigated the accumulation of cadmium (Cd) and zinc (Zn) in Salix babylonica, S. caprea, S. dasyclados, S. matsudana × alba, S. purpurea, S. smithiana, Populus tremula, and P. nigra clones grown in a pot experiment on a Calcaric and a Eutric Cambisol (pH 7.2 and 6.4) of different levels of contamination (total metal concentrations in mg kg^–1 in soil A: 32.7 Cd, 1760 Zn; soil B: 4.34 Cd, 220 Zn). Generally, the tested clones tolerated large metal concentrations in soils and had larger Cd and Zn concentrations in leaves compared to the roots. The largest Cd concentrations in leaves were found in two clones of S. smithiana (440 mg kg^–1 on soil A; 70 mg kg^–1 on soil B). One of the S. smithiana clones had also the largest Zn concentrations (870 mg kg^–1) on soil B but accumulated slightly less Zn than a S. matsudana × alba clone (2430 mg kg^–1) on soil A. The Cd concentrations in leaves of both S. smithiana clones on soil A are the largest ever reported for soil‐grown willows. The bioconcentration factors of the best performing clone reached 15.9 for Cd and 3.93 for Zn on the less contaminated soil B. Also based on the metal contents in leaves, this clone was identified as the most promising for phytoextraction. The metal concentrations in leaves observed in the pot experiment do not reflect those found in a previous hydroponic study and the leaf‐to‐root ratios are clearly underestimated in hydroponic conditions. This demonstrates the need for testing candidates for phytoextraction crops on soils rather than in hydroponics. Our data also show that the phytoextraction potential should be tested on different soils to avoid misleading conclusions.     

Regulation of macro,micro, and toxic element uptake by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Salix</Emphasis> × <Emphasis Type="Italic">smithiana</Emphasis> using liming of heavily contaminated soils

Purpose

Willow cultivation in soils heavily contaminated by risk elements is a challenging issue due to phytotoxic effects that restrict plant growth. Liming reduces the mobility of some risk elements in contaminated soils and therefore can be a suitable measure for contaminated soils but can also affect availability of nutrients for planted willows. We investigate how liming affects concentrations of macro, micro, and toxic elements in the organs of willows planted in contaminated soils.

Materials and methods

We established a 3-year pot experiment with Salix × smithiana planted in weakly acid and alkaline soils anthropogenically seriously contaminated by As, Cd, Pb, and Zn. Soils were both untreated and treated with two doses of lime and dolomite in the first year before planting. We determined biomass production, mortality, and the concentration of macro- and micronutrients and toxic elements in the willows’ aboveground organs.

Results and discussion

Lime application increased biomass production in both soils; dose of lime played an important role for its increase only in alkaline soil. Lime in a higher dose was incompatible with the vitality of just-planted willows in both soils. Doses of dolomite significantly affected the biomass production and mortality of willows, where lower doses caused a permanent decrease of biomass production and mortality in weakly acid soil. The toxicity of Cd and Zn in leaves was recorded in both untreated soils; the latent deficiency of P and deficiency of Fe in leaves was only recorded in weakly acid untreated soil.

Conclusions

Lime application irrespective of dose with foliar Fe application seemed to be the most suitable measure for increasing biomass production and decreasing toxic elements, especially Cd and Zn, without decreasing the macro- and micronutrients in the aboveground organs of willows in weakly acid soil. In alkaline soil, only higher doses of lime had a positive effect on the studied parameters. Dolomite application is not a suitable measure for planting willows in both contaminated soils. Dolomite in a lower dose impairs the growth of willows in weakly acid soil.