嘉兴市果桑园桑椹农药残留风险评估

对采自嘉兴市果桑园桑椹进行农药残留检测,分别用%ADI、累积%ADI和%ARfD进行急性膳食摄入风险评估、慢性膳食摄入风险评估和慢性累积膳食摄入风险评估。结果显示,在85份样品中有66份样品检出农药残留,检出率77.65%,共检出12种农药,没有样品检出农药残留超标。桑椹中各农药残留%ADI介于0与4.34%之间,3个农药残留组别累积%ADI介于0.001%与11.33%之间,7种农药残留的%ARfD均低于100%的安全范围内,但需关注多菌灵残留在2～4岁幼儿群体中%ARfD值超过90%。结果表明,嘉兴市果桑园桑椹中农药残留慢性膳食摄入、累积慢性膳食摄入风险和急性膳食摄入风险在2～4岁、18～30岁和60～70岁3个年龄群体中均处于可控水平,但甲基硫菌灵的代谢产物多菌灵残留可能对婴幼儿存在安全隐患,很有必要对喷洒甲基硫菌灵后的采摘时间进行研究和规范,以保证一定的安全间隔期。     

金华市柑桔农药残留膳食摄入风险评估

探明金华市柑桔农药残留膳食摄入风险情况,为柑桔生产上农药安全使用、质量安全监管和农药最大残留限量制定等提供参考。抽样检测了金华市69批次柑桔的农药残留,分别用％ADI和％ARfD进行农药残留慢性膳食摄入风险评估和急性膳食摄入风险评估。结果显示,69批次样品中有52批次样品有农药检出,共检出28种农药残留,均未超标。在两种假设情景下,检出的28种农药残留的慢性膳食摄入风险(％ADI)分别为0.0000％～0.2670％和0.0004％～2.6629％。检出的21种农药残留的急性膳食摄入风险(%ARfD)为0.037％～19.48％。金华市柑桔的农药残留情况总体较好,膳食摄入风险低、可接受。     

金华市鲜食葡萄农药残留状况及风险评估

调查了浙江省金华市葡萄生产中农药使用情况,并对在金华市生产基地的抽取的80批次葡萄样品进行了101项农药残留检测和风险分析。结果表明,金华葡萄生产上存在使用未登记农药现象;80批次葡萄样品中有75批次共39种农药残留检出,超标1批次,农药残留情况总体较好;检出的39种农药对儿童和成人的慢性膳食摄入风险％ADI最高值分别为0.04％和0.02％,对儿童和成人的急性膳食摄入风险％ARfD最高值分别为33.51％和27.38％,均低于100%,风险完全可以接受。     

广西右江河谷产地芒果农药残留现状及膳食风险评估

研究了广西右江河谷地区芒果中农药残留现状,并做了人群的膳食风险评估,旨在为芒果农产品的农业主管部门监管提供科学依据。在右江河谷产区采集99份芒果样品,对样品中107种农药残留进行分析检测,并运用点评估方法对农药残留膳食摄入风险进行评估。结果表明,芒果的检出农药类型上,以甲氧基丙烯酸酯类杀菌剂为主,检出率高达61.61%;累计检出20种农药残留,样品检出率为80.80%,其中吡唑醚菌酯检出率最高,达到46.46%;按照GB 2763-2021判定,超标数量达到14份,占总样品数量的14.14%,吡唑醚菌酯和氯氟氰菊酯两种农药超标;检出农药对成人和儿童的慢性膳食摄入%ADI在0.00 -2.43 %之间,其中氯氟氰菊酯、联苯菊酯对儿童的急性膳食摄入%ARfD分别为101.82%、136.16 %,所有检出农药对成人的急性膳食摄入%ARfD均小于100 %。广西右江河谷地区芒果中多农药组分残留情况明显,吡唑醚菌酯和氯氟氰菊酯需要重点监测关注;儿童对芒果中摄入氯氟氰菊酯和联苯菊酯的农药残留急性膳食有一定的暴露风险,成人对芒果中检出的所有农药急、慢性膳食暴露风险极低。     

牛奶中拟除虫菊酯类农药残留检测——QuEChERS-气相色谱分析方法的研究与建立

目前,牛奶中拟除虫菊酯类农药残留分析方法普遍存在前处理操作繁琐的问题,不适于大批量样品的检测。建立一种快速、简便、环保、高效,可用于大量牛奶及其制品中拟除虫菊酯类农药残留的检测方法是非常必要的。本研究采用改进的QuEChERS法进行样品前处理,以气相色谱-ECD检测器作为检测手段,建立了牛奶中8种拟除虫菊酯类农药的分析方法。试验结果表明,使用该方法检测牛奶中8种拟除虫菊酯农药,最低检出限在0.001～0.008mg/kg之间,样品加标回收率为65.09%～100.02%,RSD为2.96%～11.64%,符合食品中农药残留检测的要求。本方法准确、简便、快速、安全,可用于牛奶样品中拟除虫菊酯农药残留的快速定量检测。     

乳制品中拟除虫菊酯类农药残留检测研究进展

本文主要对国内外标准中乳类中拟除虫菊酯类农药的最大残留限量进行总结与比较,同时通过乳制品中拟除虫菊酯类农药残留实验及不确定度的分析计算,对影响乳制品中拟除虫菊酯类农药残留实验检测结果的主要因素进行分析,得出主要影响因素包括标准工作曲线拟合和实验重复性两方面,进一步从根本上分析出影响因素是样品前处理方法。     

浙江金华地产火龙果农药残留风险评估

探明浙江金华地产火龙果农药残留风险情况,为火龙果生产上农药的安全使用和监管等提供参考。抽样检测了金华市地产76批次火龙果的90项农药残留,采用食品安全指数和风险系数法评估火龙果中农药残留风险。76批次火龙果样品中,38批次样品检出了农药残留,占50.0％;共检出15种农药,均未超标。检出的15种农药残留的安全指数和平均安全指数均小于1,农药残留风险可接受;风险系数均为低风险。金华市地产火龙果农药残留情况较好,总体安全状况可接受。     

唑虫酰胺在柑橘及其土壤中残留规律及风险评估

目的 通过唑虫酰胺在柑橘及土壤中开展的两年三地的残留试验并进行风险评估,为制定唑虫酰胺在柑橘上的最大残留限量值提供数据支撑。方法 根据农药残留试验准则和标准操作规程开展田间试验,样品前处理后通过液相色谱-串联质谱测定得到试验数据,再进行风险评估。结果 唑虫酰胺在柑橘和土壤0.010~1.5 mg/kg的添加水平中,平均回收率达到90.6%~107.4%,相对标准偏差为1.5%~9.0%,定量限为0.010 mg/kg。两年三地唑虫酰胺在柑橘上的半衰期为17.3~34.7 d,土壤中的半衰期为5.8~34.7 d,末次施药后间隔21 d采集柑橘和土壤样品测定唑虫酰胺残留量均低于美国规定的最大残留限量值,不存在膳食摄入风险和急性膳食风险。结论 按照美国规定的最大残留限量值(MRL)1.5 mg/kg,间隔21 d采集的柑橘是相对安全的,唑虫酰胺的残留风险较低。     

荔枝中氯氰菊酯和毒死蜱的消解残留及膳食摄入风险

探明氯氰菊酯和毒死蜱在荔枝果肉及果皮中的消解动态及残留状况,对其安全性进行风险评估。采用气相色谱对荔枝田间试验样品进行农药残留检测。在荔枝果肉和果皮中添加氯氰菊酯和毒死蜱0.01~1.00 mg/kg,平均回收率为87.1%~101.1%,相对标准偏差（RSD）为1.9%~5.2%。2种农药在果肉和果皮中的定量限（LOQ）均为0.010 mg/kg。氯氰菊酯和毒死蜱在果肉和果皮中的原始沉积量与施药剂量在0.01水平上显著相关,其残留消解动态均符合一级动力学方程。氯氰菊酯在果肉和果皮中的半衰期（T0.5）分别为6.2 d和7.9 d,消解99%所需要的时间（T0.99）为41.3 d和52.6 d;毒死蜱在果肉和果皮中的半衰期（T0.5）为2.6d和10.4 d,消解99%所需要的时间（T0.99）为17.1d和69.0 d。不同施药量和施药次数,末次施药21d后,荔枝果肉中毒死蜱未检出,氯氰菊酯30d后未检出,45d后果皮上的氯氰菊酯和毒死蜱残留量均未超过规定的最大残留限量。无论儿童还是老年人,荔枝果肉中氯氰菊酯和毒死蜱的膳食风险均在可接受范围内。综合最终残留量和膳食风险评估,建议安全采收期为施药后45 d。     

赣州脐橙中农药残留及其分布特征

本研究采集江西赣州地区18个区县中110个乡镇的788个脐橙样品,采用QuEChERS技术结合GC/MS-MS和HPLC-MS/MS测定样品中166种农药残留,揭示江西赣州地区脐橙中农药残留现状及其地理分布特征。结果表明:（1）样品中检出18种农药残留,其中啶虫脒、多菌灵、咪鲜胺、杀扑磷、甲基硫菌灵、氧化乐果等检出率较高;（2）赣州的寻乌、龙南、赣县和石城的脐橙样品中农药检出率很高,阳性样品达到60%以上,而兴国和上犹的检出率较低;（3）脐橙果肉部分和果皮部分的农药残留量存在差异。(4) 仅有7个样品果肉部分的氧化乐果残留量超过国家标准的限量要求,占检测样品总数的0.8%,说明赣州脐橙还是比较安全的。     

不同温度下5种拟除虫菊酯类农药对家蚕的毒性变化

拟除虫菊酯类农药对昆虫的毒性具有温度效应。采用食下毒叶法测定5种常用拟除虫菊酯类农药在环境温度35、30、25、20℃时对家蚕的急性毒性。随着温度的升高,5种拟除虫菊酯类农药对家蚕的急性毒性降低,在35℃时溴氰菊酯、氰戊菊酯、联苯菊酯、高效氯氰菊酯和高效氯氟氰菊酯对家蚕2龄幼虫的LD50值与20℃时的LD50值的比值分别为7.63、12.27、8.49、2.76、1.75。研究结果表明,5种拟除虫菊酯类农药对家蚕的急性毒性表现为负温度效应,其中氰戊菊酯对家蚕的毒性受温度的影响最为明显,溴氰菊酯和联苯菊酯较为明显,高效氯氰菊酯和高效氯氟氰菊酯的毒性受温度影响较小。     

我国杨梅用农药登记情况及残留限量标准研究

本文通过查询《中国农药信息网》,统计分析了我国在杨梅上的农药登记情况。截至2021年7月,我国杨梅用农药登记产品共计49个,以浙江省和江苏省企业登记居多,毒性均为低毒或微毒;登记的农药类别有杀虫剂、杀菌剂、除草剂和植物生长调节剂,分别占登记农药总数的28.6%、63.3%、2.0%和6.1%,防治杨梅褐斑病和介壳虫的登记产品数量较多;49个登记产品涉及10种剂型、27种有效成分,其中只有阿维菌素、吡唑醚菌酯、喹啉铜和乙基多杀菌素4种农药在GB 2763-2019有相应的最大残留限量标准。建议我国加快杨梅用农药登记,尽快制定在杨梅上已登记农药的最大残留限量标准,以保证我国杨梅产业的安全可持续发展。     

生鲜乳中硫氰酸钠和菌落总数的风险评估研究

文章概述了国内外生鲜乳中硫氰酸盐的使用情况,对上海地区500份生鲜乳进行硫氰酸钠含量分析,对272份生鲜乳中硫氰酸钠含量和菌落总数含量进行分析比较,并对其进行风险评估研究。结果表明：①生鲜乳中硫氰酸钠含量总体符合Pearson5分布,90%的含量在0.2～3.71 mg/kg之间,最大含量、最小含量和平均含量分别为9.66、0.2和1.5 mg/kg。②272份生鲜乳中菌落总数含量在110～1100000 CFU/mL,97.5%的含量在110～300000 CFU/mL。生鲜乳中硫氰酸钠含量和菌落总数含量相关性不明显,硫氰酸钠含量未对菌落总数含量产生明显影响,R²=0.02。③基于生鲜乳中硫氰酸钠的平均含量和最大含量得到,个体每千克体重硫氰酸钠的平均暴露量和最大暴露量分别为0.0025和0.016 mg。结合相关硫氰酸钠的风险评估研究,表明本研究中上海地区生鲜牛乳中的硫氰酸钠的含量属于正常的生理浓度,对人体正常膳食无健康影响。     

Pesticide use and residues on Queensland wool

Objective To determine practices for control of louse infestation and blowfly strike in Queensland sheep flocks that are associated with organophosphorous and synthetic pyrethroid residues on wool.
Design Information on residues was obtained from a survey of Queensland wool clips. Information on pesticide use was obtained from a trace-back postal survey. The association between pesticide use and residues was assessed using generalised linear models, controlling for potential confounding by flock location.
Procedure Between 1995 and 1997 Queensland wool clips were randomly sampled. Samples were tested for the presence and amount (mg per kg of greasy wool) of organophosphorous and synthetic pyrethroid pesticides. A questionnaire seeking information on flock characteristics and pesticide use was sent to the manager of each flock from which a wool sample was tested.
Results The median amount of OP and SP residue was 0.8 and 0.25 mg/kg, respectively, and 91 and 95% of wool samples contained < 8 mg/kg of OP and SP residues, respectively. The frequency of OP pesticide use for louse control was significantly (P = 0.005) associated with mean OP residue amount, and the timing of SP use for louse control, in relation to shearing, was significantly (P < 0.001) associated with mean SP residue amount.
Conclusion Most Queensland wool clips have acceptable amounts of residues after the use of OP and SP pesticides, but wool growers can further reduce residues by effectively controlling louse infestation with pesticide applications early after shearing and the use of non-chemical methods of ectoparasite control.     

Surveys to assess the amount of pesticide in wool and the use of pesticides by woolgrowers in Queensland.

OBJECTIVE: To measure the amounts of pesticide residue in wool grown in Queensland between 1997 and 1999, and to describe the use of pesticides for the control of lice infestations and blowfly strike in Queensland sheep flocks. DESIGN: Pesticide residues were measured in a random sample of wool from Queensland clips offered for sale during 1998 and 1999. Information on pesticide use was obtained from a trace-back postal survey. PROCEDURE: Samples taken from wool lots were tested for the presence and amount of organophosphorus (OP), synthetic pyrethroid (SP) and insect growth regulator pesticides. A questionnaire seeking information on flock characteristics and pesticide use was sent to the manager of each flock from which a wool sample was tested. RESULTS: The mean amount of OP and SP residue was 2.0 and 0.8 mg/kg, respectively. Ninety-five and 98% of wool samples contained < 9 mg/kg and 7 mg/kg of OP and SP residues, respectively. The mean amount of cyromazine, diflubenzuron and triflumuron was 12.7, 5.8 and 13.0 mg/kg, respectively. The amounts of OP, cyromazine and triflumuron residues were greater in wool from flocks located in southern Queensland. CONCLUSION: Most (95%; 95% CI, 92-97%) Queensland wool clips grown between 1997 and 1999 meet the suggested Australian maximum acceptable residue amounts for OP and SP pesticides.     

啶虫脒和高效氯氰菊酯在柑橘上的残留行为及其膳食风险评估

为对啶虫脒和高效氯氰菊酯的残留降解和膳食风险作出科学评价。采用气相色谱检测法研究了自然条件下啶虫脒及高效氯氰菊酯在柑橘上的消解动态和最终残留情况,并据此对啶虫脒和高效氯氰菊酯在柑橘上的残留慢性膳食风险进行了评估。结果表明：啶虫脒及高效氯氰菊酯在柑橘中的消解规律符合一级动力学模型,药后21 d啶虫脒和高效氯氰菊酯其降解率均在90%以上,其半衰期分别为4.93~9.83 d、4.02~5.31 d;不同施药剂量和施药次数,末次施药后的21 d,柑橘中啶虫脒和高效氯氰菊酯的残留量均<1 mg.kg-1;取残留中值进行慢性膳食摄入风险评估,结果表明无论是老年人还是儿童其风险均在可接受范围之内。由此可见,遵循良好的农业操作规范,该农药对我国居民的膳食安全不构成威胁。     

Trends in the use of pesticides and pestiside residues on Queensland wool

Objective To determine the amounts of organophosphorous and synthetic pyrethroid residues on Queensland wool sampled between 1995 and 1997, and to study if pesticide use changed during the period.
Design Estimated amounts of residues were obtained from a survey of Queensland wool clips, and information on pesticide use was obtained from a trace-back postal survey of flock managers.
Procedure Trends in amounts of residues over time were assessed using analysis of variance and simple linear regression models, and changes in pesticide use was assessed using x² tests.
Results Significant linear reductions in organophosphorous (P = 0.0012), synthetic pyrethroid (P = 0.0044) and total (P = 0.0002) residues were detected. The proportion of woolgrowers treating for louse infestation (P = 0.0046) treating twice or more (P = 0.0006) and treating more than 4 months after shearing (P = 0.0001) decreased between 1994 and 1997. However, the proportion of growers who treated for blowfly strike (P = 0.0124) and used insect growth regulator pesticides increased (P < 0.0001). The use of handjetting to apply pesticides for blowfly strike control increased and the use of dips decreased (P < 0.0001).
Conclusion Residues of organophosphorous compounds and synthetic pyrethroids reduced in Queensland wool between 1994 and 1997. Although woolgrowers treated for louse infestation less, pesticide use to control blowfly strike increased. The increasing use of insect growth regulators in the industry needs to be monitored.