Structure and evolutionary relationships among paralogous genes within the Sec2 locus in rye

The 75K γ-secalins encoded by genes present at the locus Sec2 on chromosome 2R are unique to rye and contribute about half of all rye storage proteins. However, there is a lack of sequence information for paralogous genes in this locus. For this study, 59 γ-secalin paralogous sequences in the Sec2 locus were characterized from a cultivated rye and derived lines after crossing with bread wheat. They had similar structures with conserved sequences in their repetitive regions for the signal peptide, N-terminal, C-terminal and the repeat motif. Their high homology indicated that they originated from an ancestor sequence that existed before the speciation of the genus Secale. Duplication and divergence might have led to the formation of the paralogous genes at Sec2. Besides point mutations, these paralogs showed variations in DNA length due to insertion or deletion events in their repetitive regions. They encoded secalins with deduced molecular weight ranges between 22.2 and 54.5 kDa. These insertion or deletions may be caused by illegitimate recombination and this locus seemed to contribute to increased levels of protein content. However, the incorporation of locus Sec2 may have a negative effect on flour processing quality since it reduced the SDS-sedimentation value.     

Molecular weight distribution and content of water-extractable β-glucan in rye crisp bread

Rye crisp doughs and breads were made from three rye flours with different falling numbers (i.e. different enzyme activity), with or without oat bran rich in β-glucan (OBG) added, and with different fermentation times. The aim of the study was to investigate the effect of endogenous enzymes in the flour on molecular weight and content of water-extractable β-glucan in the doughs and breads. The molecular weight distribution of β-glucan was unimodal for the flours, with a calcofluor average molecular weight of about 90×10⁴ g/mol for the rye flours, and 150×10⁴ g/mol for rye flours with added OBG. The molecular weight decreased with increasing fermentation time for all doughs, but was almost unchanged during oven-baking. The calcofluor average molecular weight was highest in doughs and breads made of flour with highest falling number (i.e. lowest enzyme activity), indicating that the endogenous enzymes in the flour were responsible for the breakdown of β-glucan. During fermentation, water-extractable β-glucan was released from the insoluble matrix, probably by the endogenous enzymes in the flour. When the molecular weight of the water-extractable β-glucan decreased, they probably associated with each other or with other components in the dough to form unextractable complexes. The content of water-extractable β-glucan did not change during oven-baking.     

Cereal β-glucans in diet and health

The native mixed linkage β-glucan of cereals is classified as a soluble dietary fibre, with rheological properties generally similar to guar gum and other random coil polysaccharides. The ability of oat and barley products to attenuate postprandial glycemic and insulinemic response is related to content of (1→3)(1→4)-β-d-glucan (β-glucan) and viscosity. A role of viscosity of β-glucan has not been directly demonstrated for lowering of serum cholesterol levels, and not all studies report a statistically significant lowering. The wide range of effectiveness reported may partially be explained by the properties of the β-glucan in the diets used, as well as the dose.     

郑58/opaque2近等基因系中opaque2基因突变位点分析与高效分子标记开发

opaque2突变体材料是最常用的高赖氨酸玉米供体。对已获得的郑58/o2近等基因系研究表明,胚乳发育不同时期22-kDα-醇溶蛋白的积累均明显低于郑58。荧光定量PCR结果表明,α-醇溶蛋白家族基因Z1A、Z1B、Z1C和Z1D的表达均显著低于郑58。郑58/o2胚乳发育不同时期Opaque2基因均正常表达。测序分析发现,郑58/o2中o2基因ATG后713 bp处缺失10个碱基,ORF预测Opaque2蛋白翻译提前终止。针对突变缺失位点开发基因内分子标记o2-indel-1,利用该标记进行回交转育,结果表明,o2-indel-1与o2突变表型完全连锁,错选率为0。opaque2基因突变位点的解析有助于高效分子标记的开发,有效降低错选率,提高优质蛋白鲜食玉米多基因聚合育种的选择效率。     

华山新麦草穗发芽抗性相关基因AIP2的克隆及其序列分析

为了挖掘和利用华山新麦草(Psathyrostachys huashanica,2n=14,NsNs)的优良基因,拓宽小麦穗发芽抗性基因资源,以华山新麦草为材料,采用同源克隆的方法克隆AIP2基因,利用生物信息学软件分析其基因结构及功能。结果表明,从华山新麦草中成功克隆AIP2基因,该基因的开放阅读框为840bp,编码279个氨基酸残基,结构域预测结果显示AIP2蛋白含有完整的Ring保守域,属于锌指环家族成员。AIP2的gDNA含5个外显子,4个内含子,华山新麦草AIP2氨基酸序列与感穗发芽小麦品种中优9507的AIP2氨基酸序列的相似性为84%,与中优9507相比缺失了44个氨基酸,与抗穗发芽的乌拉尔图小麦的AIP2氨基酸序列的相似性为80%,华山新麦草和乌拉尔图小麦都有氨基酸缺失,推测这些缺失的氨基酸可能与华山新麦草穗发芽抗性强有很大关系。本研究为小麦穗发芽抗性改良提供了新的候选基因。     

不同发育特性小麦品种春化基因 VRN2的序列分析

为了明确小麦春化基因VRN2与春化发育表现型的关系,以6个不同春化发育特性的普通小麦品种为试验材料,采用PCR技术对春化基因VRN2的CCT保守区中43个氨基酸序列进行了分析。结果表明,不同品种间ZCCT-A1的CCT功能域的序列存在差异,肥麦有R35W突变,另外5个品种均有R39C突变;ZCCT-A2均存在R16C突变;B和D基因组中均未发现突变。这表明VRN2基因编码区的等位变异主要出现在A基因组上,而B和D基因组中的VRN2基因在目前大面积主栽品种中均为显性。     

小麦抗条锈基因Yr1和Yr2分子检测体系研究

为建立小麦抗条锈病基因分子检测体系,分别以Yr1和Yr2紧密连锁的标记为检测标记,以Sull-1、CYR29、CYR32、CYR33和V26/CM42为小麦条锈菌鉴别菌株,构建Yr1和Yr2分子检测体系,并对181份小麦高代系材料进行了抗病鉴定和Yr1和Yr2基因分析。结果表明,gwm372和gwm382可作为Yr1的检测标记;wmc364可作为Yr2的检测标记;5个鉴别菌株对Yr1和Yr2具有较好的区分能力。Yr1和Yr2基因在181份小麦高代系材料中比例较低,表明这两个基因在我国小麦抗病育种过程中丢失严重。     

分子标记辅助小麦抗白粉病基因Pm21和Pm13聚合育种

为了获得同时具有抗白粉病基因Pm21和Pm13的材料,利用与抗白粉病基因Pm21和Pm13共分离或紧密连锁的分子标记SCAR1400、CINAU161650和SCAR564、BE398268,对分别含Pm21和Pm13的小麦品系杂交F2代进行检测。结果表明,在764个F2代单株中,能同时检测到显性标记SCAR1400和SCAR564的有404株,阳性率为52.9%,经标记CINAU161650和BE398268检测,同时携带纯合Pm21和Pm13的单株有47株,阳性率为6.15%,两个显性抗病基因在F2代群体中的分离比例符合孟德尔独立分配定律。获得的聚合单株可作为小麦抗白粉病育种的亲本资源。     

Molecular characterization of Cereal Cyst Nematode diagnostic markers Cre1 and Cre3 in some winter wheat germplasm and their potential use against Heterodera filipjevi

Two PCR based markers tightly linked to Cre1 and Cre3 resistant genes against the Cereal Cyst Nematode (CCN, causal agent Heterodera avenae) were used to characterize a number of diploid, tetraploid and hexaploid wheat germplasm consisting of obsolete, advanced lines and new cultivars from the Turkish National Breeding Program and the joint TURKEY CIMMYT ICARDA International Winter Wheat Improvement Program. In addition a number of landraces and wild relatives of wheat collected from the Turkish side of the Fertile Crescent, the centre of origin of cereals, were included. None of the genetic material tested positive for either marker except the land race Sardari which originated from neighboring Iran was found positive for Cre1 gene. Combining both of these molecular markers in one assay for fast and cost-effective screening of the germplasm was not effective, so marker genotyping with germplasm was realized using each primer alone. Most work that has been reported is on the CCN species H. avenae, however the predominant species in Turkey is the closely related H. filipjevi. In vitro resistance assaying for this species indicates that Cre1 is a moderate source of resistance against the H. filipjevi population, however Cre3 gene appears ineffective. It is suggested that a larger pool of a range of germplasm should be screened for Cre1 in Turkey. Furthermore, the landrace Sardari could be used as a parent to deploy CCN resistance in to genetic background of Turkish bread wheat cultivars with a targeted Marker Assisted Selection Backcrossing approach.     

小麦TaDHN2基因及其启动子的克隆与功能研究

为给深入研究Ta DHN2基因在小麦抗旱机制中的作用机理奠定基础,并为进一步丰富小麦DHN基因研究内容提供参考,本研究通过筛选石麦15基因组BAC文库和BAC克隆测序方法克隆了Ta DHN2基因及其启动子,并对Ta DHN2基因序列特征、表达模式和启动子功能等进行了分析和探讨。结果表明,Ta DHN2基因含有1个88 bp的内含子,开放读码框长为696 bp,编码1个含有231个氨基酸的脱水素蛋白。Ta DHN2蛋白具有Y-segment、S-segment和K-segment结构域,属于YSK2类型脱水素蛋白。此外,该蛋白含有明显的核定位信号序列S-segment和基序RRKK。Ta DHN2基因受渗透胁迫诱导表达,在根和叶中表达模式类似,叶中表达量显著高于根中。Ta DHN2基因启动子序列长为2 025 bp,预测含有9个脱水响应顺式元件。在转基因拟南芥中,Ta DHN2基因启动子能够启动GUS基因表达,并在渗透胁迫下诱导GUS基因上调表达。以上结果说明,Ta DHN2基因为脱水响应基因,其启动子为渗透胁迫强诱导启动子。     

玉米opaque2突变体子粒表型及营养成分分析

通过回交转育构建o2突变型的近等基因系CAL58/o2,对其子粒进行扫描电镜和透射电镜观察,发现与CAL58相比,CAL58/o2中淀粉颗粒排列松散,形状更加规则,CAL58/o2子粒中蛋白体体积变小。分析子粒的营养成分,CAL58/o2赖氨酸含量极显著提高了55.88%,氨基酸总量显著减少9.79%,粗蛋白显著减少8.86%,粗脂肪显著增加30.96%,粗淀粉显著增加5.87%。同时,提取成熟子粒醇溶蛋白进行比较,CAL58/o2子粒的α、β-醇溶蛋白含量明显降低,γ-醇溶蛋白含量增加。     

转小麦 TaPDI-A、 TaTRXh-A和 TaPP2Ac-D基因拟南芥植株的主要抗旱性研究

核氧还蛋白（nucleoredoxin,NRX）可通过还原目标蛋白的二硫键来调控其生物活性,在植物的生长发育和抗逆境胁迫中发挥着重要作用。蛋白质二硫键异构酶（protein disulfide isomerase,PDI）、h型硫氧还蛋白（h-type thioredoxin,TRXh）和蛋白磷酸酶2A催化亚基（protein phosphatase 2A catalytic subunit,PP2Ac）是小麦核氧还蛋白TaNRX1的互作蛋白。为了明确TaNRX1互作蛋白的抗旱性功能,本研究在拟南芥中过表达了小麦 TaPDI-A、 TaTRXh-A和 TaPP2Ac-D基因,对野生型和转基因拟南芥的表型和抗旱相关生理指标进行了鉴定。结果表明,干旱胁迫处理后,转 TaPDI-A、 TaTRXh-A和 TaPP2Ac-D基因拟南芥的根长、存活率、脯氨酸含量均大于野生型,离体叶片失水率、丙二醛（MAD）含量均小于野生型。二氨基联苯胺（diaminobenzidine,DAB）对H₂O₂组织定位染色结果表明,干旱胁迫处理后,转 TaPDI-A、 TaTRXh-A和 TaPP2Ac-D基因拟南芥的H₂O₂含量均低于野生型。上述结果说明,TaNRX1的互作蛋白基因 TaPDI-A、 TaTRXh-A和 TaPP2Ac-D增强了拟南芥对于干旱胁迫的抵抗能力。本研究可为小麦抗旱育种提供候选基因和理论基础。     

普通小麦D染色体组上psy基因位点的分子证据

为检测普通小麦D染色体组是否存在psy基因,以扩增普通小麦(2X=AABBDD=42)psy基因的相同引物psy02和psy06在节节麦(2X=DD=14)中进行PCR反应。结果表明,引物psy02在节节麦基因组DNA中的扩增产物长206 bp,与普通小麦中扩增的196 bp序列同源率为93.0%,对应的第2外显子区域内仅有1 SNP;引物psy06在节节麦基因组DNA中的PCR产物长305 bp,与普通小麦中扩增的302 bp序列同源率达95.77%,对应的第6外显子区域内无SNP,说明在小麦D染色体组中存在psy基因,且psy基因部分外显子序列在D染色体组的进化过程中相对保守。     

Molecular Mapping of Sterility QTLs qSS-3, qSS-6a and qSS-7 as Single Mendelian Factors via NIL strategy

Hybrid sterility between Oryza glaberrima and O. sativa seriously hampers the introgression of favorable genes from each other. In order to further understand this issue, identification and isolation of hybrid sterility QTLs as single Mendelian factors are an effective strategy. A genetic map was constructed using a BC₁F₁ population derived from a cross between an O. sativa japonica cultivar and an O. glaberrima accession. Four main-effect QTLs for pollen sterility were detected in the BC₁F₁. Five BC₈F₁ advanced backcross populations were developed via successive backcrosses based on phenotype and molecular selections. The BC₈F₁ populations showed bimodal distribution for pollen fertility and could be classified into semi-sterile and fertile types, fitting single Mendilian factor inheritance ratios. Three QTLs detected in the BC₁F₁ corresponding to qSS-3, qSS-6a and qSS-7 were mapped on chromosomes 6, 3 and 7, respectively, as single Mendilian factors.     

低温条件下小麦返白系叶片中H2O2累积的原因初探

为了研究低温处理下小麦叶色阶段性白化品种返白系与对照品种矮变1号叶片的H_2O_2含量是否存在差异,并初步分析导致差异的原因,采用DAB组织染色法检测返白系和矮变1号在4℃低温处理90 d、25℃下恢复培养10 d时叶片H_2O_2含量的动态变化,测定4℃低温处理下返白系和矮变1号中表征光合电子传递效率的荧光参数F_v/F_m和qP,并采用qRT-PCR方法分析返白系和矮变1号中几个光合电子传递体基因及质体H_2O_2清除相关基因的表达模式。结果显示,低温处理下,矮变1号叶片中H_2O_2含量变化不大,返白系叶片中H_2O_2会大量累积;低温处理下,返白系叶片的叶绿素荧光参数F_v/F_m、qP都明显低于矮变1号。同时,低温下返白系光合电子传递链中部分电子传递体亚基基因petD、petN、ndhB和ndhK,以及质体H_2O_2清除相关基因 APX4和 HO1的表达量低于矮变1号。这些结果表明,低温处理下,相较于矮变1号,返白系叶片中会累积大量的H_2O_2。返白系质体中光合电子传递受阻引起电子泄露,同时质体中清除活性氧的能力下降,可能是导致返白系叶片中积累大量H_2O_2的原因。     

玉米中RING型E3泛素连接酶基因ZmGW2的表达分析

前期研究克隆得到ZmGW2基因, 该基因与水稻粒重相关基因OsGW2同源, 编码一个RING型E3泛素连接酶。研究表明, 该基因位于玉米的百粒重相关的QTL区域, 并且其表达量与玉米粒宽呈显著负相关。通过荧光定量PCR研究分析ZmGW2在杂交优势系中的表达量, 结果验证该基因的表达与玉米粒重呈负相关。半定量RT-PCR分析该基因在逆境胁迫下的表达模式, 结果表明, ZmGW2基因还可以被高盐(NaCl)、干旱、低温(4℃)和脱落酸(ABA)等逆境胁迫诱导表达。     

Glu A1和 Glu D1位点高分子量谷蛋白亚基共同缺失对弱筋小麦品质的影响

为了研究高分子量谷蛋白亚基(HMWGS)缺失对小麦品质的影响,以 GluA1和 GluD1位点HMWGS共同缺失材料2GS041410作供体亲本,以弱筋小麦品种扬麦13和扬麦18作轮回亲本进行回交,构建不同遗传背景的BC¹F³和BC²F³群体,测定受体、供体亲本的品质,以及回交群体BC¹F³和BC²F³中 GluA1和 GluD1位点HMWGS共同缺失纯合单株及两位点均正常表达纯合单株的品质。结果表明,供体2GS041410具有较低的SDS沉降值、较短的面团形成时间和稳定时间;在BC¹F³和BC²F³中, GluA1和 GluD1位点HMWGS共同缺失对蛋白含量影响不显著,但可显著或极显著降低SDS沉降值和水溶剂保持力(SRC)。 GluA1和 GluD1位点HMWGS双缺失在弱筋小麦品质育种中具有一定的应用价值。     

节节麦pbf基因的克隆、序列分析及原核表达

醇溶蛋白盒结合因子(prolamin-box binding factor,PBF)通过调控籽粒蛋白的表达效率进而影响面粉的加工品质。为给深入研究小麦籽粒PBF对籽粒蛋白质表达调控的分子基础提供参考依据,进而为小麦面粉加工品质的改良提供候选基因资源,利用特异引物组合pbfF1/pbf R1分别从两份节节麦(AS90、AS2386)中克隆出pbf基因后进行序列分析,并进一步构建pbf基因的原核表达体系。结果表明,从两份节节麦中克隆得到了2个不同类型的pbf基因(GenBank登录号分别为KJ544771和KJ544772),其中来源于AS2386的KJ544772与来源于普通六倍体小麦的1个pbf基因序列完全相同。推导的氨基酸序列分析表明,KJ544771和KJ544772所编码的蛋白质均为弱碱性的亲水蛋白,具有典型的DOF蛋白结构域。与其他远缘物种来源的PBF比对结果表明,该类蛋白在NLS核心、DOF结构域及Ser铰链区相对保守,而在C-端调控区变异较大,说明PBF蛋白具有种属特异性。同时,系统演化树显示,来源于节节麦AS2386的pbf基因与迄今已知的全部普通小麦的pbf基因具有高度的相似性,因此推测该种类型的节节麦很可能参与了最初的普通六倍体小麦的形成。此外,本研究成功构建了pbf基因的原核表达体系,可为后续功能验证的开展奠定基础。     

玉米大斑病菌StPEX11基因家族的鉴定及生物信息学分析

PEX11基因家族成员是参与过氧化物酶体增殖调控的关键因子。在玉米大斑病菌基因组中鉴定出2个PEX11基因,根据其相对分子质量分别命名为StPEX11-1和StPEX11-2。利用生物信息学方法,对基因结构、蛋白质的保守结构域及理化性质进行分析,预测其二级结构域。系统发育树分析发现,玉米大斑病菌的2个StPEX11基因分别属于I型和III型的PEX11亚家族。