螺旋藻多糖提取物对南美白对虾血淋巴细胞免疫功能的影响

试验通过CCK8法检测并筛选螺旋藻多糖提取物对南美白对虾血淋巴细胞安全浓度,探究螺旋藻多糖提取物对南美白对虾血淋巴细胞免疫功能的影响。试验设置对照组、黄芪多糖对照组、3个螺旋藻多糖提取物组(50、100、200 mg/L)。螺旋藻多糖提取物处理对虾血淋巴细胞12 h,测定其对南美白对虾血淋巴细胞中酸性磷酸酶(ACP)、碱性磷酸酶(AKP)和过氧化物酶(POD)的活性。结果显示,螺旋藻多糖提取物浓度范围在50～400 mg/L对南美白对虾血淋巴细胞的存活率无显著影响(P0.05)。与对照组相比,50、100、200 mg/L螺旋藻多糖提取物均极显著提高ACP的活性(P0.01);50 mg/L螺旋藻多糖提取物极显著提高AKP、POD的活性(P0.01),200 mg/L螺旋藻多糖提取物极显著提高POD的活性(P0.01),400 mg/L螺旋藻多糖提取物极显著提高POD (P0.01),显著提高AKP活性(P0.05)。研究表明,螺旋藻多糖提取物浓度范围在50～400 mg/L时,对南美白对虾血淋巴细胞的存活率无显著影响,能够提高南美白对虾血淋巴细胞的免疫功能。     

小球藻多糖对南美白对虾血细胞吞噬及免疫相关因子基因表达的影响

试验在南美白对虾体内注射小球藻多糖(0,5,20μg/g),荧光显微镜观察对虾血细胞的吞噬,实时荧光定量PCR检测对虾免疫相关因子基因的表达,结果表明:小球藻多糖极显著提高对虾的血细胞吞噬活性(P0.01),5μg/g小球藻多糖的对虾血细胞吞噬与20μg/g小球藻多糖极相比较没有显著性差异(P0.05);小球藻多糖能够显著提高南美白对虾肝胰腺中免疫相关因子基因的表达水平(P0.01),5μg/g小球藻多糖极显著提高南美白对虾鳃中的过氧化酶(CAT)、酚氧化酶(PO)和Toll基因表达水平(P0.01),20μg/g小球藻多糖极显著提高南美白对虾鳃中的CAT、PO、溶菌酶(LZM)、Toll和IMD基因表达水平(P0.01);5μg/g小球藻多糖极显著增强南美白对虾血细胞中的CAT、PO、LZM、Toll和IMD基因表达水平(P0.01),20μg/g小球藻多糖极显著增强南美白对虾血细胞中的CAT、PO和LZM基因表达水平(P0.01)。由此推测,小球藻多糖参与了南美白对虾的免疫调节作用。     

南方3省南美白对虾养殖的现状与展望

自1998年以来。南美白对虾养殖在广东、广西、海南等省(区)迅猛发展．并已成为3省的主要对虾养殖品种。仅上述3省(区)2003年南美白对虾养殖面积达100万亩。约占养虾面积的92％。白对虾的总产量为27万t。约占3省(区)对虾产量的94％。     

对南方地区2011年对虾养殖的思考

1 2010年南方地区对虾养殖业的回顾 病害是南方地区2010年南美白对虾养殖业的主题。2010年5月份至今,尤其是2010年的6月份、7月份,整个华南地区养成期的南美白对虾受该病影响,发病率、死亡率极高,对虾产量较2009年大幅度下滑（总产量下降14％），是1993—1994年中国对虾爆发性疾病之后对虾养殖业产量下滑幅度最大的一年。     

2008’南美白对虾产业发展研讨会圆满成功

南美白对虾产业是湛江市的重要产业,已成为湛江的一张名片,同时湛江在全国南美白对虾产业中也具有举足轻重的作用。据了解,湛江的南美白对虾养殖规模占全国近1／3,同时养殖技术也属同行翘楚;湛江的对虾饲料规模也很大,诞生了如粤海饲料集团、恒兴集团这样在全国南美白对虾饲料行业中数一数二的企业;如何采取有效措施在保证饲料安全的前提下,根据市场的需要开发出高效、环保的对虾饲料,以促进饲料和对虾产业的协调健康发展。同时,湛江的对虾加工和流通企业也有几十家之多,对虾加工的产量和技术水平都居全国之首,特别是湛江国联水产开发有限公司在对虾质量安全危机和反倾销诉讼事件中取得突破成就,对整个产业意义重大;同时,湛江的与南美白对虾相关产业也非常发达。     

螺旋藻多糖提取物散对南美白对虾的临床应用效果观察

为研究螺旋藻多糖提取物散对南美白对虾的免疫调节效果,饲喂试验设螺旋藻多糖提取物散组(2.0g/kg)、黄芪多糖对照组(2.0g/kg)、空白对照组,连续喂养30天.于用药后第15、30天测定各组南美白对虾的体长、体重、肝胰腺重量,计算生长性能,测定了血淋巴中非特异性免疫指标变化,并对南美白对虾肝胰腺进行组织病理学检查....     

如何选择虾饲料

目前华南地区对虾料系列主要有南美白对虾料、斑节对虾料、日本对虾料,其中南美白对虾饲料因为养殖面积日益扩大而销售量也逐渐增大。粗蛋白含量日本对虾料高于斑节对虾料,斑节对虾料高于南美白对虾料。     

南美白对虾的养殖技术

南美白对虾(Penaeus vannamei),又称万氏对虾、白肢虾、白对虾、白虾,过去国内曾译为凡纳对虾,原产于南美太平洋沿岸的水域,以厄瓜多尔沿岸分布最为集中,为热带型种类,分类上隶属于节肢动物门(Arthropoda)、甲壳纲(Crustacea)、十足目(Decapoda)、游泳亚目(Natantia)、对虾科(Penaeidae)、对虾属(Penaeus)、Lito-penaeus亚属.     

凡纳滨对虾营养需要研究进展

凡纳滨对虾(Penaeus(Litopenaeus)vannameiBoone,1931)属对虾科、对虾属、白对虾亚属,也称为万氏对虾、南美白对虾、白皮虾等,原分布在中、南美太平洋沿岸的水域,以厄瓜多尔沿岸的分布最为集中。凡纳滨对虾与国内其他养殖对虾相比,具有繁殖周期长、对水环境因子变化的抗逆能力强、生长快,适应性强,抗病能力强、对饲料营养要求低等优点,是当今世界养殖虾类产量最高的3大品种之一。     

三黄连翘合剂对南美白对虾血淋巴细胞和生长性能的影响

试验旨在探究三黄连翘合剂对南美白对虾的安全性。选取南美白对虾1 500尾,随机分为5组,每组3个重复,每个重复100尾。空白对照组对虾投喂基础饵料,4个三黄连翘合剂组分别投喂最佳推荐剂量（20 mL/kg）的1、3、5、10倍剂量进行试验。试验期35 d,分别于试验第18、35 d测定各试验组南美白对虾生长性能以及生理生化指标,观察肝胰腺组织病理变化。结果显示：与空白对照组相比,第18和35 d时,1、3、5倍剂量组能够不同程度提高南美白对虾的各项生长指标和器官指数。第35 d,1、3倍剂量组南美白对虾的总血淋巴细胞数、碱性磷酸酶活性和总蛋白含量均显著升高（P<0.05）,半透明细胞数量显著降低（P<0.05）;1、3、5倍剂量组南美白对虾肝胰腺组织结构清晰、细胞分布均匀、排列有序。研究表明,南美白对虾连续饲喂35 d的三黄连翘合剂能够在一定程度上提高其生长性能和机体免疫功能,推荐剂量（20 mL/kg）的1、3、5倍剂量均具有良好的安全性。     

商会自治的基石——商会自治规范研究

在现代法律秩序中,商会自治规范是制定法的基础和必要的补充,甚至在某些方面替代了制定法;商会自治规范主要包括商会组织规范、行为规范、惩罚规范以及争端解决规范等;其效力仅及于其内部成员;商会自治规范和制定法之间存在冲突,但也存在整合的基础。     

癸氧喹酯干混悬剂含量测定的改进

采用高效液相色谱法测定癸氧喹酯干混悬剂的含量,在2-250μg/mL范围内,峰面积的常用对数与进样量浓度的常用对数呈良好的线性关系,R^2=1(n=5),平均回收率为99.24%~99.51%,RSD在0.05%~0.28%。此方法分析时间短,样品前处理简便、定量结果准确,重现性好,结果满意,为其质量控制提供了依据。     

猪毛色遗传的研究进展

本文概述了猪的毛色类型、猪的毛色遗传模式,着重综述了猪毛色基因分子基础的研究进展,指出存在问题并就未来发展方向做了思考。     

Comparison of 2 methods of centesis of the bursa of the biceps brachii tendon of horses

REASONS FOR PERFORMING STUDY: Centesis of the bicipital bursa using an 8.9 cm long spinal needle has been reported but the alternative of employing a 3.8 cm long hypodermic needle requires validation. OBJECTIVE: To compare the efficacy of 2 different methods of centesis of the bicipital bursa and to evaluate the usefulness of ultrasonographic imaging to determine the location of solution administered when centesis of the bursa is attempted. METHODS: For Trial 1, 6 clinicians, who had no previous experience of centesis of the bicipital bursa, attempted to inject a solution composed of an aqueous radiopaque contrast medium and physiological saline solution (PSS) into the bicipital bursae of 2/12 horses using the previously described distal approach to inject one bursa and a proximal approach to inject the contralateral bursa. The bicipital tendon and bursa were examined ultrasonographically before and after injection; and both shoulders were examined radiographically to identify the location of the medium. In Trial 2, another 6 clinicians, also with no previous experience of centesis, repeated Trial 1, using 6 horses, but the radiopaque contrast medium was mixed with air instead of PSS. RESULTS: Accuracy of centesis using the proximal approach was 39% and that of the distal approach 28%. Ultrasonographic examination of the shoulder allowed the location of solution and air to be accurately predicted in all 12 shoulders examined. CONCLUSIONS: Clinicians who have had no previous experience performing centesis of the bicipital bursa are unlikely to be successful in centesis using either approach. Radiographic examination after injecting a radiopaque contrast medium may be necessary to assess the success of centesis especially if bursal fluid is not obtained during centesis. Injecting air along with the radiopaque contrast medium provides more accurate ultrasonographic confirmation of centesis and better radiographic definition than does injection without air.     

不同样本商品蜂蜜中硒含量的测定

用硝酸和高氯酸消化蜂蜜,使硒游离出来,在微酸性环境下,硒和2,3-二氨基萘(DAN)生成有较强荧光的物质,用环己烷萃取,在激发波长378nm,荧光波长518nm处测定其荧光强度。蜂蜜中硒含量范围:0.10～0.82μg/g。表明:蜂蜜应视为天然富硒营养品。     

乳酸杆菌益生作用机制的研究进展

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物。本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制。乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道。文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分（表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖）与肠道受体（Ｃ型凝集素受体、Ｔｏｌｌ样受体和 Ｎｏｄ样受体）,阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制。     

Effects of size of ingestively masticated fragments of plant tissues on kinetics of digestion of NDF

Ingestively masticated fragments were collected and sized via sieving. Different sizes of esophageal masticate and ruminal digesta fragments, and ground fragments of larger masticated pieces were incubated in vitro, and undigested NDF remaining at intervals of up to 168 h of incubation was determined. The ruminal age-dependent time delay (tau) for onset of digestion of NDF was positively correlated (P < 0.004) with the mean sieve aperture estimated to retain 50% of the fragments between successive sieve apertures (MRA). Degradation rate of potentially degradable NDF (PDF) and level of indigestible NDF were not related (P > 0.10) to MRA of masticated and ground fragments. Estimates of tau were positively related to MRA, with slopes of bermudagrass < corn silage < ruminal fragments of corn silage. It was concluded that fragment size-, and consequently, ruminal age-dependent onset of PDF degradation of a mixture of different fragment sizes results in an age-dependent rate of degradation of the more rapidly degrading of two subentities of PDF. Models are proposed that assume a tau before onset of simultaneous degradation of PDF from two pools characterized as having gamma-modeled age-dependency and age-constant rates. The ruminal age-dependent pool seems to be associated with the faster-degrading pool, and its rate parameter increases with range in MRA in the population of fragments. Conceptually, the ruminal age-dependent rate parameter for PDF degradation seems to represent a composite of several effects: 1) effects of the size-dependent tau; 2) range in MRA of the population of ingestively masticated fragments; and 3) subentities of PDF that degrade via more rapid age-dependent rates compared with subentities of PDF that degrade via age-constant rates. The estimated fractional rates of ruminative comminution of ingestively masticated fragments (0.060 to 0.075/h) were of a magnitude similar to the mean fractional rates of PDF digestion (0.030 to 0.085/h), which implies that ruminative comminution may be first-limiting to fractional rate of PDF digestion. The in vivo roles of ingestive and ruminative mastication of fragments on PDF degradation must be considered in any kinetic system for estimating PDF digestion in the rumen. These results and others in the literature suggest that the rate of surface area exposure rather than intrinsic chemical attributes of PDF may be first-limiting to degradation rate of PDF in vivo.     

Mechanism of Action of Probiotic Function of Lactobacilli

乳酸杆菌作为益生菌广泛用于人和动物.本文综述了乳酸杆菌改善宿主健康的机制.乳酸杆菌可通过产生抗菌物质如乳酸、过氧化氢、细菌素,或者通过竞争营养或肠道黏附位点来抑制致病菌;通过诱导黏附素的分泌或阻止细胞凋亡而增强肠道的屏障功能,从而保护肠道.文章重点讨论了乳酸杆菌表面成分(表面蛋白、脂磷壁酸和肽聚糖)与肠道受体(C型凝集素受体、Toll样受体和Nod样受体),阐述了他们结合后启动免疫调节信号,调控肠道免疫功能以发挥改善健康作用的机制.     

Evaluation of serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism and results of radiography as indicators of severity of osteochondrosis in foals

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether serum concentrations of biomarkers of skeletal metabolism can, in conjunction with radiographic evaluation, indicate severity of osteochondrosis in developing horses. ANIMALS: 43 Dutch Warmblood foals with varying severity of osteochondrosis. PROCEDURE: 24 foals were monitored for 5 months and 19 foals were monitored for 11 months. Monthly radiographs of femoropatellar-femorotibial and tibio-tarsal joints were graded for osteochondral abnormalities. Serial blood samples were assayed for 8 cartilage and bone biomarkers. At the end of the monitoring period, foals were examined for macroscopic osteochondrosis lesions. RESULTS: Temporal relationships were evident between certain serum biomarkers and osteochondrosis severity in foals during their first year. Biomarkers of collagen degradation (collagenase-generated neoepitopes of type-II collagen fragments, type-I and -II collagen fragments [COL2-3/4C(short)], and cross-linked telopeptide fragments of type-I collagen) and bone mineralization (osteocalcin) were positive indicators of osteochondrosis severity at 5 months of age. In foals with lesions at 11 months of age, osteochondrosis severity correlated negatively with COL2-3/4C(short) and osteocalcin and positively with C-propeptide of type-II procollagen (CPII), a collagen synthesis marker. Radiographic grading of osteochondrosis lesions significantly correlated with macroscopic osteochondrosis severity score at both ages and was strongest when combined with osteocalcin at 5 months and CPII at 11 months. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The ability of serum biomarkers to indicate osteochondrosis severity appears to depend on stage of disease and is strengthened with radiography. In older foals with more permanent lesions, osteochondrosis severity is significantly related to biomarker concentrations of decreased bone formation and increased cartilage synthesis.