欧美杨纤维含量构成因素的相关和通径分析

【目的】分析杨树超短轮伐林纤维含量构成因素及其贡献率,明确育种目标,为杨树超短轮伐林选育工作提供必要的依据。【方法】以5个3年生欧美杨无性系(库安托杨、凌丰1号、凌丰3号、凌丰4号和凌丰5号)为材料,利用Excel、SPSS 17.0软件对5个无性系各性状数据进行方差、标准差分析,计算变异系数和重复力,利用最小显著差异法(LSD)进行多重比较;对无性系各性状间进行相关性分析,采用回归分析方法分析并建立单株纤维含量与生长、材性性状间的关系模型;同时,对纤维含量主要构成因素进行偏相关分析和通径分析,计算贡献率,了解其作用模式。【结果】各生长性状(树高、胸径、单株材积)在5个无性系间变化幅度相对较大,无性系间存在显著差异且在无性系的遗传比重较大,而材性性状中,除单株纤维含量外,木质素、综纤维素、纤维素、基本密度、微纤丝角、纤维平均长度、纤维平均宽度、纤维长宽比、纤维粗度9个性状在无性系间变异较小;各生长性状间相关性显著,生长性状与材性性状间具有相对独立性;利用回归分析方法得到单株纤维含量与其他性状间的关系模型,经过逐步回归分析得到最终模型,结果表明单株材积、纤维素和基本密度对单株纤维含量的影响效果显著;通过偏相关分析得出单株材积、纤维素和基本密度均能很大程度地影响单株纤维含量,同时三因素间存在相互制约关系,与关系模型中表达的结果一致;通径分析表明提高单株材积对提高单株纤维含量作用最大,增加木材基本密度次之,提高纤维素作用最小,其贡献率分别为72.61%,13.55%和13.84%,与偏相关分析结果一致。【结论】欧美杨纤维含量的主要构成因素为单株材积、纤维素和基本密度;单株材积等生长性状具有很大的提升空间,且与材性性状间具有相对的独立性,应将生长性状(树高、胸径、单株材积)作为选育标准。     

杨树无性系生长与材性遗传变异及综合选择研究

以6年生18个杨树无性系为材料，研究其生长与材性性状的遗传变异及性状问的相关性，结果表明：除纤维含量、纤维长度外，树高、胸径、材积、纤维宽度、长宽比、木材基本密度6性状在无性系间均存在显著差异，各性状重复力在0．6109～0．9053之间，生长性状受高度遗传控制，纤维宽度、长宽比、木材基本密度受中等至强度遗传控制；生长与材性性状遗传具有相对独立性，就杨树纸浆材而言，材性改良应以生长性状的改良为前提；利用灰色关联度分析法评选出XL-90、XL-77、XL-101、XL-75、XL-92共5个综合性状优异的美洲黑杨杂交新无性系，其中XL-90、XL-77表现尤为突出，与I-69比较，其单株材积生长量分别提高60．71％、46．45％，单株纤维产量分别提高51．43％、44．13％。     

尾叶桉家系木材性状的变异研究

对75个月生32个尾叶桉家系的6个与木材相关的性状进行了研究.6个木材性状在家系间存在显著或极显著差异,说明通过家系选择可以获得性状优良的家系/无性系;木材基本密度、木材含水量、纤维宽、纤维长宽比与生长、形质性状间的相关关系不显著,表明该4个研究性状能各自遗传,可以分别独立选择;纤维长与树高、胸径及单株材积相关关系达到显著或极显著水平,说明纤维长度随树龄增长而增加,材性逐渐得到改善;所有木材性状间的遗传力均在0.5左右,说明各性状受到中等水平的遗传控制;水分含量、基本密度、树皮厚度、纤维长宽比性状的遗传变异系数较高,表明尾叶桉家系在4个性状上具有较丰富的遗传变异,进行性状遗传改良可获得较高遗传增益,按25%入选率,预期遗传增益可达5.68%～17.66%.     

杉木纸浆材无性系选择研究

经过16a对杉木无性系材积、单株干物质、单株纤维量、纤维长、纤维宽、纤维长宽比、纤维含量、木材密度的变异规律和各性状间的相关关系进行了研究。结果表明：无性系间各性状存在极显著差异,纤维长、宽不受立地影响。材积、纤维含量、木材密度对单株纤维量贡献率分别为61．7％、22．6％、15．7％。各性状遗传力0．51～0．68。选出了长纤维型造纸材优良无性系12个、中纤维型造纸材优良无性系4个、适合立地条件较差的造纸材优良无性系4个。     

杉木无性系生长和木材密度的遗传变异及选择

研究了８年生杉木无性系试验林的树高、胸径、材积和木材密度的遗传变异规律。结果表明：试验中各性状在无性系间存在显著差异,遗传变异系数树高为９．０％,胸径为１３．７％,材积为３０．０％,而木材密度只有６．７％,各性状均有较高的重复力,木材密度和胸径的重复力在９０．０％以上。树高、胸径、材积３个生长性状间有较高的遗传正相关,而胸径、材 与木材密度间表现出中度的遗传负相关,树高与木材密度间则表现出弱度的遗     

柳杉全同胞家系生长和材性的遗传变异及优良家系选择

研究林木家系间生长性状和材性性状遗传变异情况,并从中挑选优良家系,为林木生长及材性改良提供科学依据。以福建霞浦国有林场40个柳杉全同胞家系子代为研究对象,分析其生长性状(树高、胸径和材积)和材性性状(比重、心材率、偏心率、树皮率、管胞长度、管胞宽度和管胞长宽比)遗传变异特点。结果表明:1)柳杉不同家系间树高、胸径、树皮率、管胞长度、管胞宽度和管胞长宽比均达到了差异极显著水平,比重、材积性状达到显著差异水平,而木材心材率和偏心率则差异不显著;2)比重、材积、偏心率、树皮率、树高、胸径、管胞长度、管胞宽度、管胞长宽比均受到中等及中等以上遗传力控制;3)柳杉树高与胸径、材积存在极显著正相关;胸径与材积、管胞长度、管胞长宽比存在显著水平正相关,材积与管胞长度、管胞长宽比也存在极显著正相关;4)以胸径和比重作为简单指数选择法的选择性状,计算出各家系选择指数值I值,按10%入选率,选出I值最高的4个家系,分别是34#(7-3)、3#(6-2)、2#(7-5)和20#(20-10)。这些结论可为柳杉生长及材性改良提供科学参考。     

杉木无性系生长和材性变异及多性状指数选择

对19年生和17年生2块杉木无性系测定林开展生长和材性变异及多性状指数选择研究,其中,19年生测定林包括38个参试无性系,17年生测定林包括102个参试无性系。2块测定林数据分析结果均显示:无性系树高、胸径、单株材积、心材率和木材基本密度存在极显著的遗传差异,无性系重复力达中等偏上至较高水平,遗传变异系数各性状间差异较大;树高、胸径、材积生长性状间存在极显著的表型和遗传相关,与基本密度存在弱负相关。不同选择方法的结果表明,指数选择能整体提高单株材积、心材率和木材基本密度综合的遗传增益,达到比单性状选择更好的选择效果,是多性状改良较理想的选择方法。     

群改杨无性系材性性状遗传分析

对22个群改杨无性系的材性和生长性状进行综合评定,分别采用六项指标（纤维长度、壁腔比、纤维长宽比、密度、树高、胸径）评分法和三项指标（纤维性状、木材密度、材积）评分法,探讨了无性系评定方法。     

21年生杉木优良无性系生长与材质性状研究

对来源于湖南省的38个杉木无性系在江西省分宜县大岗山年珠林场21年生试验林各生长性状进行了调查与分析,选出4个杉木优良无性系43、68、88、300和大岗山杉木一般生产用种ck进行生长性状和材性性状对比研究。结果表明:4个优良无性系总体胸径与木材基本密度之间存在极显著负相关关系(r=-0.331),优良无性系43胸径生长量、单株材积生长量和木材基本密度均优于对照,可作为生长和材性性状联合选择的建筑材无性系;各优良无性系纤维长宽比均高于对照,优良无性系300长宽比最大且长纤维最多,最适宜用作纸桨材;各无性系不同林龄间纤维长度的差异较为明显,为杉木优良纸桨材无性系最佳采伐时间的确定提供了理论基础。     

群众杨改良无性系材性的遗传及性状相关的研究

以群众杨改良无性系研究了木材材性性状的遗传及性状之间的相关，９个性状纤维长、纤维宽，长宽比，纤维壁厚，木材密度，年轮度，树高、胸径，材积在无性系间存在显著或极显著的差异。纤维长，长宽比和木材密度具有较高的重复力，较大的遗传变异系数和遗传增益，三性状同性状３－４年与５－６年之间的相关达显著或极显著水平。简单相关，典型相关、通径分析均表明木材密度与纤维性状、生长性状是独立的。通径分析表明纤维长，树高，     

Browsing Damage on Pine (Pinus sylvestris and P. contorta) by a migrating moose (Alces alces) Population in Winter: Relation to Habitat Composition and Road Barriers

In Scandinavia, moose (Alces alces L.) sometimes cause severe browsing damage to economically-important pine. Moose-vehicle accidents have spurred construction of fences along roads, and these may interfere with moose migration between summer and winter ranges, or the road alone may be a barrier. If this happens and moose build up along roads, landowners may suffer economically. Therefore, this study investigated whether roads, fences or other factors influence the use of young pine stands by moose. Eighty stands along roads in northern Sweden were evaluated in which individually-browsed branches were counted on 9972 pines. Moose browsing was not significantly related to birch (Betula pendula Roth, B. pubescens Ehrh.) density, nor did it differ between pines (Pinus contorta Douglas or P. sylvestris L.). However, increased pine density, site productivity and proximity to a highway were associated with increased browsing. Further large-scale studies are needed to understand moose habitat selection and the effects of roads.     

Effects of Root Freezing on the Physiology and Growth of Picea glauca,Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana Seedlings Under Different Soil Moisture Regimes

The root systems of 2-yr-old Picea glauca, Picea mariana and Pinus banksiana seedlings were submitted to various frost temperatures during an artificial frost to induce different levels of root damage. Frost-damaged and control seedlings were placed in a greenhouse under high and low soil moisture regimes. Seedling growth and physiology were evaluated periodically. Seedling survival was reduced when root damage reached levels of 60-80%. Root systems of all three species showed partial to total recovery by the end of the experiment. In general, root freezing damage caused reductions in seedling growth, with these reductions becoming less significant over time. Root damage had little to no effect on black spruce and jack pine seedling physiology, while white spruce CO 2 uptake decreased with increasing root damage. Shoot nitrogen content of all three species decreased slightly with increasing root damage.     

Stand Structure in Pine,Spruce and Deciduous Forests: A Comparison Between Finnish and Russian Karelia

This study investigated the stand structure in pine, spruce and deciduous forests in the border district of Finland and Russia. A total of 46 mature forest stands was selected as pairs, the members of each pair being as similar as possible with respect to their forest site type, age, moisture and topography. The stands were then compared between the two countries by means of basal areas and number of stems. The proportions of dominating tree species were 2-12% lower, and correspondingly the proportions of secondary tree species higher, in Russian forests. The density of the forest stock was also higher in each forest type in Russia. The forests in the two countries differed most radically in terms of the abundance of dead trees. The amount was two to four times higher in Russian deciduous and spruce forests, and in pine forests the difference was 10-fold. The stand structures indicated that Russian coniferous stands, in particular, were more heterogeneous than intensively managed pine and spruce stands in Finland.     

Growth and Terminal Bud Formation in Picea abies Seedlings Grown with Alternating Diurnal Temperature and Different Light Qualities

The root collar diameter and the height:diameter ratio are of particular importance in container-grown seedlings where a high density in the containers may produce spindly seedlings. Temperature regimes and light quality are known to affect plant growth. The aim of this study was to identify responses in Picea abies (L.) Karst. seedlings grown with light providing different red:far-red ratios and under temperature regimes with alternating day (DT) and night temperature (NT) from negative (DT < NT) to positive (DT > NT) difference (DIF) between DT and NT. Experiments were conducted in controlled environment chambers and in a daylight phytotron. Only limited thermoperiodic responses appeared in P . abies seedlings with respect to seedling height and dry weight accumulation. The formation of terminal buds, however, was clearly delayed in seedlings grown at negative DIF. The results indicate a requirement for day extension light that is high in far-red, to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions. An extended study should be conducted to clarify the minimum level of light intensity and the optimal light quality needed to prevent terminal bud formation under natural short-day conditions.     

CAD与建筑设计的关系

本文分析了CAD在设计中引起的正面和负面影响,并进行了系统的阐述,从而使设计者在应用中能够保持客观的态度。     

Natural Regeneration in Clear-cuts: Effects of Scarification,Slash Removal and Clear-cut Age

The effects of soil scarification (mounding), slash removal and clear-cut age on the natural regeneration in clear-cuts was evaluated using data from four sites in southern Sweden. The treatments were carried out during a good seed and establishment year for birch ( Betula pubescens Ehrh. and B. pendula Roth). Scarification had the strongest positive effect on the density of naturally regenerated seedlings, especially in birch, but also in pine ( Pinus sylvestris L.) and spruce [ Picea abies (L.) Karst]. Slash removal had a positive effect on birch density. No statistically significant effect of clear-cut age was found. In addition, no statistically significant interactions between clear-cut age and scarification or slash removal were found. The ingrowth of field vegetation was the fastest in areas that were not scarified, less rapid in areas scarified on old clear-cuts, and the slowest after scarification in fresh clear-cuts. In conclusion, it may be possible to control the density of birch during a good establishment year for birch. If birch is desired, the best combination of treatments is to remove the slash and scarify; otherwise, these treatments should be avoided.     

Risk Perception Among Non-industrial Private Forest Owners

Based on an enquiry, risk perception among non-industrial private forest owners is described in relation to climate change and forestry hazards. Of the respondents, 11% took action to remedy the effects of climate change. Out of a given set, hazards were ranked according to each respondent's experience of recent substantial financial loss to the estate and in relation to his or her willingness to make investments aimed at risk reduction. For each hazard, the respondent assessed the risk in four classes ranging from very high to negligible risk. Six hazards were considered most problematic in all three aspects: browsing damage, falling timber prices, damage by wind, spruce bark beetle, root rot and pine weevil. A majority of the respondents claimed to take action to reduce the risk associated with at least one hazard, while 35% did not know whether they did. Excluding climate change, the need for decision support was the largest in relation to damage by wind owing to a combination of perceived high risk and a high level of ignorance in relation to whether risk-reducing measures were taken.     

Interactions in decomposition and N mineralization between tropical legume residue components

In situ produced plant residues contain a mixture of different plant components of varying quality. To assess synergistic or antagonistic interactions occurring during the decomposition and mineralization of such mixtures, individual plant parts (stems, leaves, leaf litter and roots) or the mixture of stems, leaves and leaf litter of the agroforestry species pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan) or of crop residues of peanut (Arachis hypogaea) or of the weed hairy indigo (Indigofera hirsuta) were incubated in pots for 19 weeks. Periodically, remaining plant residues were sieved out (>2 mm), weighed and N content as well as soil mineral N determined. Above- and below-ground residues of peanut decomposed fastest and showed the largest N release in agreement with their high N concentration and low-acid detergent fibre (ADF) : N ratio. Hairy indigo was hypothesized to be of lower quality than pigeonpea because of its high-polyphenol content. However, it decomposed faster than pigeonpea, largely because of the higher N and lower lignin concentration of its components. Ranking of individual plant components for N mineralization resulted in the following pattern, leaves > leaf litter > roots > stems. In mixtures of the different plant components a similar species order in decomposition was obtained, e.g. peanut > hairy indigo > pigeonpea. The amount of N released from the mixture was dominated by stem material that comprised 46–61% of the mixture. The interactions in mixtures were relatively small for peanut (generally high-quality components) as well as for pigeonpea (low proportion of high-quality components, i.e. N rich leaf material). However, a positive interaction occurred during later stages of N mineralization in the mixture of hairy indigo as it had a significant proportion of N rich components and absence of highly reactive polyphenols. Thus, for plants with low to intermediate chemical quality attributes, manipulating plant composition (e.g. by varying harvest age, affecting stem and leaf proportions) will be important to obtain significant interactions during decomposition when its components are mixed.     

Pasture production and tree growth in a young pine plantation fertilized with inorganic fertilizers and milk sewage in northwestern Spain

The use of organic waste materials such as milk sewage as an organic fertilizer could have the dual advantages of organic-waste disposal and reduced dependence on inorganic fertilizers. The effects of fertilization with (1) conventional mineral fertilization, (2) milk sewage sludge at 40 kg N ha⁻¹ target rate and (3) no fertilization on pasture production and tree growth were examined in an experiment consisting of two pasture mixtures under a one-year-old Pinus radiata plantation with a density of 2500 trees ha⁻¹. The two pasture mixtures were: (1) Dactylis glomerata L. var. saborto (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹); (2) Lolium perenne L. var. Tove (25 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium repens L. group Ladino (4 kg ha⁻¹) + Trifolium pratense L. var. Marino (1 kg ha⁻¹). The experiment began in the spring of 1995 using a randomized block design with three replicates in Castro Riberas de Lea (Lugo, Galicia, north-western Spain). Plot size was 12 × 8 m², with a 1 m buffer strip between plots. Two-year data showed that fertilization with either material had a positive effect on pasture production, with no significant difference between the two fertilization treatments. Tree growth in the milk sewage sludge plot was significantly higher than in the control plots. Inorganic fertilization increased pasture production, but affected tree growth negatively. The results show that milk sewage sludge could be used as a fertilizer in silvo-pastoral systems. This revised version was published online in June 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.