单室结构土壤微生物燃料电池发电性能的影响因子研究

There is limited information about the factors that affect the power generation of single-chamber microbial fuel cells （MFCs） using soil organic matter as a fuel source. We examined the effect of soil and water depths, and temperature on the performance of soil MFCs with anode being embedded in the flooded soil and cathode in the overlaying water. Results showed that the MFC with 5 cm deep soil and 3 cm overlaying water exhibited the highest open circuit voltage of 562 mV and a power density of 0.72 mW m-2. The ohmic resistance increased with more soil and water. The polarization resistance of cathode increased with more soil while that of anode increased with more water. During the 30 d operation, the cell voltage positively correlated with temperature and reached a maximum of 162 mV with a 500 ft external load. After the operation, the bacterial 16S rRNA gene from the soil and anode was sequenced. The bacteria in the soil were more diverse than those adhere to the anode where the bacteria were mainly affiliated to Eseherichia coli and Deltaproteobacteria. In summary, the two bacterial groups may generate electricity and the electrical properties were affected by temperature and the depth of soil and water.     

多种潮土有机质高光谱预测模型的对比分析

为了对比不同方法建模效果的差异,筛选潮土有机质高光谱最佳预测模型,该研究采集国家潮土土壤肥力与肥料效益长期监测站不同施肥处理耕层土样83份,采用25种光谱预处理方法(15种单一预处理方法,10种预处理方法相加算法)结合3种建模方法(多元线性回归、偏最小二乘回归、支持向量机回归),构建不同的潮土有机质高光谱预测模型。对比模型预测结果表明,最佳光谱建模方法是偏最小二乘回归法,该方法结合多种预处理方法均获得了较高的模型预测精度和可靠性,25个检验模型的平均决定系数、均方根误差值RMSEv和相对分析误差RPD值分别为0.913、1.264 g/kg和3.299。使用预处理方法相加算法能更好地提升模型精度,相比使用单一预处理方法,3种建模方法的检验模型平均决定系数分别提高了0.049、0.033和0.071,RMSEv分别降低了0.318、0.204和0.528 g/kg,RPD值分别提高了0.530、0.307和1.144。先用多元散射校正法再进行5个平滑点数的一阶导数预处理在3种建模方法中表现均较好(平均决定系数=0.934,平均RMSEv=1.17 g/kg,平均RPD=3.59),可作为潮土有机质预测模型的通用预处理方法。偏最小二乘回归模型结合最大值标准化预处理所建模型(决定系数=0.948,RMSEv=0.972 g/kg,RPD=4.276)精度高、可靠性强,且建模过程数据运算更为简便,是筛选出的最佳潮土有机质高光谱预测模型。该研究结果对潮土有机质高光谱预测建模有一定的指导作用,并为筛选最佳高光谱预测模型提供技术参考。     

The quality of exogenous organic matter: short-term effects on soil physical properties and soil organic matter fractions

We examined the short-term effect of five organic amendments and compared them to plots fertilized with inorganic fertilizer and unfertilized plots on aggregate stability and hydraulic conductivity, and on the OC and ON distribution in physically separated SOM fractions. After less than 1 year, the addition of organic amendments significantly increased ( P  <   0.01) the aggregate stability and hydraulic conductivity. The stability index ranged between 0.97 and 1.76 and the hydraulic conductivity between 1.23 and 2.80 × 10⁻³ m/s for the plots receiving organic amendments, compared with 0.34–0.43, and 0.42–0.64 × 10⁻³ m/s, respectively, for the unamended plots. There were significant differences between the organic amendments (P <  0.01), although these results were not unequivocal for both soil physical parameters. The total OC and ON content were significantly increased ( P  <   0.05) by only two applications of organic fertilizers: between 1.10 and 1.51% OC for the amended plots versus 0.98–1.08% for the unamended and between 0.092 and 0.131% ON versus 0.092–0.098% respectively. The amount of OC and ON in the free particulate organic matter fraction was also significantly increased ( P  <   0.05), but there were no significant differences ( P  <   0.05) in the OC and ON content in the POM occluded in micro-aggregates and in the silt + clay-sized organic matter fraction. The results showed that even in less than 1 year pronounced effects on soil physical properties and on the distribution of OC and ON in the SOM fractions occurred.     

Comparison of two quantitative soil organic carbon models with a conceptual model using data from an agricultural long‐term experiment

Quantitative soil organic carbon (SOC) models are required for a better understanding of C sequestration in soils and for prognoses at different scenarios. However, it is unclear whether the major C‐stabilization mechanisms are included adequately. Objectives were (1) to test the performance of the CIPS (Carbon turnover In Pore Space) model and the Rothamsted Carbon (RothC) Model for a prediction of the SOC dynamics at the long‐term experiments at Halle (Germany) and (2) to compare the model structures of the quantitative models and a conceptual model in order to identify shortcomings of the quantitative models. Both quantitative models had a similar prediction performance: the C dynamics was predicted satisfactorily for the Halle sites under continuous rye with NPK fertilization or without any fertilization (1878–1953), but larger deviations between modeled and measured C contents were observed for the continuous rye and maize in the entire period from 1878 to 1996. The comparison of the conceptual model with the quantitative models revealed that the neglect of the black C dynamics and the interactions of SOC with mineral surfaces are not included explicitly. Site‐specific calibrations are required where these processes have a significant impact on soil organic matter dynamics. Furthermore, the number of pools and mechanisms in the conceptual model is higher than in the quantitative models independent of their level of abstraction. Despite the neglect of some important mechanisms in the quantitative models, it has to be noted that they reproduce the SOC data generally well in agricultural surface soils. Moreover, they need only few inputs which are generally easily obtainable.     

Estimating soil carbon dynamics in intercrop and sole crop agroecosystems using the Century model

Using process‐based models to predict changes in carbon (C) stocks enhances our knowledge on the long‐term dynamics of soil organic carbon (SOC) in various land management systems. The objective of this study was to apply the Century model to evaluate temporal SOC dynamics in two temperate intercrop systems [1:2 (one row of maize and two rows of soybeans); 2:3 intercrop (two rows of maize and three rows of soybean)] and in a maize and soybean sole crop. Upon initiation of intercropping, SOC increased by 47% after ≈ 100 years, whereas SOC in the maize sole crop increased by 21% and 2% in the soybean sole crop. The quantity of crop residue input was sufficient to increase the active (turnover time of months to years) SOC fraction in the intercrops and the maize sole crop, but not in the soybean sole crop. The slow fraction, with a turnover time of 20 to 50 years, increased in all crop systems and was the major driver of SOC accumulation. A 3 to 15% loss of SOC from the passive fraction, with a turnover time of 400 to 2000 years, in all crop systems showed the long‐term impact of land‐use conversion from historically undisturbed native grasslands to intensive agricultural production systems. This study provided an example of the potential of process‐based models like Century to illustrate possible effects of cereal–legume intercropping on SOC dynamics and that the model was able to predict SOC stocks within –7 to +4% of measured values. We conclude, however that further fine‐tuning of the model for application to cereal–legume intercrop systems is required in order to strengthen the relationship between measured and simulated values.     

What drives farmers to increase soil organic matter? Insights from the Netherlands

Soil organic matter (SOM) is an important resource base for arable farming. For policies on SOM to be effective, insight is needed on why and under which conditions farmers are willing to increase SOM content. This study used the theory of planned behaviour to analyse what prevents or encourages Dutch farmers to increase the SOM content of their fields. In an online survey, 435 arable farmers were asked questions to understand their attitude (perceived benefits), subjective norm (social pressure) and perceived behavioural control (anticipated impediments and obstacles) related to management of SOM. Farmers’ answers were related to their intention to increase SOM content, use of organic materials and perceived increase in SOM content. Our results showed that Dutch farmers are well aware of the possible benefits of SOM content for crop productivity. Farmers’ attitude, subjective norm and perceived decrease in SOM content were significantly related to their intention to increase SOM content. In our farm survey, this intention was very strong: 90% of the farmers stated a high or very high intention to increase the SOM content of their fields. A higher intention to increase SOM content was correlated with the use of organic materials as expressed as total and effective C (P  = 0.003 and P  = 0.002, respectively), but this did not lead to a perceived increase in SOM content. From a farmer's point of view, this indicates that increasing SOM content is to a large degree beyond their direct influence. The Dutch Manure and Fertiliser Act, costs of organic inputs and the need to cultivate profitable crops (such as potatoes or sugar beet) were indicated as important impeding factors for increasing SOM content.     

Responses of soil microbial communities to manure and biochar in wheat cultivation of a rice-wheat rotation agroecosystem in East China

Soil contamination in agroecosystems remains a global environmental problem. Biochar has been suggested as an organic amendment to alleviate soil pollution, sequester carbon(C), and improve soil fertility. However, information on how bacterial and fungal communities in acidic bulk and rhizosphere soils respond to swine manure and its biochar is still lacking. In this study, biochar and swine manure were applied at two rates of 1.5 and 3 t ha^-1 in a rice-wheat rotation field to assess ...     

Soybean expansion impacts on soil organic matter in the eastern region of the Maranhão State (Northeastern Brazil)

Recently, the eastern region of the Maranhão state (Northeastern Brazil) became a hotspot of land-use change (LUC) directly from native vegetation to soybean cultivation, but due to the soil characteristics, LUC has caused substantial soil organic carbon (SOC) and nitrogen depletion. Therefore, we quantified these impacts arising from two factors: (i) different timeframes after LUC and (ii) contrasting soil management practices. For the first study, soil samples (0–30 cm; six replicates) were taken on soybean fields year one, year eight and 15 years after LUC. It the second study, another area was sampled, of which part was managed under no-tillage (NT) and the other using a mouldboard plough (MP). For both studies, native vegetation (NV) was sampled as the control. NV stored about 50 Mg of carbon (C) ha⁻¹; but LUC reduced C stocks by 35% (after 8 and 15 years); moreover, labile-C decreased between 20% and 45%, while, microbial-C decreased between 20% and 60%, considering the interval between year one and 15 years. Regarding soil management, the MP did not cause differences on C stock (24 Mg C ha⁻¹) in comparison to NT; however, both labile-C and microbial-C decreased by 15% to NT, while, decreased by 40% to MP. These results lead us to believe that, since LUC is inevitable, we suggested the adoption of the best agricultural management practices, in order to preserve/increase the SOC, reducing the impacts on GHG emissions and, thus, achieving sustainability and profitability.     

耕地土壤有机质空间变异性的随机模拟

有机质是土壤重要的肥力特征,研究盐渍土改良区耕地土壤有机质空间变异特征可为土壤质量提升提供科学依据。以山东省禹城市盐渍土改良区典型地块耕地土壤有机质为研究对象,在全面野外调查和室内化验分析以获得大量的土壤有机质相关信息的基础上,运用地统计学方法对有机质进行了序贯高斯模拟各次实现（SGSV）、序贯高斯模拟平均实现（SGSA）和ordinary Kriging插值（OK）,并将SGSV、SGSA、OK与实测数据进行了统计参数、变异函数、空间分布趋势等方面进行了对比分析。结果表明OK、SGSA改变了有机质数据的空间结构,具有“平滑”效应,SGSA在消除平滑影响方面优于Kriging插值;SGSV具有与实测数据相同的空间自相关结构,对预测点的模拟值具有不确定性,为揭示研究区域土壤有机质的空间结构特征提供了有力的工具,对盐渍土改良区土壤有机质空间不确定性的风险研究具有更实际的意义。     

Nutrient dynamics from surface-applied organic matter amendments on no-till orchard soil

Advancing conservation agriculture depends on understanding nutrient dynamics of organic matter amendments (OMA) on no-till soil. This field incubation study compared surface-applied composted dairy manure (CM), green waste compost (GWC) and an unamended control from March to September in 2015 and 2016 using a RCBD in a California almond (Prunus dulcis) orchard. Measurements included OMA nutrient release rates, changes in soil organic carbon (SOC), total N (TN) and inorganic N, P and K availability using in-season soil sampling and collection of ion exchange resin (IER) membranes from 0 to 10 cm depth, and cumulative N and P availability using soil IER cores from 0 to 50 cm depth. We hypothesized OMA sources with a lower initial C:N increase soil N availability, greater soluble phosphorus (P) and potassium (K) concentrations increase P and K availability, and all OMA sources increase SOC with the greatest N recovery in the TN pool. No differences were observed in C, N and P release rates, while the K release rate was the greatest. In-season N availability showed no effect but P and K availability differed as evidenced by greater IER adsorption and soil extractable P and K. Both OMA sources significantly increased in SOC and TN. Net N mineralization from OMA sources ranged from 0.7% to 8.0% of applied N and total N recovery in TN and inorganic N pools increased based on the initial C:N. These results advance our understanding of nutrient dynamics while conserving the soil due to the no-till practice of surface-applied OMA.     

Impact of deforestation on soil physicochemical characteristics,microbial biomass and microbial activity of tropical soil

The study dealt with the assessment of the impact of deforestation on tropical soil through a comparative analysis of physicochemical and microbiological parameters of natural forest and a deforested barren site. With significant decline in clay, texturally the soil of the deforested barren site was observed to be different from that of natural forest. Bulk density and porosity data revealed structural deterioration of deforested barren soil. The soil hydrological regime was also adversely affected by the deforestation. Levels of soil organic carbon, total nitrogen, microbial biomass C, N and microfungal biomass also exhibited significant decline in deforested site. Analysis of microbial respiratory quotient (q CO₂) was also observed to be impaired in the deforested site. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The effect of plant mycotrophy and soil disturbance on soil microbial activity

In cropping systems, the choices adopted for the tillage system used and plants cultivated can strongly influence the soil microbial population and its functional profile. Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi are an important component of soil microbiome and their mutualistic symbiosis with the majority of higher plants grant the latter a wide range of benefits. The extraradical mycelium developed by these fungi expands the volume of soil influenced and harbours a diversity of microbes establishing a distinct environment of complementary interactions. We assessed how growing plants with different levels of mycotrophy modifies the biological activity profile in the soil under Mn toxicity and whether this is modified by soil disturbance. Following mycotrophic plants, soil contained a more active microbiome than after the non-mycotrophic plants, as expressed by higher values of soil basal respiration or dehydrogenase activity. Additionally, the count of phosphorus solubilizes and activity of phosphatase were greater after mycotrophic plants. Even among mycotrophic plants, different profiles of biological activity can be distinguished after growing a legume or grass. ERM disruption by soil disturbance decreased most of the parameters studied and for phosphatase activity and P solubilizers in a more significant way. These results indicate that even under Mn toxicity, the microbiome associated with AMF symbiosis following mycotrophic plants growth presented a higher biological activity and had a differential biological response towards the stress imposed by soil disturbance, when compared with the microbiome associated with non-mycotrophic roots.     

美国路易斯安那州土壤碳估算的尺度效应——美国STATSGO和SSURGO两大最新土壤数据库的比较研究

Estimation of soil organic carbon (SOC) pools and fluxes bears large uncertainties because SOC stocks vary greatly over geographical space and through time.Although development of the U.S.Soil Survey Geographic Database (SSURGO),currently the most detailed level with a map scale ranging from 1:12 000 to 1:63 360,has involved substantial government funds and coordinated network efforts,very few studies have utilized it for soil carbon assessment at the large landscape scale.The objectives of this study were to 1) compare estimates in soil organic matter among SSURGO,the State Soil Geographic Database (STATSGO),and referenced field measurements at the soil map unit;2) examine the influence of missing data on SOC estimation by SSURGO and STATSGO;3) quantify spatial differences in SOC estimation between SSURGO and STATSGO,specifically for the state of Louisiana;and 4) assess scale effects on soil organic carbon density (SOCD) estimates from a soil map unit to a watershed and a river basin scale.SOC was estimated using soil attributes of SSURGO and STATSGO including soil organic matter (SOM) content,soil layer depth,and bulk density.Paired t-test,correlation,and regression analyses were performed to investigate various relations of SOC and SOM among the datasets.There were positive relations of SOC estimates between SSURGO and STATSGO at the soil map unit (R2=0.56,n=86,t=1.65,P=0.102;depth:30 cm).However,the SOC estimated by STATSGO were 9%,33% and 36% lower for the upper 30-cm,the upper 1-m,and the maximal depth (up to 2.75 m) soils,respectively,than those from SSURGO.The difference tended to increase as the spatial scale changes from the soil map unit to the watershed and river basin scales.Compared with the referenced field measurements,the estimates in SOM by SSURGO showed a closer match than those of STATSGO,indicating that the former was more accurate than the latter in SOC estimation,both in spatial and temporal resolutions.Further applications of SSURGO in SOC estimation for the entire United States could improve the accuracy of soil carbon accounting in regional and national carbon balances.     

耕作对土壤有机物和土壤团聚体稳定性的影响

Agricultural sustainability relates directly to maintaining or enhancing soil quality. Soil quality studies in Canada during the 1980‘s showed that loss of soil organic matter (SOM) and soil aggregate stability was standard features of non-sustainable land management in agroecosystems. In this study total soil organic carbon (SOC), particulate organic matter (POM), POM-C as a percentage of total SOC, and aggregate stability were determined for three cultivated fields and three adjacent grassland fields to assess the impact of conventional agricultural management on soil quality. POM was investigated using solid-state ^13C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) to determine any qualitative differences that may be attributed to cultivation. Results show a highly significant loss in total SOC, POM and aggregate stability in the cultivated fields as compared to the grassland fields and a significant loss of POM-C as a percentage of total SOC.Integrated results of the NMR spectra of the POM show a loss in carbohydrate-C and an increase in aromatic-C in the cultivated fields, which translates to a loss of biological lability in the organic matter. Conventional cultivation decreased the quantity and quality of SOM and caused a loss in aggregate stability resulting in an overall decline in soil quality.     

The coarse‐soil fraction is the main living space of fungal hyphae in the BhBs horizon of a Podzol

In acidified forest soils, the coarse‐soil fraction is a potential nutrient source. Plant nutrient uptake from the coarse‐soil fraction is aided by ectomycorrhiza. Similarly, (recalcitrant) organic matter (OM) is an important nutrient source largely made plant‐available through (symbiotic) microorganisms, especially in the topsoil. We hypothesized that in a podzol profile, fungal hyphae would concentrate in nutrient hotspots, either OM or the coarse‐soil fraction. Absolute hyphal length, base saturation, and organic‐C content of a Podzol profile were determined in the fine‐earth and coarse‐soil fractions. In the fine‐earth fraction, hyphae were attracted by the organic‐C content and relative high base saturation. In the coarse‐soil fraction of the BhBs horizon, the absolute hyphal length exceeded the hyphal length in the fine earth by factor 3, yet C content and base saturation were lowest. We could not determine to what fungi the hyphae belonged. Most likely ectomycorrhiza, ericoid mycorrhiza and saprotrophic fungi dominate the upper soil layers of this profile and all utilize OM for nutrition. In the deeper mineral horizons and especially in the coarse‐soil fraction, ectomycorrhiza are better adapted than other fungi to harvest nutrients from inorganic sources. Additionally, favorable physical properties may explain the high amount of fungal hyphae in the coarse‐soil fraction of the BhBs horizon. Both the coarse‐soil fraction and deeper mineral soil horizons may play a more active role in microbial nutrient cycling than previously assumed.     

去除水分影响提高土壤有机质含量高光谱估测精度

土壤水分的影响是当前采用光谱分析法预测土壤养分含量的关键问题,该文旨在探索去除土壤水分影响、提高有机质高光谱定量估测精度的方法。首先采用地物光谱仪进行湿土和过筛干土的高光谱测试,并进行一阶导数变换;然后,采用奇异值分解(singular value decomposition,SVD)结合相关分析筛选土壤水分特征光谱,构建去除水分因素的修正系数,形成湿土光谱的校正光谱;最后基于校正前后湿土光谱,应用偏最小二乘(partial least squares,PLS)回归构建土壤有机质含量的估测模型,并对模型进行验证和比较,分析评价校正前后光谱的预测精度。结果显示:按土壤水分含量梯度划分的2组和全部棕壤及褐土土样共4组样本校正后建模决定系数和均方根误差分别为0.85、0.82、0.74、0.76和0.19%、0.20%、0.23%、0.19%,决定系数提高了0.02~0.09,均方根误差降低了0.01~0.03百分点,验证决定系数、均方根误差和相对分析误差分别为0.78、0.77、0.72、0.76,0.21%、0.15%、0.21%、0.15%和2.03、2.02、1.86、1.98,决定系数提高了0.06~0.15,均方根误差除褐土土样提高0.02百分点外,其他样本组降低了0.01~0.08百分点,相对分析误差提高了0.17~0.43,模型决定系数和相对分析误差得到显著提升;尤其对于土壤水分含量变异系数较小的3组土样,模型从待改进级别提高到性能良好级别,对土壤有机质含量具有较好的预测准确性。说明该方法用于去除土壤水分因素影响和提高有机质含量高光谱估测精度的有效性。     

Rhizodeposition: Its contribution to microbial growth and carbon and nitrogen turnover within the rhizosphere

A greenhouse rhizobox experiment was carried out to investigate the fate and turnover of ¹³C‐ and ¹⁵N‐labeled rhizodeposits within a rhizosphere gradient from 0–8 mm distance to the roots of wheat. Rhizosphere soil layers from 0–1, 1–2, 2–3, 3–4, 4–6, and 6–8 mm distance to separated roots were investigated in an incubation experiment (42 d, 15°C) for changes in total C and N and that derived from rhizodeposition in total soil, in soil microbial biomass, and in the 0.05 M K₂SO₄–extractable soil fraction. CO₂‐C respiration in total and that derived from rhizodeposition were measured from the incubated rhizosphere soil samples. Rhizodeposition C was detected in rhizosphere soil up to 4–6 mm distance from the separated roots. Rhizodeposition N was only detected in the rhizosphere soils up to 3–4 mm distance from the roots. Microbial biomass C and N was increased with increasing proximity to the separated roots. Beside ¹³C and ¹⁵N derived from rhizodeposits, unlabeled soil C and N (native SOM) were incorporated into the growing microbial biomass towards the roots, indicating a distinct acceleration of soil organic matter (SOM) decomposition and N immobilization into the growing microbial biomass, even under the competition of plant growth. During the soil incubation, microbial biomass C and N decreased in all samples. Any decrease in microbial biomass C and N in the incubated rhizosphere soil layers is attributed mainly to a decrease of unlabeled (native) C and N, whereas the main portion of previously incorporated rhizodeposition C and N during the plant growth period remained immobilized in the microbial biomass during the incubation. Mineralization of native SOM C and N was enhanced within the entire investigated rhizosphere gradient. The results indicate complex interactions between substrate input derived from rhizodeposition, microbial growth, and accelerated C and N turnover, including the decomposition of native SOM (i.e., rhizosphere priming effects) at a high spatial resolution from the roots.