Evolution of the soil cover of soccer fields

A soccer field can be considered a soil-like technogenic formation (STF). According to the theory of soil cover patterns, the artificially constructed (anthropogenic) soil cover of a soccer field is an analogue of a relatively homogeneous elementary soil area. However, the spatial homogeneity of the upper part (50–80 cm) of the STF of soccer fields is unstable and is subjected to gradual transformation under the impact of pedogenetic processes, agrotechnical loads, and mechanical loads during the games. This transformation is favored by the initial heterogeneity of the deep (buried) parts of the STF profile. The technogenic factors and elementary pedogenetic processes specify the dynamic functioning regime of the STF. In 50–75 years, the upper part of the STF is transformed into soil-like bodies with properties close to those in zonal soils. Certain micro- and nanopatterns of the soil cover are developed within the field creating its spatial heterogeneity.     

Temporal stability in soil water content patterns across agricultural fields

When a field or a small watershed is repeatedly surveyed for soil water content, locations can often be identified where soil water contents are either consistently larger or consistently less than the study area average. This phenomenon has been called temporal stability, time stability, temporal persistence, or rank stability in spatial patterns of soil water contents. Temporal stability is of considerable interest in terms of facilitating upscaling of observed soil water contents to obtain average values across the observation area, improving soil water monitoring strategies, and correcting the monitoring results for missing data. The objective of this work was to contribute to the existing knowledge base on temporal stability in soil water patterns using frequent multi-depth measurements with Multisensor Capacitance Probes (MCPs) installed in a coarse-texture soil under multi-year corn production. Water contents at 10, 30, 50, and 80 cm depths were measured every 10 min for 20 months of continuous observation from May 2001 to December 2002. The MCPs revealed temporal stability in soil water content patterns. Temporal stability was found to increase with depth. The statistical hypothesis could not be rejected (P < 0.0001) that data collected each 10 min, each 2 h, each day, and each week had the same temporal stability. The locations that were best for estimating the average water contents were different for different depths. The best three locations for the whole observation period were the same as the best locations for a month of observations in about 60% of the cases. Temporal stability for a specific location and depth could serve as a good predictor of the utility of this location for estimating the area-average soil water content for that depth. Temporal stability could be efficiently used to correct area-average water contents for missing data. Soil water contents can be upscaled and efficiently monitored using the temporal stability of soil water content patterns.     

田间测定土壤导水率的方法研究进展

 土壤导水率是决定坡地降水入渗与径流比例的关键,也是水分循环和土壤侵蚀模型中的重要参数,国内外对相关理论与方法进行了大量研究。综述田间测定土壤导水参数的几种方法的原理及应用,并对各种方法的优缺点进行对比分析。人们趋向于应用简单快速的测定仪器,降水头方法因为用水少,测定快速,有很大发展空间。盘式入渗仪是一种既简便又可以获得较多信息的测定仪器,可以应用于坡地土壤导水率的测定,应当广泛开展相关研究。     

Estimate of the source of soil protease in upland fields

Selective inhibition of bacterial or fungal growth in remoistened, oven-dried, inoculated Andosols indicated that bacteria were a more important source of benzyloxycarbonyl-l-phenylalanyl-l-leucine hydrolyzing activity (z-FLase) and casein-hydrolyzing activity (caseinase) than fungi. The same test indicated that bacteria were also a more important source of soil caseinase under upland conditions in a Gray Lowland soil. Most of the proteolytic bacteria isolated from the three upland fields by azocoll agar plates (Andosol upland field, 100%; Andosol uncultivated field, 96.4%; Gray Lowland upland field, 70.0%) wereBacillus spp. Most (100%, 97.1%, and 84.0%, respectively) of the gelatin liquefiers selected from the azocoll degraders, as those with high extracellular z-FLase and caseinase, were alsoBacillus spp. We conclude thatBacillus spp. are the major source of soil protease in the three upland fields studied.     

长期施肥对植烟土壤微生物的影响

【目的】微生物是土壤的重要组成分,与土壤养分转化供应密切相关。本研究利用12年肥料定位试验研究了云南植烟土壤可培养微生物数量、微生物量碳氮、标记性磷脂脂肪酸（PLFAs）、微生物种群特征及有益微生物的变化。【方法】试验设置不施肥（CK）、单施化肥（CF）和化肥配施有机肥（CFM）处理,在烟株旺长期,采集020 cm耕作层土壤,测定了微生物量碳、氮含量,微生物标记磷脂脂肪酸（PLFAs）含量和可培养微生物数量;鉴定自生固氮菌、磷细菌和钾细菌的数量;根据PLFAs计算了微生物种群特征值。【结果】有机无机肥配施处理的土壤中,可培养细菌比不施肥土壤增加了6.14倍、 真菌增加了2.30倍、 放线菌增加了1.56倍,增幅显著高于化肥处理;施肥显著提高土壤微生物量碳、氮量。化肥和有机无机肥配合处理土壤的微生物量碳分别比CK增加了71.8%和246%;不同施肥处理土壤微生物量碳/氮比值显著不同,分别为14.8（CK）、13.3（CF）和11.2（CFM）。微生物标记性PLFAs含量以化肥有机肥配合处理最高,化肥处理次之,CK最低。化肥、化肥配施有机肥处理土壤细菌PLFAs比对照分别增加了25.41%和87.66%,真菌PLFAs分别增加了15.59%和39.24%,化肥处理代表放线菌的PLFAs降低了24.63%,化肥配施有机肥处理增加了83.86%,表明施肥尤其是化肥配施有机肥改善了土壤环境,促进了微生物的生长繁殖,并改变了土壤微生物种群结构;施肥处理土壤中微生物群落多样性指数上升,化肥处理还提高了微生物的优势度指数,说明施肥有益于增加微生物的种群数量, 化肥配施有机肥处理显著提高了无机磷细菌和钾细菌的数量,两者分别比对照增加了1.15倍和1.02倍,化肥处理则相反,自生固氮菌和无机磷细菌数量分别比CK降低了56.69%和41.30%;化肥配施有机肥处理土壤中的自生固氮菌、磷细菌和钾细菌共有20个属,CK土壤有19个属,化肥处理土壤仅16个属。 【结论】CFM促进微生物生长繁殖,增加种群多样性,有益于微生物固氮、溶磷、解钾,对于提高肥料利用率和保持土壤健康有重要意义。在烟叶栽培过程中,提倡化肥与有机肥配合施用很有必要。     

Spatio-temporal distribution of pyrethroids in soil in Mediterranean paddy fields

Journal of Soils and Sediments - The demand of rice by the increase in population in many countries has intensified the application of pesticides and the use of poor quality water to irrigate...     

长期弃耕降低红壤稻田土壤磷库

【目的】施用磷肥会显著提升土壤磷的活性,弃耕不仅导致土地资源浪费还会带来环境风险。探讨弃耕后稻田土壤全磷、各磷素组分的变化规律及趋势,为弃耕土壤管理提供理论依据。【方法】红壤稻田弃耕长期定位试验于2007—2014年在湖南桃源进行,弃耕前(1991—2006年)为双季稻定位试验,包括不施肥对照(CK)、施氮钾(NK)和氮磷钾(NPK)化肥3个处理。分析了弃耕前后(2006和2014年)土壤全磷、速效磷(Olsen-P)、微生物生物量磷(MBP)及各个磷组分(Hedley法)含量。【结果】弃耕8年后,土壤全磷较弃耕初期下降了19.3～160.8 mg/kg,Olsen-P下降了0.7～14.1 mg/kg,下降幅度分别为5.4%～23.4%和11.0%～45.4%,其中NPK处理的全磷和Olsen-P分别显著下降了23.4%和45.4%(P<0.05)。Hedley-P分级结果表明,弃耕前、后稻田土壤各磷组分的含量高低均为Residual-P>NaOH-P_o>NaOH-P_i>Sonic-P_i>...     

长期不同施肥对黄泥田土壤酶活性和微生物的影响

以农业部耕地保育福建观测实验站的长期肥料试验为平台,研究了长期不同施肥对黄泥田土壤酶活性和微生物的影响。结果表明:与不施肥(CK)相比,单施NPK(NPK)、NPK配施牛粪(NPKM)及NPK配施秸秆(NPKS)的土壤酶活性均有不同程度的提高,其中NPKM可显著提高转化酶活性,NPKS可显著提高脲酶活性。施肥均不同程度地提高了土壤细菌、真菌及放线菌的数量,尤其是放线菌数量,提高幅度均达到显著性水平;NPKS可显著提高土壤细菌数量,NPKM可显著提高土壤真菌数量。施肥均会对真菌群落产生重要影响;单施化肥对土壤细菌群落的影响不大,增施有机物料会对细菌群落产生明显影响;施用牛粪会对放线菌优势群落产生影响。以上结果表明,有机无机配施更有利于提高土壤酶活性和土壤微生物数量,提升土壤生物肥力。     

鄂西南烟区土壤供氮特性影响因素研究

采用田间高频次取样方法,以不种植烤烟和不施肥土壤为对照,结合试验年份湖北省恩施州宣恩县城的气象资料,研究了气候因子、栽培和施肥等措施对宣恩县椒园镇烤烟土壤供氮特性的影响。结果表明:土壤碱解氮含量随气温上升而增加、随降雨量增加而降低,但一般比降雨时间滞后5～10d;未覆膜条件下施肥可在短期内(45d左右)明显增加土壤碱解氮含量;有机无机配合施肥烟株对氮的吸收大于纯施化肥;在烟叶生长的后期,有机无机配合施肥土壤碱解氮含量与单施化肥相比有降低趋势,因此有机无机配合施肥是调控烤烟后期氮素营养的有效措施。各因素对土壤碱解氮含量影响大小的次序为:栽培施肥气候,作物吸收、地膜覆盖等栽培因素是影响土壤碱解氮含量的最主要因子之一。     

施肥培肥措施对春玉米农田土壤氨挥发的影响

采用通气法进行不同秸秆还田方式、施肥时期和方法对春玉米农田土壤氨挥发影响的研究。结果表明,秸秆还田同秋季耕翻深施肥结合,可以大幅度减少春玉米农田土壤氨挥发损失。试验测定期间,春施肥各处理的田间土壤氨挥发总量较大且处理间有明显差异,特别是秸秆直接还田春施肥处理(S3)氨挥发量最高,达30.36kg/hm2,较不施肥处理多挥发26.91kg/hm2,田间氨挥发损失占到施N肥总量的17.94%;秋施肥各处理的田间土壤氨挥发总量介于5.57~6.92kg/hm2间,田间氨挥发损失仅占施N肥总量的0.28%~1.18%,各处理间差异甚微,氨挥发损失总量极低。春施肥同秋施肥处理间比较,田间土壤氨挥发总量也存在明显差异,以秸秆覆盖间(S2、A2)差异最小,为2.65kg/hm2,以秸秆直接还田间(S3、A3)差异最大,为25.58kg/hm2,氨挥发损失增加了1.77%~17.06%。     

Temporal changes of soil physical and hydraulic properties in strawberry fields

Even over short time intervals, soil properties are subject to variation, especially in managed soils. The objective of this study was to assess the temporal changes of soil physical and hydraulic properties in strawberry fields cultivated under surface drip fertigation in Turuçu, Brazil. Intact core samples were collected from the near surface soil layer of seedbeds to determine the total porosity (TP), macroporosity (MA), matrix porosity, bulk density (BD), available water capacity (AWC), field capacity, wilting point and Dexter’s S index. Aggregate samples were collected from the arable layer to determine the aggregate size distribution and aggregate mean weight diameter. All samples were collected from 15 strawberry fields and at four different times during the 2007–2008 strawberry growing cycle. Although soil pore‐solid relations are expected to adjust soon after seedbed construction, their variation was only evident after >13 weeks. Even though values of TP and MA decreased with time, and those of BD increased near the end of the growing cycle, all the soils maintained their capacity to support root activity as indicated by critical values of Dexter’s index (S > 0.03). The amount of relatively large aggregates (9.51–2.00 mm) and AWC increased towards the end of the strawberry cultivation cycle. With changes in soil structure improving soil physical quality, strawberry development benefitted. We showed that if farmers gradually increase the amount of water through fertigation to a maximum value occurring at the end of crop cycle instead of applying water at a constant rate, water and energy use efficiency in agriculture would improve.     

土层置换犁消除豆田残留除草剂药害的效果

为探索消除豆田残留除草剂对后作药害的新途径,本研究采用生物鉴定的方法,以甜菜为指示植物查明了豆田残留除草剂主要分布在0～10cm土层中,向下层逐渐减少,20cm以下土层为安全土层。自主设计的土层置换犁实现了将0～20cm土层和20～40cm土层位置转换,即所谓的土层置换。应用该犁在有残留除草剂污染的豆茬上实施土层置换改土作业后,连续2年调查作物产量结果显示,土层置换区比对照区甜菜、马铃薯等作物长势好、杂草数量少;改土后种植甜菜,第1年、第2年分别比未改土的对照增产468.9%和805.7%;种植马铃薯分别增产177.1%和31.0%;种植玉米(第2年)增产2.0%。种植连作大豆(第2年)增产6.5%。同时在未受到残留除草剂污染的土壤上实施土层置换作业后,第1年种植马铃薯和甜菜分别比对照减产3.1%和5.6%、第2年种植马铃薯和玉米,分别增产27.0%和5.2%。研究结果可为修复残留除草剂污染土壤、消除作物连作障碍和促进种植业结构提供技术支撑。     

作物种植对梯田土壤肥力要素演变的影响

作物梯田种植是减少丘陵坡地水土流失、提高土壤生产力的有效措施。为探究不同作物种植对梯田土壤肥力变化的影响,以梯田撂荒、花生、黄花菜、油茶、苎麻土壤为研究对象,于2010年末开始小区试验,通过对梯田种植5、10年的土壤样品进行养分指标测定、分析。结果表明：（1）丘陵梯田种植5年土壤pH略有降低,10年后均有了显著提高,其中以油茶种植提升效果最为显著。（2）5、10年数据结果显示,梯田种植土壤pH与土壤全磷、全钾、碱解氮、有效磷、速效钾多个指标呈现出显著/极显著负相关关系。（3）不同作物种植显著提升了土壤肥力,前5年土壤肥力处于迅速提升阶段,5～10年处于稳定阶段,土壤有机质提升效果从高到低分别为苎麻、黄花菜、撂荒、花生、油茶,最高为14.80 g/kg,最低为10.25 g/kg,均比初始土壤有机质含量7.59 g/kg显著提高。（4）土壤肥力状况主成分分析主要以梯田种植年限为因子进行聚集,其次以不同作物种植进行聚集,梯田措施影响程度大于不同作物种植措施。梯田和作物种植措施共同决定土壤肥力的提升,其中苎麻处理土壤肥力提升效果最好。本研究为南方丘陵区土壤肥力提升与梯田可持续发展提供科学依据...     

Modelling soil compaction impacts on nitrous oxide emissions in arable fields

Nitrous oxide (N₂O) emissions comprise the major share of agriculture's contribution to greenhouse gases; however, our understanding of what is actually happening in the field remains incomplete, especially concerning the multiple interactions between agricultural practices and N₂O emissions. Soil compaction induces major changes in the soil structure and the key variables controlling N₂O emissions. Our objective was to analyse the ability of a process‐based model (Nitrous Oxide Emissions (NOE)) to simulate the impact of soil compaction on N₂O emission kinetics obtained from field experiments. We used automatic chambers to continuously monitor N₂O and CO₂ emissions on uncompacted and compacted areas in sugar beet fields during 2 years. Soil compaction led to smaller CO₂ emissions and larger N₂O emissions by inducing anoxic conditions favourable for denitrification. Cumulative N₂O emissions during the crop cycles were 944 and 977 g N ha⁻¹ in uncompacted plots and 1448 and 1382 g N ha⁻¹ in compacted plots in 2007 and 2008, respectively. The NOE model ( Hénault et al., 2005 ) simulated 106 and 138 g N₂O‐N ha⁻¹ in uncompacted plots and 1550 and 650 g N₂O‐N ha⁻¹ in compacted plots in 2007 and 2008, respectively, markedly under‐estimating the nitrification rates and associated N₂O emissions. We modified the model on the basis of published results in order to better simulate nitrification and account for varying N₂O fractions of total end‐products in response to varying soil water and nitrate contents. The modified model (NOE2) better predicted nitrification rates and N₂O emissions following fertilizer addition. Using a fine vertical separation of soil layers of configurable, but constant, thickness (1 cm) also improved the simulations. NOE2 predicted 428 and 416 g N‐N₂O ha⁻¹ in uncompacted plots and 1559 and 1032 g N‐ N₂O ha⁻¹ in compacted plots in 2007 and 2008, respectively. These results show that a simple process‐based model can be used to predict successfully the post‐fertilizer addition kinetics of N₂O emissions and the impact of soil compaction on these emissions. However, large emissions later on during the cropping cycle were not captured by the model, emphasizing the need for further research.     

纳米材料在土壤与植物营养领域的应用进展

将纳米技术应用于土壤与植物营养领域是该领域研究的一个新的突破,有可能解决肥料利用率、作物增产与环境污染等诸多问题.在总结了国内外纳米技术在土壤与植物营养领域应用研究的基础上,重点分析了纳米材料在土壤环境、抗菌及肥料方面的应用现状、分析方法和机理,指出了优点和不足,并进行了展望,以期对纳米技术在土壤肥料与植物营养领域上的应用有一个总体认识,也为该领域进行深入研究拓展新的思路.     

梯田不同作物土壤有机碳含量及其影响因素分析

以赤峰市敖汉旗水平梯田土壤为研究对象,选取玉米、谷子、高粱、绿豆4种当地多年主栽作物的表层(0~20 cm)土壤216个样品,通过方差分析方法探究梯田4种作物表层土壤有机碳含量的差异及其影响因素。结果表明,研究区梯田表层土壤有机碳含量平均值为6.34 g/kg,处于中等偏下水平。不同作物土壤有机碳含量由高到低表现为绿豆谷子高粱玉米。在0.01显著性水平下,绿豆地土壤有机碳含量显著高于玉米、高粱、谷子地(P=0.000 6)。玉米、高粱、绿豆地土壤有机碳含量均随坡位的上升而减少,谷子则相反。4种作物土壤有机碳含量大小在两个坡向上都表现为阴坡阳坡。下坡位以及阴坡的土壤有机碳含量比较高。人为因素是通过不同的耕作制度和管护措施来影响梯田土壤有机碳含量的,免耕、秸秆还田、绿豆种植等措施能提高梯田土壤有机碳含量。     

丘红壤坡耕地苎麻与花生水土保持效果对比研究

通过径流小区试验,进行了苎麻与花生水土保持效果的对比试验,重点分析降雨量、作物覆盖度、叶面积指数等农艺性状及冠层截留量与地表径流量的关系。试验从4月份作物种植后开始测定,7月底作物收获结束。结果表明,无论是地表拦蓄径流量,还是泥沙侵蚀量,苎麻处理都优于花生处理;与花生处理相比,苎麻处理的冠层截留量提高了22.9%~908.3%(p<0.01),土壤入渗率增加了16.2%~157.7%;红壤坡耕地径流量与降雨量呈显著正相关,与覆盖度和叶面积指数呈显著对数或指数负相关。     

半干旱区草粮轮作田土壤水分恢复效应

采用野外实地观测和作物模型模拟相结合的方法,研究了不同轮作模式黄土高原半干旱区长期种植苜蓿地农田土壤水分恢复状况。结果表明：长期连作苜蓿地土壤干燥化进程与不同轮作模式下土壤湿度恢复的进程均表现为前期快后期慢;8～10 m深层土壤湿度恢复困难,6～8年生苜蓿草地翻耕后适宜采用PPW轮作模式（马铃薯→马铃薯→春小麦）以恢复土壤水分,种植16～20 a粮食作物后可以再次种植苜蓿。该研究结果可为黄土高原半干旱区苜蓿草地的土壤水分利用和恢复提供参考。     

寿光设施菜田碳、氮演变及其对土壤性质的影响

寿光菜田土壤质量衰退的情况日趋严重,直接影响到了蔬菜产业的可持续发展。土壤碳、氮的演变调控着土壤中的物理、化学和生物学过程。为了明确寿光菜田土壤碳氮演变及其对土壤性质的影响,通过野外调查和室内土壤碳氮分析,得出以下结论:与附近粮田相比,寿光菜田的土壤C/N比下降了2.4个单位,有机质增加了4.1 g/kg,全氮增加了0.61 g/kg,土壤全氮的增长量是有机质增长量的2倍。设施菜田土壤NO3--N的显著升高不是菜田土壤C/N比下降的根本原因。菜田土壤碳素输入的量是粮田输入量的1.9倍,设施菜田氮素投入量分别是小麦和玉米的9.9和8.5倍。设施菜田投入的C/N比为4.2:1,粮田的为9.9:1,菜田碳氮投入比例低可能是菜田土壤C/N比下降的重要原因。土壤碳氮含量的增加和C/N比的下降,伴随着菜田土壤明显的酸化和盐渍化,同时也伴随着土壤氮磷钾养分的富集。