应用孕马血清（PMSG）诱导荷斯坦青年母牛发隋试验

奶牛的始配年龄一般为16～18月龄,正常情况下达到该年龄的青年奶牛大多数可出现正常发情周期,而且受孕率较经产奶牛高.但是,在生产实践中有少数已进入始配年龄的青年母牛长期不发情,严重影响奶牛场的繁殖效率和经济效益.笔者对年龄已超过18个月龄未发情的20头青年母牛,应用PMSG处理进行诱导发情试验,效果显著,现报道如下.     

应用孕马血清(PMSG)诱导荷斯坦青年母牛发情试验

奶牛的始配年龄一般为16～18月龄,正常情况下达到该年龄的青年奶牛大多数可出现正常发情周期,而且受孕率较经产奶牛高.但是,在生产实践中有少数已进入始配年龄的青年母牛长期不发情,严重影响奶牛场的繁殖效率和经济效益.笔者对年龄已超过18个月龄未发情的20头青年母牛,应用PMSG处理进行诱导发情试验,效果显著,现报道如下.     

在高原农村应用兽用前列腺素诱导青年奶牛发情试验

应用兽用前列腺素处理改良黑白花青年奶牛,以诱导发情,结果18头试验组牛的发情率为88.89%,未发情率为11.11%;8头对照组牛发情率为12.5%,未发情率为87.5%。两组间差异极显著(P0.01)。说明利用兽用前列腺素诱导改良黑白花青年奶牛发情可行,适宜在农村推广。     

不同同期发情方法和输精时间对奶牛受胎率的影响

为了提高奶牛的繁殖力,本试验采取两种不同的给药方法分别对青年母牛和经产母牛进行同期发情处理,并比较研究了发情后不同输精时间对受胎率的影响。结果表明,①两种同期发情的处理方法均取得了较高的同期发情率,方法Ⅱ的处理效果较好,经此法处理的青年母牛和经产母牛的同期发情率分别比方法Ⅰ的处理效果高出3.34和1.67个百分点;②采用两种同期发情处理方法,青年母牛组间和经产母牛组间的同期发情率差异不显著(P>0.05),但两组青年母牛的同期发情率(88.33%、91.67%)均高于经产母牛的同期发情率(85.00%、86.67%)。③青年母牛最佳配种时间为发情后10～12h,而成年母牛最佳配种时间为发情后13～15h。     

不同生殖激素对奶牛同期发情效果的研究

为了研究不同激素对奶牛同期发情效果的影响,本实验选择了80头荷斯坦牛,根据直肠检查结果将牛群随机分为对照组和3个实验组,实验组分别采用定时输精法（GnRH）、PMSG法、PG法进行同期发情处理。结果表明：应用定时输精法、PG法和PMSG法的发情率分别为0%、75%和75%,妊娠率分别为60%、50%和55%。从不同繁殖状态分析,青年牛应用PMSG法的同期发情效果最好;从卵巢发育状态分析,以处于卵泡期的牛同期发情效果最好。     

母牛同期发情试验及受胎产犊效果观察

[目的]为了解决牛群分散,交通不变问题.[方法]本文利用同期发情处理方法,并为了观察牛同期发情及受胎产犊效果.在红塔、新平和元江分三批对102头母牛进行同期发情处理(放置阴道栓+注射氯前列烯醇),撤栓后根据发情情况用冷冻精液对97头母牛进行人工授精,[结果]表明同期发情率95.1%.150～160 d后对输精母牛进行妊...     

乏情青年母猪的诱导发情研究

采用孕马血清促性腺激素(PMSG)、PG600及HCG+苯甲酸雌二醇分别对乏情青年母猪进行了诱导发情研究。结果表明:乏情青年母猪经上述3种激素制剂处理后,发情率分别为62.5%、85%和87.5%;情期受胎率分别为60.00%、88.24%和57.14%。与自然发情的青年母猪相比,乏情青年母猪肌注PMSG后,其窝产仔数、窝产活仔数分别提高1.2、0.9头,断奶-发情间隔缩短5.5d;而用肌注PG600的,其窝产仔数、窝产活仔数分别提高1.4、1.0头,断奶-发情间隔缩短5.6d。     

提高青年牦母牛繁殖性能的试验

33头3.5岁进入初情期的青年牦母牛采用生殖激素处理后,发情率达到69.70%,繁殖率达到57.58%;166头对照青年牦母牛的发情率为63.86%,繁殖率为22.89%;试验组比对照组发情率提高5.84百分点,繁殖率提高34.69个百分点(P<0.05)。采用PG-CL FSH和PG-CL LHRH-A3两种不同激素处理方案,PG-CL FSH处理组的发情率高于PG-CL LHRH-A3处理,两种处理的繁殖率基本相同。     

应用PMSG对乏情母牛催情

药品:PMSG冻干粉,长春生物制品研究所生产,每支效价1000IU。处理方法:对产犊一个月以上不发情母牛,根据膘情年龄等一次肌注1,000～2,000IU。未发情者隔6天可再注一次。处理结果:1984年在六个乡共处理乏情牛174头,发情受配143头,催情率82.2%,受胎109头,受胎率76.2%。     

黄牛繁殖状态对控制发情效果影响的研究

选择262头湘西黄牛和杂交黄牛,随机分为4组,分别采用 PG法(方法Ⅰ)、PG+FSH法(方法Ⅱ)、PG+PMSG法(方法Ⅲ)、PMSG法(方法Ⅳ)进行控制发情处理.结果表明:方法Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ和Ⅳ的发情率分别为52.6%、48.0%、56.6%和32.1%.从不同繁殖状态分析,产后2～5个月的母牛和产后有发情史的母牛控制发情处理效果最好,发情率分别达61.7%和72.3%,与其他繁殖状态下的发情率有显著差异.杂交黄牛的发情率比湘西黄牛稍高,但无显著差异.综合各种因素分析:产后2～5个月的母牛和产后有发情史的母牛应用PG法进行同期发情的效果最好.     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Chemotaxis of macrophage in inflammation

Our particular attention in this article was given to natural mediators for macrophages isolated from the sites of tissue injury. A number of chemotactic factors, which may satisfy many criteria making them acceptable as inflammatory leucocyte chemotactic factors, has been separated. Among them, our laboratory has isolated three macrophage (monocyte) chemotactic factors (MCF-a, -b and -c). Their purification, characterization and functional specificity are discussed.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein