微咸水灌溉对河北低平原区土壤盐分及棉花的影响

基于田间小区试验,研究了河北低平原区的2个试验站进行2g/L咸淡混合水灌溉后,对土壤盐分动态和棉花产量和品质的影响。结果表明,2g/L混合水灌溉的土壤剖面盐分比淡水灌溉总体普遍增加,但增加的幅度没有超过棉花的耐盐阈值,且含盐量能保持年际间平衡。2g/L咸淡混合水灌溉对棉花的产量和品质没有影响。在河北低平原有咸水区内,2g/L混合水灌溉棉花是安全可行的。     

非耕地温室辣椒不同微咸水膜下滴灌灌溉制度研究

为寻求微咸水膜下滴灌的最优灌溉制度,分别用微咸水（矿化度为2.7g/L）、净水（矿化度为0.18g/L）、混合水（微咸水与净水按1：1混合,矿化度为1.6g/L）三种水质,分析5种灌溉制度对辣椒生长和产量的影响,测定了辣椒株高、光合作用、产量、果实品质等指标。结果表明,长期用微咸水灌溉辣椒,其植株整体长势较弱且总产量（3069.8kg/667m2）最低。而用净水灌溉,辣椒产量高达4147.9kg/667m2,在相同的灌溉量下,能有效提高植株水分利用效率,但会降低辣椒品质,同时利用净水设备进行净化处理会相对增加农民的种植成本。用混合水灌溉辣椒产量（3603.2kg/667m2）比微咸水灌溉处理增产14.8%,且有机酸含量低于微咸水灌溉处理,同时可溶性总糖含量高于净水灌溉处理。综合来看,利用矿化度为1.6g/L咸淡水混合灌溉模式,辣椒的产量较高、品质较好,可以在微咸水地区辣椒种植中推广。     

长期咸水灌溉对小麦光合特性与土壤盐分的影响

于2013—2015年研究了不同咸水利用方式(CK,淡水;T1,咸水与淡水混配为1.8 g/L的混合水灌溉;T2,3.6 g/L咸水与淡水交替灌溉;T3,3.6 g/L咸水灌溉;T4,无灌溉)对冬小麦光合特征及土壤盐分的影响。结果表明:T3和T4处理的株高、叶面积指数、叶面积持续期、叶绿素含量、最大净光合速率(Pnmax)、表观光量子效率(φ)、暗呼吸速率(Rd)和产量较淡水处理显著下降,且连续灌溉3.6 g/L的咸水导致土壤发生积盐,不宜连续灌溉。T1和T2处理与CK的株高、光合特性无显著差异,土壤盐分虽有一定积累,但未影响作物的生长。可见,T1(咸淡混溉)和T2(咸淡水交替灌溉)处理的咸水利用方式对冬小麦生长无负调控效应。从土壤生态环境及小麦产量的影响角度考虑,混灌和轮灌既能保证作物产量较淡水灌溉不减产,土壤未发生次生盐渍化,同时节约淡水资源。     

咸淡水交替灌溉对土壤盐分分布及夏玉米生长的影响

为了研究不同咸淡交替灌溉制度对各层土壤盐分含量、夏玉米生长的影响,采用3种矿化度(1、3、5 g/L)微咸水和3种不同生育期(壮苗期、拔节期、灌浆期)咸淡交替灌溉方式("咸淡淡"、"淡咸淡"、"淡淡咸")开展避雨盆栽试验研究。结果表明,全生育期灌溉淡水处理(CK)各层土壤盐分含量最低,随着灌溉微咸水矿化度增加,各层土壤盐分含量增大,相同矿化度下,同一深度土壤盐分含量由大到小依次为"淡淡咸"、"淡咸淡"、"咸淡淡"。3 g/L和5 g/L"淡淡咸"处理的土壤含盐量由大到小依次为下层、上层、中层,其他处理由大到小依次为下层、中层、上层。不同生育期灌溉微咸水对夏玉米的株高、叶面积及产量的抑制程度由大到小依次为拔节期、壮苗期、灌浆期,即"淡咸淡"、"咸淡淡"、"淡淡咸",抑制作用随灌溉微咸水矿化度增加而增大,5 g/L"淡咸淡"处理与CK相比减产最多,减产率为34.85%。在滨海地区进行夏玉米种植,应考虑在生育后期灌溉微咸水,同时利用非生育期淡水灌溉降低土壤次生盐碱化的风险。     

不同矿化度微咸水灌溉对压砂地欧李光合作用及产量品质的影响

探寻利用宁夏压砂地产业区丰富的地下微咸水灌溉对欧李光合作用及产量的影响。以灌溉淡水(矿化度0.22 g/L)为对照,利用当地微咸水设置2.35 g/L和4.07 g/L不同矿化度对"欧李5号"进行大田灌溉试验。结果表明:矿化度2.35 g/L条件下的欧李光合作用和产量等指标均优于矿化度为4.07 g/L情况下,但果实品质表现为4.07g/L时较优;欧李叶绿素、单果重、单位面积产量和灌溉水分生产效率在矿化度为2.35 g/L时与淡水无显著差异,品质在4.07 g/L时显著优于淡水。综合各项指标,2.35 g/L是当地适宜的微咸水灌溉矿化度,同时利用当地地下4.07 g/L微咸水灌溉也是可行的。     

微咸水灌溉对土壤EC值及冬小麦产量的影响

通过测坑试验,在"咸淡淡"、"淡咸淡"、"淡淡咸"3种微咸水-淡水交替灌溉方式和1、3、5 g/L三种微咸水矿化度水平条件下,监测并分析了各生育期灌水前后及生育期结束后土壤0~20、20~40、40~60 cm土层EC值,测定并分析了冬小麦产量及其构成因子。结果表明,整个生育期内,各层土壤EC值呈波动周期性变化趋势;微咸水-淡水交替灌溉方式主要影响土壤盐分的垂直分布,盐灌越靠前,盐分聚集层越深;灌水矿化度主要影响土壤总体EC值,随灌水矿化度增加,土壤总EC值变大。冬小麦产量和产量构成因子随灌水矿化度升高而呈减小的趋势,冬小麦的产量构成因子及产量在"咸淡淡"与"淡淡咸"2种轮灌方式下差异性显著,表现为"咸淡淡""淡淡咸"。     

咸水灌溉对土壤盐分分布及设施番茄生理特性的影响

【目的】探明咸水灌溉对土壤盐分分布与设施番茄生长及生理的影响。【方法】本试验以南疆设施番茄为研究对象,设置4个灌溉水矿化度,分别为T1(2 g/L)、T2(4 g/L)、T3(6 g/L)和T4(8 g/L),并以淡水灌溉为对照（CK）,开展咸水灌溉条件下设施番茄生理特性及土壤盐分分布的影响研究。【结果】在垂直方向上各处理土壤含盐量随土层深度增加逐渐减小,水平方向上盐分主要积聚在距离滴灌带20～40 cm处;结果末期盐分主要积聚在20～60 cm浅层土壤处,形成积盐区,且随着灌溉水矿化度增加积盐区逐渐扩大;2～4 g/L的咸水灌溉,对番茄株高茎粗生长具有一定的促进作用,对干物质量无显著影响,6～8 g/L咸水灌溉对作物生长抑制作用明显;当灌溉水矿化度为2g/L,时叶绿素总量达到最大,灌溉水矿化度4g/L时类胡萝卜素量达到最大;当灌溉水矿化度大于4g/L时,植物器官内大量积累的活性氧已经超出保护酶的清除能力;2～4 g/L咸水灌溉在保证番茄产量的同时,可显著提高果实的品质。【结论】综合考虑设施番茄产量及品质,在淡水资源紧缺,地下咸水资源丰富的南疆地区,推荐采用2～4 g/L矿化度的咸水对...     

咸淡水交替灌溉对滨海垦区夏玉米生理生长的影响

我国东部滨海地区拥有大量滩涂和微咸水资源,但土壤含盐量高、淡水资源缺乏,探究合理的咸淡水交替灌溉方法,可以促进滨海垦区土地资源的高效利用。选取江苏省滨海垦区典型土壤,使用3种不同矿化度(1、3、5g/L)的微咸水在夏玉米3个不同生育期(壮苗期、拔节抽雄期、灌浆成熟期)进行咸淡交替灌溉(“咸淡淡”、“淡咸淡”、“淡淡咸”)盆栽试验。结果表明,微咸水灌溉后土壤上层积盐明显,夏玉米叶片的净光合速率(Pn)、气孔导度(Gs)减小,胞间CO2浓度(Ci)由于气孔限制而减小,但随着矿化度的增大,非气孔限制引起Ci增大。微咸水灌溉后夏玉米叶片中过氧化氢(H2O2)和丙二醛(MDA)含量增加,同时伴随着超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)酶活性的增强。高矿化度咸淡水交替灌溉抑制了玉米的生长和生产,拔节抽雄期夏玉米耗水量大幅增加,导致微咸水灌溉量增加,盐分胁迫最强烈,致使”淡咸淡”的灌溉方式表现最差。夏玉米在灌浆成熟期的抗性增强,此时微咸水灌溉对各生理指标影响较弱。在滨海垦区进行夏玉米种植,可在壮苗期采用较低矿化度的微咸水进行灌溉,而较高矿化度的微咸水仅适合在灌浆成熟期进行。     

粉壤土水盐运移对咸淡水交替灌溉的响应

为了分析不同间歇时间和矿化度对黄河三角洲粉壤土水分入渗特征及盐分分布的影响,进行了咸淡水交替灌溉的室内土柱试验,设置4种间歇时间(0, 30, 60, 90 min)和3种咸水矿化度(3,6,9 g/L),分析了累积入渗量、入渗历时、土壤水盐分布等参数变化.结果表明:相同入渗水量下,咸淡水交替灌溉的入渗历时随间歇时间的增加而显著增大.当咸水矿化度为3,6,9 g/L时,咸淡水交替灌溉处理的平均土壤含水率差异不具有统计学意义,但咸水矿化度为3 g/L处理的平均土壤含盐量低于咸水矿化度为6和9 g/L处理,且间歇90 min的平均土壤含盐量远低于其他处理.因此,当咸水矿化度为3 g/L,间歇时间较长的灌溉方式有利于降低土壤盐分.     

微咸水滴灌对土壤盐分及棉花产量影响的试验研究

为了确定微咸水膜下滴灌棉花适宜的灌水量和利用方式,通过测坑试验探讨了微咸水膜下滴灌灌水量以及利用方式对棉花根层土壤盐分及产量的影响,结果表明：微咸水膜下滴灌灌水量为525.00~675.00 mm时棉花根层周围盐分积累较少,灌水量为475.00~564.29 mm时棉花产量较高;比起采用3.00 g/L的微咸水直接灌溉,1.08 g/L的微咸水直接灌溉时根系层土壤积盐范围较小且棉花产量较高,其次为1.08 g/L与3.00 g/L的微咸水轮灌。最后综合考虑确定出微咸水膜下滴灌棉花适宜的灌水量范围为525.00~564.29 mm,在淡水资源比较缺乏或没有淡水资源而微咸水资源较丰富的地区,可以考虑采用低矿化度的微咸水直接灌溉或将低矿化度与高矿化度的微咸水进行轮灌。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。