云南省水危机及对策措施研究

受纵向岭谷和低纬度高原气候的交互作用,云南省的水资源时空分布极为不均,加上全球气候变化的影响,使得省内极端气候事件增多,干旱灾害发生的频次越来越高,滇中等主要经济区资源性、工程性等多种缺水形式并存。围绕化解云南的水危机,必须构建云南省的水资源安全保障体系,从水资源、水环境、水生态、水灾害、水管理等五个方面为云南省建设小康社会提供水安全保障。重大工程措施涉及百件骨干水源工程、滇中引水工程、牛栏江——滇池补水工程、高原湖泊及重点河段水污染防治工程、节水型社会建设、水利改革及行业能力建设等。     

几种节水灌溉新技术分析

水资源紧缺已是一个全球性问题，我国尤为突出。全国人均水资源不足世界人均的１／４，排在世界第１０９位，属１３个贫水国之一。上世纪末，我国北方干旱加剧，每年受旱面积扩大到９０Mhm２，比上世纪５０年代增加１．５倍以上。据统计，我国每年因干旱缺水约少产粮食２５Mt左右。一方面农业缺水，另一方面农业用水浪费现象又很普遍。因此，发展节水灌溉，推广节水灌溉新技术势在必行。它是缓解我国水资源紧缺状况，促进水资源持续利用，改善生态环境和农业持续发展的一项根本措施。农业节水灌溉的实质就是合理灌溉、科学用水与高效用水。…     

黑龙江省抗旱节水灌溉集成技术模式研究

黑龙江省水资源总量为810.33亿m3,人均占有量和耕地亩均占有量都低于全国平均水平,水资源时空分布不均、季节性干旱频发、作物生育期内水量分布不均等因素加剧了农业灌溉用水短缺,严重影响了旱作区作物种植面积的发展和产量的稳定与提高。分析了机械化暗式注水灌溉技术、中耕补水技术、喷滴灌技术等抗旱节水灌溉技术的特点效果,根据玉米调亏水分灌溉指标、作物受旱生态表现及土壤干旱状况分级,提出了抗旱节水灌溉集成技术模式,缓解了水资源供需矛盾,减少了干旱带来的损失,为实现粮食持续稳产高产提供技术支持。     

京津冀地区旱涝空间特征及其对农业用水的影响

京津冀地区地处海河流域,其干旱及水资源短缺状况对农业用水十分不利。基于京津冀地区24个气象站点1950-2013年逐月降水、气温数据,应用标准化降水蒸散指数(SPEI)定量描述京津冀地区的干湿状况,利用反距离加权平均法(IDW)进行空间插值,分析京津冀地区旱涝的空间分布特征。根据研究区历年农业用水数据,分析了京津冀地区农业用水变化特征及旱涝事件对农业用水的影响,并提出了相应的对策与建议。     

德令哈盆地湖泊湿地变化与生态需

分析了 海、克鲁克湖、托素湖湖泊湿地近年来的变化趋势和生态环境现状，评价了湖泊萎缩的主要影响因素。结果表明，托素湖萎缩主要是受人类社会经济用水影响。根据湖泊湿地的生态功能，确定了湖泊湿地的保护目标和湖泊湿地的最小生态需水量，提出了合理配置水资源应将湖泊湿地的生态需水放在首位的建议。     

干旱灌区用水结构演变及驱动力分析

干旱灌区的用水结构均衡度关系到整个区域的水资源可持续利用。选择位于新疆天山北坡的兵团大型垦区——石河子垦区为研究典型区,根据垦区1988-2011年的各用水情况,利用信息熵理论分析了垦区用水结构演变规律,并进一步利用及Hurst系数判断其趋势持续性,并利用主成分分析法确定了灌区用水结构的主要驱动因子。研究结果表明:(1)垦区的用水结构熵值总体处于均衡度较低水平,其用水结构信息熵值均不超过0.5,这与兵团垦区农业用水比重过高,行业间用水不均衡的现实情况相符合;(2)垦区用水结构信息熵值呈持续稳定的上升趋势,表明其近30年来新疆兵团垦区水资源分配农业用水进一步下降,工业、生活用水、生态用水比例进一步提高,用水结构向趋于均衡的结构发展,符合新疆绿洲区产业结构调整的方针;(3)以节水技术及产值为主的社会经济因素对其用水结构演变过程起主导作用,且社会经济因素、气候变化因素及水资源因素对灌区用水结构变化的综合贡献率都达到了80%。基于上述驱动因素,最终提出调整种植结构、控制种植规模规模及调整产业结构相结合以提高垦区用水均衡度,实现水资源可持续利用。     

北京市节水农业发展现状与主要做法

自1999年到2007年,北京连续9年干旱,加之可利用来水量大幅度减少,水资源紧缺形势非常严重,而农业用水也是用水大户,发展节水农业,减少农业用水量对减轻北京水资源紧缺现状有积极作用。结合北京市水资源严重紧缺现状,介绍了北京市节水农业应对水资源短缺而利用工程、农艺和管理等措施发展到目前的现状和为实现“农业用水下降、农业增效、农民增收”的三大目标而采取的主要做法,并从用水对象、节水技术和农业用水的水资源管理等角度分析了今后节水农业发展方向,也提出了节水农业进一步发展面临的问题。     

容器微灌技术在干旱缺水地区绿化中的应用

分析了我国干旱缺水地区在绿化用水方面存在的管理粗放、技术含量低、水资源浪费大等主要问题,介绍了国内外利用容器储水进行微灌的产品和技术,分析了容器微灌技术在造林绿化方面的研究和应用现状,指出了该项技术林业专业性强、节水效果明显、操作管理容易、可重复使用等优点。提出了容器微灌技术在干旱缺水地区、不便于浇水的偏远地区、以及持续干旱季节的苗木节水灌溉中的重要作用,分析了该项技术在我国的应用前景,指出该项技术将在城市绿化、工程造林、观赏园艺、经济林栽培等领域发挥重要作用。通过容器微灌技术的推广应用,将使得绿化工程用水的技术更加科学化。     

农业用水效率评价指标体系研究

高效利用水资源已成为内陆干旱与半干旱地区农业生产、经济社会可持续发展亟待解决的问题.农业生产效率不高、灌溉用水技术效率低下造成的水资源浪费严重已成为不可忽视的事实.为此,基于示范区节水技术集成模式应用后,利用随机前沿生产函数的研究成果,计算灌溉用水生产效率和灌溉用水技术效率,构成农业用水效率评价指标体系的核心考察指标,进而构建包括农业用水水平、节水技术普及程度、效果评估3方面的农业用水效率评价指标体系,为衡量农业节水水平和节水潜能提供参考.     

淠史杭灌区水量分配方案研究

淠史杭灌区位于安徽省中西部,设计灌溉面积733千hm2,总供水人口超过1 000万,是全国3个特大灌区之一,随着区域经济社会快速发展,淠史杭灌区用水结构和用水需求发生了较大变化,灌区现状取用水仍处于传统的管理方式,干旱年份水资源供需矛盾日益加剧,各行政区间、用户间争水抢水现象普遍.为了贯彻落实最严格的水资源管理制度,强化灌区水资源定额管理与总量控制,构建和谐的用水制度,制定了灌区水量分配方案,并对方案未来的实施给出了相关的建议.     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。