Atmospheric Wet Deposition of Total Phosphorus in New Jersey

Wet deposition of total phosphorus has been measured as part of the New Jersey Atmospheric Deposition Network (NJADN). Precipitation samples were collected in 1999—2001, using automated wet-only precipitation collectors at four sites in New Jersey, representing different land-use regimes. Total phosphorus volume-weighted mean concentrations (VWM) and the wet depositional fluxes were estimated on seasonal and annual timescales. VWM concentrations (± standard error) of total phosphorus ranged from 4.1 ± 0.80 to 15 ± 8.8 μg L^-1 at all sites and were of similar magnitude across the region. The wet deposition flux estimates ranged from 3.9 to 14 mg m^-2 y^-1. VWM concentrations and fluxes were similar to those measured at other locations in the eastern United States.     

Cd,Cu, Pb and Zn Concentrations in Atmospheric Wet Deposition at a Coastal Station in Western Europe

Water, Air, &; Soil Pollution - Bulk rainfalls were sampled during ten months in the Eastern Channel (Northern France). Chloride and sodium are the heavily loaded major ions in wet deposition,...     

Deposition and Atmospheric Nitrogen Concentrations Trends in Cuba

The NO₂, nitrate and ammonia sampling in aerosols and rainfall was carried out at five stations located along the Cuban Island from 1986 to 1991. The sampling and chemical analysis were made mainly on the basis of methodologies recommended by WMO for above mentioned compounds at regional level. The total deposition of these compounds varies from 0.706 to 3.317 g m^-2 yr^-1. The wet deposition is about of 60%, so that the dry one is 40%. The amount of both depositions depends on our tropical rainy climate features. For some of these compounds the trend is increasing.     

A Preliminary Assessment of Wet Deposition and Episodic Transport of Total and Methyl Mercury from Low Order Blue Ridge Watersheds,S.E. U.S.A.

Results from a preliminary sampling program designed to investigate total (THg) and methyl Hg (MeHg) deposition, cycling and transport at the Coweeta Hydrologic Laboratory western North Carolina are presented. Wet deposition samples were collected in June and July 1994 and throughfall, seep and streamwaters were intensively collected during and after a rainfall event in June 1994. All water samples were collected using ultra clean trace sampling protocol. Low elevation Watershed 18 streamwater THg concentrations peaked with discharge, increasing 6 fold to 9 ng L^-1. High elevation Watershed 27 which received less than one half the precipitation Watershed 18 received during the event, exhibited THg concentrations only 1.3 times over base flow conditions. Methyl Hg concentrations remained near detection limits (≤ 0.025 ng L^-1) in both streams. Dissolved MeHg concentrations were higher in shallow seep (0.097 ng L^-1), throughfall (0.135 ng L^-1) and precipitation (0.16 – 0.035 ng L^-1) than streamwaters. Initial estimates of annual THg and MeHg deposition and transport indicate >90% retention of Thg and a >80% retention or demethylation of wet deposition MeHg is occurring in these low order watersheds.     

Variability,Uncertainty, and Sensitivity of Phosphorus Deposition Load Estimates in South Florida

Atmospheric deposition, a substantial source of phosphorus (P) to the Florida Everglades, has been measured on a weekly basis in South Florida since 1974, but P measurements are highly variable due to random noise in the data. This study applies statistical approaches that calculatethe variability and uncertainty of the P load estimation model based on wet and dry P concentrations and rainfall volume.The average mean and standard deviation of the estimated P deposition rates for 13 sites in South Florida are 41±33 mg P m^-2 yr^-1. First order analysis of the random and measurement errors in the input variables produces a propagation error estimate in P load calculation. The atmospheric P deposition load shows high spatial and temporal variability with no consistent long-term trends. Because of the random noisy nature of P deposition, estimated P deposition loads have a significant amount of uncertainty no matter what type of collection instrument is used. Thus, duplicate sampling is highly recommended to increase the amount of uncontaminated data.     

青岛大气氮湿沉降动态变化

利用雨量器定点采集雨样的方法,研究青岛市城阳区2007-2010年间降水中不同形态氮浓度、氮沉降量的月、季动态变化。结果表明:降水中NH4+-N、NO3--N、DON月均浓度差异较大。DIN浓度在12月-翌年1月份较高,在7-8月份较低,DON浓度表现为11月份最低;NH4+-N、NO3--N、DON月平均浓度分别为1.26,1.11,1.37mg/L,且均存在冬、春季>夏、秋季的特点。NH4+-N和NO3--N沉降量与降水量呈乘幂型正相关,相关系数(r)平均为0.607,DON沉降量与降水量呈线性正相关(r=0.674),且均达到显著水平(P<0.05)。监测期内各形态氮沉降量月份间变化幅度较大,7-8月份的NH4+-N、NO3--N和DON沉降量分别为4.17,3.00,3.26kg/hm2,约占全年相应形态氮沉降量的44.2%,35.6%,48.6%,且各形态氮沉降量均表现为夏季>春季>秋季>冬季。该区域NH4+-N、NO3--N、DON年沉降量依次为10.14,8.72,6.33kg/hm2,分别占DTN沉降量的40.3%,34.7%,25.0%。     

Recovery of Surface Waters in the Northeastern U.S. from Decreases in Atmospheric Deposition of Sulfur

A simple mass flux model was developed to simulate the response of SO₄ ^2- concentrations in surface waters to past and anticipated future changes in atmospheric deposition of SO₄ ^2-. Values of bulk (or wet) SO₄ ^2- deposition and dry deposition of S determined from measured air concentrations and a deposition velocity were insufficient to balance watershed SO₄ ^2- export at the Hubbard Brook Experimental Forest, NH and for a regional survey of watersheds in the northeastern U.S. We propose two explanations for the unmeasured S source: 1) a significant underestimation of dry S deposition, and/or 2) internal watershed S sources, such as weathering and/or mineralization of soil organic S. Model simulations based on these two mechanisms agreed closely with measured stream SO₄ ^2- concentrations at Hubbard Brook. Close agreement between measured and model predicted results precluded identification of which of the two mechanisms controlled long-term trends in stream SO₄ ^2-. Model simulations indicated that soil adsorption reactions significantly delayed the response of stream water to declines in SO₄ ^2- inputs since 1970, but could not explain the discrepancy in watershed S budgets. Extrapolation of model predictions into the future demonstrates that uncertainty in the source of the S imbalance in watersheds has important implications for assessments of the recovery of surface water acid neutralizing capacity in response to anticipated future reductions in SO2 emissions.     

The Effect of Precipitation Amount and Atmospheric Concentrations on Wet Deposition Fluxes of Oxidized and Reduced Nitrogen Species in Connecticut

The effects of precipitation amount and atmospheric concentrations of inorganic nitrogen species on precipitationconcentrations and wet fluxes of oxidized and reduced nitrogen inConnecticut were studied for a period of 152 weeks (7 February,1997 through 31 December, 1999). The annual volume weighted mean(VWM) concentration in precipitation of oxidized and reducednitrogen varied with precipitation amount between sites andyears. To investigate the effect of varying precipitation amountand mean monthly temperatures on concentrations of inorganicnitrogen species in precipitation, the precipitation events wereclassified into seven groups and each year was divided into twowarm and cold sampling periods. Increasing precipitation amounthad a substantial decreasing effect on the VWM concentration ofnitrate and ammonium ions in precipitation. The highest VWMconcentrations of oxidized and reduced nitrogen in precipitationwere found in the lower weekly precipitation range of 0 to 0.5 cm. The results of this study indicated that precipitationamount was one of the main factors affecting volume weighted meanconcentrations and fluxes of oxidized and reduced nitrogen. Chemical composition of inorganic nitrogen species in theatmosphere showed that during warm and cold sampling periodsreduced nitrogen was the predominant atmospheric specie, andoxidized nitrogen was the predominant wet specie in precipitationat all sampling sites.     

Dry Weight Deposition in Polluted Onondaga Lake,New York,U.S.A.

Short and long-term trends in dry weight deposition rates are documented for polluted Onondaga Lake, NY, based on analyses of sediment trap collections made below the epilimnion at a single deep-water location in ten years over the 1980–1992 period using cylindrical traps. Additionally, comparisons of dry weight rates obtained with two different diameter (4.0 and 7.6 cm) traps of the same aspect ratio (6), at four different depths below the epilimnion, and from the lake's two basins, in 1993, are presented to establish the representativeness of the long-term data. The near equivalence of fluxes determined with the different size traps and cumulative deposition rates measured over the range of deployment depths, and the minor differences in flux observed for the two basins, supports the representativeness of long-term data in quantifying deposition rates for the pelagic zone of the lake. Short-term variations in downward flux have been common in the lake over the period of monitoring. The summer-average dry weight deposition rate decreased systematically (by about 45%) following the closure (in 1986) of a soda ash facility that caused enhanced rates of calcium carbonate deposition; from an average of 23.2 to 12.8 g m-² d-¹. These dry weight deposition rates are high compared to values reported in the literature for other lakes, and are responsible for the lake's high rate of net sedimentation.     

100 Years of Pb Deposition and Transport in Soils in Champaign,Illinois, U.S.A.

In Illinois, atmospheric deposition is one major source of heavy metal inputs to agricultural land. The atmospheric Pb deposition and transport record in agricultural soils in Champaign, Illinois, was established by studying surface and subsurface soil samples collectedduring the past 100 years from the Morrow Plots on the campus of the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. The Pb content in the soilsamples was measured and the Pb deposition fluxes were calculated. ThePb content in surface soils increased sharply in the first half of the20th century, and stayed invariant since. The maximum Pb flux from theatmosphere was estimated to be 27 (±14) μg cm^-2 yr^-1around 1940. The major pollution source for this increase probably was residential coal burning. It was estimated that in 50 yr, morethan 50% of the Pb input had been lost from the surface soils.     

Statistical Modeling of Phosphorus Dry Deposition Rates Measured in South Florida

Dry deposition may be a substantial source ofphosphorus (P) to the Florida Everglades. Drydeposition has been measured on a weekly basis in theregion since 1987, but a significant amount of thisdata is missing (about 34%) due to instrumentalfailures and sample contamination. This study developsa statistical model of the P dry depositiontime-series to estimate missing data. The model isbased on a multivariate stochastic time-series theory.Model parameters are calibrated using theexpectation-maximization algorithm which is efficientfor data sets with many gaps. The pooled mean andstandard deviation of the data before estimating themissing values was 88.4±85.7 μg P m^-2d^-1 and after estimating the missing values was87.8±82.4 μg P m^-2 d^-1. Modelverification demonstrates that the calibrated modelsprovide unbiased data estimates while preserving thestatistics of the raw data. For each sampling site themean and standard deviation before and after werequite similar. No trend with time was detected. The Pdeposition fluctuates seasonally (highest in Octoberand lowest in June), but this fluctuation does notfollow the seasonal pattern of Florida's rainfall. Random noise in the data, however, is significant andcauses long-term fluctuations of the data. The datawith gaps filled in are useful for computing theweekly P load distribution.     

吉林省中部农田生态系统降雨湿沉降氮特征

大气氮沉降作为人类面临的重大问题,越来越受到人们的重视,而大气湿沉降氮更是研究热点。本文以吉林省中部生态地区为例,通过研究该农区湿沉降氮的总体特征和输入氮相关参数(p H、总氮、铵氮、硝氮),明确了该区域大气湿沉降氮年际发生规律和季节分异特征,掌握了我省中部农区农田生态系统湿沉降氮的负荷情况,得出以下结论:(1)降雨年际间变异较大,极端年出现的频次高于平均年的频次,且降水量变化具有明显的季节性,最大降雨量集中6~9月,占全年降水的70%左右;(2)降雨p H值变化幅度较小,平均值为6.91。降雨氮浓度变异系数较大,且总氮浓度超过入湖库水浓度(2 mg L-1)2倍多,而铵氮浓度介于地表水III类与IV类之间,是地下水质铵氮标准的4倍;(3)年均湿沉降总氮量为18.3 kg hm-2,无机氮的沉降量为10.3 kg hm-2,对总氮贡献率为57%;(4)氮沉降量与降雨量和氮浓度呈显著或极显著正相关关系,对于湿沉降总氮来说,雨量的相关性好于浓度的相关性,而对于湿沉降的无机氮而言,浓度的相关性好于雨量的相关性。     

Atmospheric Deposition and Re-Emission of Mercury Estimated in a Prescribed Forest-Fire Experiment in Florida, USA

Prescribed fires are likely to re-emit atmospherically deposited mercury (Hg), and comparison of soil Hg storage in areas affected by prescribed fire to that in similar unburned areas may provide cross-validating estimates of atmospheric Hg deposition. Prescribed fires are common in the southeastern United States (US), a region of relatively high Hg deposition compared to the rest of the US, and are thus a potentially significant source of re-emitted atmospheric Hg. Accordingly, Hg was determined in soil layers of a prescribed fire experiment in a Florida longleaf pine forest. The Hg deficit in the annually burned forest floor relative to the forest floor unburned for 46 years (0.180 g ha^?1?yr^?1) agreed to within 5% of an independent estimate of Hg deposition for this site based on a regional monitoring network and computer model (0.171 g ha^?1 yr^?1). Consideration of other potential inputs and outputs of Hg suggested that atmospheric deposition was the primary input of Hg to the site. If extrapolated, these results suggest that prescribed fires in the southeastern US mainly re-emit atmospherically deposited Hg and that this re-emission is less than 1% of total US anthropogenic emissions. However, emissions at other sites may vary due to the possible presence of Hg in underlying geological strata and differences in fire regime and levels of atmospheric Hg deposition.     

Distributions of Mercury and Phosphorous in Everglades Soils From Water Conservation Area 3A,Florida, U.S.A.

Soils in the southern half of Water Conservation Area3A are mostly peats with some organic-rich marls. Mercury contents of 64 surface samples over a500 km² area average 28.7 ng cc^-1 (209 ppb drysediment), which is typical of organic-rich soils. High Hg contents in Everglades fish are therefore notcaused by anomalously high soil Hg. Hg contents showno systematic lateral variation, consistent withdeposition from well-mixed atmospheric sources ratherthan nearby point sources or runoff from canals.Cores from 9 sites contain more Hg and P at or nearthe surface than at 20–30 cm depth. Hg and P contentsof individual cores correlate well and define separatebackground and anomalous populations. The subsurfacedistribution of P is determined largely by uptake bysawgrass and other plants. The correlation between Pand Hg suggests that, although atmospheric Hgdeposition has undoubtedly increased in recentdecades, postdepositional mobilization of Hg may beimportant in Everglades soils. This finding, togetherwith recent direct measurements of atmospheric Hgdeposition, indicates that previous estimates of Hgdeposition rates based on Everglades peat cores, whichassumed that Hg is immobile in peat after deposition,have yielded large overestimates.     

Heavy Metal Determination in Atmospheric Deposition and Other Fluxes in Northern France Agrosystems

Water, Air, &; Soil Pollution - The aim of this study is to assess the annual balance of the fluxes of Cd, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn within different cropping systems, in an experimental site located...     

An Estimation of the Nitrogen and Phosphorus Loading by Wet Deposition over Lake Maracaibo,Venezuela

In order to make an estimation of thewet deposition levels of the major nitrogen compoundsin Lake Maracaibo system, the precipitation wascollected by events at five sites located on shorearound the Lake from 1991 to 1994. Also the phosphorusconcentrations were determined in rain samples. RainpHs averaged about 5 to 6. NH₄ ⁺ levels weresignificantly higher (up to 1.44 mg L^-1NH₄-N) than NO₃ ^-plus NO₂ ^-ions which resulted in the highest pHs values in thestrait Maracaibo. The strait is the nearest zone toAmmonia Plant located upwind at the TablazoPetrochemical Complex. At the strait, theinorganic-nitrogen ((NH₄ + NO₃ +NO₂)-N) concentrations were greater than organicnitrogen levels, but at the other sites were lower.Phosphorus levels were low, ranging from undetectableto 1.5 mg L^-1; organic-P was estimated to accountfor about 40% of total-P. Total mean nitrogen wetdepositions were 6.93 kg ha^-1 yr^-1 (≈59% asNH₄-N) at the strait and 9.85–16.84 kg ha^-1yr^-1 (≈55% as organic-N) around the lakeshore.Inorganic and organic nitrogen account for about equalportions of the total nitrogen loading. These amountsrepresents ≈24% of the annual total-N inputsby the tributary rivers to the lake and aresubstantially higher than those reported in the shoreof Lake Valencia (north-central part of Venezuela) andother tropical areas. The contribution ofprecipitation to P in lake is very small; ≈0.6 kg ha^-1 of total-P are added annually. The N and Pinputs were greater than the sewage contributions. Themean molar ratio N/P is ≈22 at the straitsite whilst at lake sites the N/P ratio isconsistently >22 (about 35～1 to 100～1). The results of this preliminary study show that the atmosphere represents a significant factor for the total nitrogen loading to Lake Maracaibo system.     

Catchment-Scale Variation in the Nitrate Concentrations of Groundwater Seeps in the Catskill Mountains,New York,U.S.A.

Forested headwater streams in the Catskill Mountains of New York show significant among-catchment variability in mean annual nitrate (NO₃ ^-) concentrations. Large contributions from deep groundwater with high NO₃ ^-concentrations have been invoked to explain high NO₃ ^-concentrations in stream water during the growing season. To determine whether variable contributions of groundwater couldexplain among-catchment differences in streamwater, we measuredNO₃ ^- concentrations in 58 groundwater seeps distributed across six catchments known to have different annual average streamwater concentrations. Seeps were identified based on release from bedrock fractures and beddingplanes and had consistently lower temperatures than adjacentstreamwaters. Nitrate concentrations in seeps ranged from neardetection limits (0.005 mg NO₃ ^--N/L) to 0.75 mg NO₃ ^--N/L. Within individual catchments, groundwaterresidence time does not seem to strongly affect NO₃ ^-concentrations because in three out of four catchments therewere non-significant correlations between seep silica (SiO₂) concentrations, a proxy for residence time, andseep NO₃ ^- concentrations. Across catchments, therewas a significant but weak negative relationship betweenNO₃ ^- and SiO₂ concentrations. The large rangein NO₃ ^- concentrations of seeps across catchmentssuggests: 1) the principal process generating among-catchmentdifferences in streamwater NO₃ ^- concentrations mustinfluence water before it enters the groundwater flow system and 2) this process must act at large spatial scales becauseamong-catchment variability is much greater than intra-catchmentvariability. Differences in the quantity of groundwater contribution to stream baseflow are not sufficient to account for differences in streamwater NO₃ ^- concentrationsamong catchments in the Catskill Mountains.     

Use of Lithium Metaborate to Determine Total Phosphorus and Other Element Concentrations in Soil,Plant, and Related Materials

Lithium metaborate was examined as an alternative to sodium carbonate for preparing samples for measuring total elements, especially P, by fusion in soil, geological, plant, and other natural organic compounds. The examination also included the effect of two concentrations (0.8 and 3M) of nitric acid used to dissolve the metaborate fusion products as preparation for multiple element analyses by inductively coupled argon plasma atomic emission spectrophotometry (ICP-AES). The three methods compared favorably and were able to reproduce a wide range of element concentration values documented for National Institution of Standards and Technology (NIST) mineral and organic samples. Neither lithium metaborate method measured sulfur (S) acceptably, especially in organic material. The sodium carbonate method traditionally uses sulfuric acid for dissolution, and therefore S measurements cannot be included. Also, sodium (Na) could not be included for the carbonate method. There were detection limit problems for measurement of some elements that are naturally present in small quantities in mineral and organic samples due to relatively low emission intensities for ICP-AES, and the greater sensitivity of ICP-mass spectrometry would be needed. There were only small differences between the two concentrations of nitric acid dissolution after metaborate fusion, but 3 M was adopted for routine use. The metaborate fusion with 3 M nitric acid method performed well on the routine analyses of soil samples. These results show that lithium metaborate is a good alternative to sodium carbonate fusion for the measurement of total P and many other elements (except S) in soil and related materials.     

Mineral Concentrations of Cool Season Pasture Forages in North Florida During Winter-Spring Grazing Season. I. Macrominerals and Forage Organic Constituents

Two experimental late fall-winter-spring grazing studies, each lasting two years, were conducted at the North Florida Research and Education Center (NFREC), Marianna, Florida to evaluate the organic constituents and macromineral concentrations of annual cool season pasture forages grazed by growing beef cattle. Eight 1.32 ha fenced pastures or paddocks were divided into two pasture land preparation/planting methods, four pastures for the sod seeding treatments and four for the prepared seedbed treatments. These pastures were planted with two different forage combinations: rye/oats mix with or without ryegrass for the first two years (Study 1), and oats with ryegrass or ryegrass only for the last two years (Study 2). Each of the four forage/land preparation combination treatments was assigned to two pastures each year, thereby giving two replicates per year. Forage samples were collected at the start of grazing and twice monthly thereafter until the end of grazing season for each year, pooled by month, and were analyzed for calcium (Ca), phosphorus (P), sodium (Na), potassium (K), magnesium (Mg), dry matter (DM) yield, crude protein (CP), and in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD). Blood plasma samples were also collected from the tester cattle during the spring season of year 2 of Study 2 and were analyzed for Ca, P, and Mg. Month differences were observed in forage concentrations of P and K (P < 0.0001), and Mg (P < 0.05) in both studies, Ca (P < 0.01) in Study 1 only, and Na (P < 0.05) only in Study 2. Year affected P, K, and Mg concentrations in Study 1 and Ca, P, and Na concentrations in Study 2. In Study 2, forage type by month interactions on Ca, K, and Mg concentrations were noticed (P < 0.01). Forage Ca was lower (P < 0.05) than the critical level for all months from the oat plus ryegrass pastures, and for early winter months and late spring months from ryegrass only pasture. Forage Na concentrations were consistently low throughout the grazing season and unaffected by forage type or land cultivation methods used in both studies. Low Mg concentrations of both forage types in Study 2 (also with high K concentrations) were indicative of a potential risk of grass tetany (hypomagnesemia) for grazing ruminants. Forage DM yields were highly variable with fluctuations among the experimental months and were found to be highest in the spring months, with decreasing yields towards the end of the grazing season in both studies (P < 0.0001). The CP concentrations were greater than the required levels and both CP and IVOMD decreased gradually by month in both studies (P < 0.0001). Normal blood plasma concentrations of Ca and P obtained were indicative of a good overall status of these minerals in the animal's body. Plasma Mg concentrations were slightly above the critical level for cattle from both forage types. In summary, the macrominerals most likely to be deficient in North Florida during the cool season would be Ca, Na, and Mg. Special attention should be given to supplementation of Mg since forages reflected a marginal deficiency of this mineral and high K concentrations were found.     

Temporal Trends in Ca,Mg and K Concentrations of Grassland and Garden Soils in West Virginia,U.S.A. between 1986 and 1999

The effects of acidic deposition on agricultural soils have not received much attention because they are regularly limed and receive acid forming fertilizers far in excess of what would accumulate in these soils from atmospheric acidic deposition. However, not all agricultural soils are managed with equal intensity, and some may be prone to element specific effects from acidic deposition. Using data from the West Virginia University Soil Testing Laboratory and the National Atmospheric Deposition Program,it was found that soil Mg concentrations were decreasing up to 2.6% yr^-1 in hay and pasture soils where acidic deposition was the highest. Rainfall amounts and biomass removaldid not appear to be related to this effect. By comparison, no trends in Mg depletion with acidic deposition were found for the more intensely managed home garden soils. Nor were there regional trends in Ca or K for either hay and pasture or home garden soils. While the correlation Mg depletion and acidic deposition does not in and of itself indicate causality, it does suggest the Mg status of unmanaged or moderately managed grasslands may be adversely affected by acidic deposition.