Late glacial stage and holocene tropical ice core records from huascaran, peru

Two ice cores from the col of Huascarán in the north-central Andes of Peru contain a paleoclimatic history extending well into the Wisconsinan (Würm) Glacial Stage and include evidence of the Younger Dryas cool phase. Glacial stage conditions at high elevations in the tropics appear to have been as much as 8 degrees to 12 degrees C cooler than today, the atmosphere contained about 200 times as much dust, and the Amazon Basin forest cover may have been much less extensive. Differences in both the oxygen isotope ratio zeta(18)O (8 per mil) and the deuterium excess (4.5 per mil) from the Late Glacial Stage to the Holocene are comparable with polar ice core records. These data imply that the tropical Atlantic was possibly 5 degrees to 6 degrees C cooler during the Late Glacial Stage, that the climate was warmest from 8400 to 5200 years before present, and that it cooled gradually, culminating with the Little Ice Age (200 to 500 years before present). A strong warming has dominated the last two centuries.     

Southward migration of the intertropical convergence zone through the Holocene

Titanium and iron concentration data from the anoxic Cariaco Basin, off the Venezuelan coast, can be used to infer variations in the hydrological cycle over northern South America during the past 14,000 years with subdecadal resolution. Following a dry Younger Dryas, a period of increased precipitation and riverine discharge occurred during the Holocene "thermal maximum." Since approximately 5400 years ago, a trend toward drier conditions is evident from the data, with high-amplitude fluctuations and precipitation minima during the time interval 3800 to 2800 years ago and during the "Little Ice Age." These regional changes in precipitation are best explained by shifts in the mean latitude of the Atlantic Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITCZ), potentially driven by Pacific-based climate variability. The Cariaco Basin record exhibits strong correlations with climate records from distant regions, including the high-latitude Northern Hemisphere, providing evidence for global teleconnections among regional climates.     

Synchroneity of tropical and high-latitude Atlantic temperatures over the last glacial termination

A high-resolution western tropical Atlantic sea surface temperature (SST) record from the Cariaco Basin on the northern Venezuelan shelf, based on Mg/Ca values in surface-dwelling planktonic foraminifera, reveals that changes in SST over the last glacial termination are synchronous, within +/-30 to +/-90 years, with the Greenland Ice Sheet Project 2 air temperature proxy record and atmospheric methane record. The most prominent deglacial event in the Cariaco record occurred during the Younger Dryas time interval, when SSTs dropped by 3 degrees to 4 degrees C. A rapid southward shift in the atmospheric intertropical convergence zone could account for the synchroneity of tropical temperature, atmospheric methane, and high-latitude changes during the Younger Dryas.     

Younger dryas age advance of franz josef glacier in the southern alps of new zealand

A corrected radiocarbon age of 11,050 +/- 14 years before present for an advance of the Franz Josef Glacier to the Waiho Loop terminal moraine on the western flank of New Zealand's Southern Alps shows that glacier advance on a South Pacific island was synchronous with initiation of the Younger Dryas in the North Atlantic region. Hence, cooling at the beginning of the Younger Dryas probably reflects global rather than regional forcing. The source for Younger Dryas climatic cooling may thus lie in the atmosphere rather than in a North Atlantic thermohaline switch.     

The history of South American tropical precipitation for the past 25,000 years

Long sediment cores recovered from the deep portions of Lake Titicaca are used to reconstruct the precipitation history of tropical South America for the past 25,000 years. Lake Titicaca was a deep, fresh, and continuously overflowing lake during the last glacial stage, from before 25,000 to 15,000 calibrated years before the present (cal yr B.P.), signifying that during the last glacial maximum (LGM), the Altiplano of Bolivia and Peru and much of the Amazon basin were wetter than today. The LGM in this part of the Andes is dated at 21,000 cal yr B.P., approximately coincident with the global LGM. Maximum aridity and lowest lake level occurred in the early and middle Holocene (8000 to 5500 cal yr B.P.) during a time of low summer insolation. Today, rising levels of Lake Titicaca and wet conditions in Amazonia are correlated with anomalously cold sea-surface temperatures in the northern equatorial Atlantic. Likewise, during the deglacial and Holocene periods, there were several millennial-scale wet phases on the Altiplano and in Amazonia that coincided with anomalously cold periods in the equatorial and high-latitude North Atlantic, such as the Younger Dryas.     

Synchronous radiocarbon and climate shifts during the last deglaciation

Radiocarbon data from the Cariaco Basin provide calibration of the carbon-14 time scale across the period of deglaciation (15,000 to 10, 000 years ago) with resolution available previously only from Holocene tree rings. Reconstructed changes in atmospheric carbon-14 are larger than previously thought, with the largest change occurring simultaneously with the sudden climatic cooling of the Younger Dryas event. Carbon-14 and published beryllium-10 data together suggest that concurrent climate and carbon-14 changes were predominantly the result of abrupt shifts in deep ocean ventilation.     

A possible younger dryas record in southeastern alaska

A stratigraphic record of climatic cooling equal in timing and severity to the Younger Dryas event of the North Atlantic region has been obtained from lacustrine sediments in the Glacier Bay area of southeastern Alaska. Fossil pollen show that a late Wisconsin pine parkland was replaced about 10,800 years ago by shrub- and herb-dominated tundra, which lasted until about 9,800 years ago. This vegetational change is matched by geochemical evidence for loss of organic matter from catchment soils and increased mineral erosion. If this event represents the Younger Dryas, then an explanation for a hemisphere-wide propagation of a North Atlantic climatic perturbation must be sought.     

Does the trigger for abrupt climate change reside in the ocean or in the atmosphere?

Two hypotheses have been put forward to explain the large and abrupt climate changes that punctuated glacial time. One attributes such changes to reorganizations of the ocean's thermohaline circulation and the other to changes in tropical atmosphere-ocean dynamics. In an attempt to distinguish between these hypotheses, two lines of evidence are examined. The first involves the timing of the freshwater injections to the northern Atlantic that have been suggested as triggers for the global impacts associated with the Younger Dryas and Heinrich events. The second has to do with evidence for precursory events associated with the Heinrich ice-rafted debris layers in the northern Atlantic and with the abrupt Dansgaard-Oeschger warmings recorded in the Santa Barbara Basin.     

Evidence against a significant younger dryas cooling event in new zealand

Pollen records of deglacial sequences from northwest Nelson, New Zealand, demonstrate that there was no significant temperature decline associated with the Younger Dryas in New Zealand. Records of glacial advances at this time were either the product of increased snow accumulation under enhanced precipitation regimes or random variation rather than the result of a regional thermal decline. This finding supports those models of Younger Dryas initiation that require neither enhanced westerly circulation nor significant thermal decline in the Southern Hemisphere.     

High-resolution Greenland ice core data show abrupt climate change happens in few years

The last two abrupt warmings at the onset of our present warm interglacial period, interrupted by the Younger Dryas cooling event, were investigated at high temporal resolution from the North Greenland Ice Core Project ice core. The deuterium excess, a proxy of Greenland precipitation moisture source, switched mode within 1 to 3 years over these transitions and initiated a more gradual change (over 50 years) of the Greenland air temperature, as recorded by stable water isotopes. The onsets of both abrupt Greenland warmings were slightly preceded by decreasing Greenland dust deposition, reflecting the wetting of Asian deserts. A northern shift of the Intertropical Convergence Zone could be the trigger of these abrupt shifts of Northern Hemisphere atmospheric circulation, resulting in changes of 2 to 4 kelvin in Greenland moisture source temperature from one year to the next.     

Amazon river discharge and climate variability: 1903 to 1985

Reconstruction of an 83-year record (1903 to 1985) of the discharge of the Amazon River shows that there has been no statistically significant change in discharge over the period of record and that the predominant interannual variability occurs on the 2- to 3-year time scale. Oscillations of river discharge predate significant human influences in the Amazon basin and reflect both extrabasinal and local factors. Cross-spectrum analyses of Amazon flow anomalies with indicators of the El Ni?o-Southern Oscillation phenomenon suggest that the oscillations in the hydrograph are coupled to the tropical Pacific climate cycle.     

The atmosphere during the younger dryas

One of the most dramatic climate change events observed in marine and ice core records is the Younger Dryas, a return to near-glacial conditions that punctuated the last deglaciation. High-resolution, continuous glaciochemical records, newly retrieved from central Greenland, record the chemical composition of the arctic atmosphere at this time. This record shows that both the onset and the termination of the Younger Dryas occurred within 10 to 20 years and that massive, frequent, and short-term (decadal or less) changes in atmospheric composition occurred throughout this event. Changes in atmospheric composition are attributable to changes in the size of the polar atmospheric cell and resultant changes in source regions and to the growth and decay of continental biogenic source regions.     

基于MODIS数据的松花江流域土地利用信息提取研究

以松花江流域为研究区域,利用单时相MODIS数据进行大范围区域土地利用信息提取;结合地表反射率、植被指数（NDVI）、土壤湿度指数（NDMI）、归一化水体指数（NDWI）等特征变量试验决策树分类法,与传统分类方法相比较,分析松花江流域土地利用变化情况。结果表明：决策树法优于传统的最大似然法,分类精度分别为83.48%和75.51%;2001～2006年,整体上松花江流域耕草地面积增加,林地面积减少;中国部分,耕草地面积增加,林地面积减少,而俄罗斯部分耕草地面积减少,林地面积增加。     

Synchronized Terrestrial-Atmospheric Deglacial Records Around the North Atlantic

On the basis of synchronization of three carbon-14 (14C)-dated lacustrine sequences from Sweden with tree ring and ice core records, the absolute age of the Younger Dryas-Preboreal climatic shift was determined to be 11,450 to 11,390 +/- 80 years before the present. A 150-year-long cooling in the early Preboreal, associated with rising Delta14C values, is evident in all records and indicates an ocean ventilation change. This cooling is similar to earlier deglacial coolings, and box-model calculations suggest that they all may have been the result of increased freshwater forcing that inhibited the strength of the North Atlantic heat conveyor, although the Younger Dryas may have begun as an anomalous meltwater event.     

Comment on "Absence of cooling in New Zealand and the adjacent ocean during the Younger Dryas chronozone"

Barrows et al. (Reports, 5 October 2007, p. 86) presented cosmogenic exposure dates and data from an ocean sediment core that challenge evidence for glacier advance in New Zealand during the Younger Dryas event. We use modeling of geomorphic processes to argue that their cosmogenic exposure dates are inconclusive.     

Mineral source and transport in waters of the gulf of Mexico and Caribbean sea

Mineral particles suspended in the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean Sea were analyzed in relation to clay mineral distributions in bottom sediments, to sedimentation processes active in the region, and to the prevailing currents. Circulation in the upper layers of water flowing from the Caribbean, carrying a micaceous-rich mineral assemblage, has exercised an influence on mineral transport into the Gulf of Mexico, different from the montmorillonite-rich load delivered by the Mississippi River. Particulate matter, suspended in North Atlantic water and Amazon River discharge, enters the Caribbean through the Lesser Antilles and contributes to the detrital mineral content of Caribbean water, as does that carried by the wind.     

军塘河流域上游山区融雪期土壤湿度特征分析

[目的]研究融雪期土壤湿度特征.[方法]以天山北坡军塘河流域为研究区,采用定点连续观测方法,利用2006、2007年两年融雪期观测的土壤湿度、土壤温度及气温资料,对比分析土壤湿度在融雪期内各层深度的变化情况以及与土壤湿度和气温之间的关系.[结果]近地面气温与土壤湿度存在较高相关关系, 土壤湿度的时间变化均表现出减湿过程缓慢,增湿过程迅速特征,土壤湿度日变化表现为单峰单谷型波动.[结论]近地面气温与土壤湿度具有明显的影响作用,该结论将有助于为军塘河流域春季融雪洪水的预警提供决策支持.     

额尔齐斯河流域灌区薄层砂性土壤水分变化的试验研究

在额尔齐斯河流域地下水位浅埋条件下薄层砂性土壤的灌区内,2002—2003年进行两年田间试验,采用田间垂直入渗试验法计算分层土壤蓄水量,研究大水漫灌下薄层砂性土壤水分变化的规律,分析当地大水漫灌是否合理。试验结果表明,大水漫灌下田间水分利用率为30％～40％,田间土壤水分变化主要发生在根区土壤0～-50cm深度,根区土壤层的蓄水能力为100-125mm。     

淮河流域高质量发展中生态环保的法治完善

淮河流域的自然禀赋、治理历史以及生态保护与社会经济发展的内在需求，证明了法治建设的必要性与紧迫性，淮河流域高质量发展最终依赖于法律的指引、规范与保障。然而淮河流域生态环保法治中存在的立法滞后、执法不力、司法薄弱等问题成为制约淮河流域高质量发展的障碍。为此，有必要从立法、执法、司法与守法等路径完善淮河流域生态环保法治，构建以淮河流域专门立法为核心的法治体系，完善执法体制以落实严格执法，加强生态环保司法保护力度，以公众参与制为基础促进全民守法，最终落脚于经济发展与改善民生，共建幸福淮河。     

清至民国时期都柳江流域人工营林发展探微

都柳江流域和清水江流域同为黔东南地区重要的木材产地,在清至民国时期皆出现了人工营林的大规模发展,留下了大量林业契约文书。目前学界多关注清水江流域的林业问题,但对与之毗邻的都柳江流域关注较少,未能全面反映黔东南地区林业发展的历史脉络。是故探究都柳江流人工营林的发展和原因,揭示留存在当地的林业契约文书价值,可为黔东南林业发展的解读和今天贵州省的山地经济建设、生态建设提供历史借鉴。