曝气生物滤池对玉米青贮渗出液处理效果

为了考察曝气生物滤池(biological aerated filter,BAF)处理玉米青贮渗出液的效果及其影响因素,重点考察了水力负荷、气水比、有机负荷和滤床高度。结果表明:水力负荷从0.5m3/(m2.h)升高到3.0m3/(m2.h)过程中,化学需氧量(COD)和NH3-N的去除率先升高后降低,当水力负荷1.5m3/(m2.h)时COD和NH3-N的去除率分别达到最大为83.5%、74.9%;增加气水比使得系统中溶解氧充足,可明显提高COD和NH3-N去除率,当气水比为3.5:1时COD和NH3-N的去除率分别达到最大为87.5%、75.2%;低有机负荷不利于COD和NH3-N的去除,当有机负荷为COD2.4kg/(m3.d)时,COD和NH3-N去除率最低分别仅为49.6%、58.5%,有机负荷为COD4.8kg/(m3.d)时去除率最高分别可达80.9%和75.9%,但过高的有机负荷反而对NH3-N去除不利,当有机负荷为COD7.2kg/(m3.d)时,NH3-N去除率降低为61.7%;滤床高度对硝化反应去除NH3-N影响较大,NH3-N生物硝化反应去除行为主要发生在0.6～1.0m区域。试验表明采用BAF系统处理玉米青贮渗出液是可行的,也为类似性质废水处理和改善农村水环境质量提供有益的参考。     

Performance and Kinetic Study on Bioremediation of Diazo Dye (Reactive Black 5) in Wastewater Using Spent GAC–Biofilm Sequencing Batch Reactor

Combinations of sequential anaerobic and aerobic process enhance the treatment of textile wastewater. The aim of this study was to investigate the treatment of diazo dye Reactive Black 5 (RB5)-containing wastewater using granular activated carbon (GAC)–biofilm sequencing batch reactor (SBR) as an integration of aerobic and anaerobic process in a single reactor. The GAC–biofilm SBR system demonstrated higher removal of COD, RB5 and aromatic amines. It was observed that the RB5 removal efficiency improved as the concentration of co-substrate in the influent increased. The alternative aeration introduced into the bioreactor enhanced mineralization of aromatic amines. Degradation of RB5 and co-substrate followed second-order kinetic and the constant (k ₂) values for COD and RB5 decreased from 0.002 to 0.001 and 0.004 to 0.001 l/mg h, respectively, as the RB5 concentration increased from 100 to 200 mg/l in the GAC–biofilm SBR system.     

Oxygen Transfer and Industrial Wastewater Treatment Efficiency of a Vertically Moving Biofilm System

A vertically moving biofilm system (VMBS) was developed to treat wastewater. In this system, the biofilm grows on a biofilm module consisting of plastic media that is vertically and repeatedly moved up into the air and down into the water. The objectives of this study were to investigate the oxygen transfer efficiency and industrial wastewater treatment performance of the VMBS. The oxygen transfer coefficient (K _L a) depended on the movement frequency (n) of the biofilm module and was proportional to n ^1.67. K _L a values measured were within the range of 0.0001 to 0.0027 s^-1. The VMBS exhibited good carbonaceous removal when treating industrial wastewater produced in a factory manufacturing synthetic fibres. Removal efficiency of filtered chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biological oxygen demand (BOD₅) was up to 93.2 and 97.9%, respectively. The volumetric removal rates of filtered COD and BOD₅ reached 1320 g COD m^-3 day^-1 and 700 g BOD₅ m^-3 day^-1. The areal organic removal rates, based on the surface area of the biofilm substrata, were 16 g BOD₅ m^-2 day^-1 and 39 g COD m^-2 day^-1. No clogging occurred during the experiment. The mean areal biofilm mass increased with increasing the mean areal BOD₅ removal rate. The new biofilm process has such advantages as high carbonaceous oxidation, energy saving, simpleconstruction and easy operation for industrial wastewater treatment.     

表面流人工湿地在滇池湖滨区面源污染控制中的应用研究

在滇池湖滨带核心区退塘还湖措施的基础上,通过对福保村湖滨废弃鱼塘改造,建立了表面流人工湿地系统,对该区域内面源污水处理进行了研究。研究表明,系统年削减人湖污染物COD、TN、TP负荷分别达7840、650和20kg,单位面积削减量分别为4704、390和12kg·hm^-2,削减率分别为28．02％、35．93％和4．86％;系统对污水中COD、NH3-N、TN、TP的去除率分别为15．57％、56．76％、40．37％和35．64％,且除COD外,旱季污染物去除率高于雨季;推流曝气可提高系统对污染物的去除效果,使NH3-N、TN、TP的去除率分别提高约39％、23％和21％,而COD去除率变化不明显。该系统为滇池湖滨区退塘还湖和湖滨生态系统重建提供了重要的技术示范,对滇池富营养化防治工作的开展具有重要意义。     

固体碳源填充床反应器反硝化性能的研究

为了优化固体碳源填充床反应器的运行条件,以PLA/PHBV颗粒为碳源和生物膜载体,研究了水力负荷与硝态氮负荷对反应器反硝化性能的影响,并用扫描电镜观察碳源表面生物膜的形态。结果表明,在进水硝态氮浓度为100 mg·L-1,水力负荷为1.71~8.39 m3·m-2·d-1时,反硝化速率呈现先增加后降低的趋势,最大值为40.53 mg·L-1·h-1;随着水力负荷的提高,出水硝态氮浓度逐渐增加,而COD浓度逐渐降低;维持水力负荷在3.54 m3·m-2·d-1以下,可保证反应器的出水满足我国饮用水标准对硝态氮与亚硝态氮浓度的要求;维持水力负荷为5.30 m3·m-2·d-1,反应器的反硝化速率与进水硝态氮负荷线性相关（R2=0.937）,而硝态氮负荷对出水的COD浓度未发生明显影响;维持进水硝态氮负荷不高于0.16 kg·m-2·d-1,可保证反应器出水的硝态氮与亚硝态氮浓度满足国家标准。通过扫描电镜照片可以看出,PLA/PHBV颗粒表面的生物膜以球菌和杆菌为主,成簇定植在碳源颗粒表面。     

曝气在沉淀法回收沼气发酵液氮磷中的作用

以畜禽养殖废水经厌氧消化处理后的沼气发酵液为研究对象,采用曝气吹脱的处理方式。研究了进水方式,曝气强度,水力停留时间（HRT）对发酵液pH值提升效果的影响。并考察了曝气过程中PO43--P、NH4+-N、Mg2+、Ca2+、化学需氧量（COD）的变化规律。结果表明：发酵液pH值在曝气2 h内提升明显,可迅速从7.27达到8.5,之后则变化较缓慢,12 h后可基本达到最高值9.3,为沉淀法回收氮磷提供了有利的pH值条件。间歇式进水pH值提升效果优于连续式进水,增大曝气强度和HRT可加快pH值提升速度,HRT越大pH值提升幅度越大。曝气过程中发酵液的PO43--P、NH4+-N、Mg2+、Ca2+、COD均呈规律性下降趋势,磷回收率可达65%左右,氮回收率为20%～40%,同时发酵液COD可下降20%～30%。曝气方式亦可以起到搅拌的作用。试验证实了采用化学沉淀法对厌氧发酵液进行氮磷回收时采用曝气处理可提升pH值。     

A comparative study of permeable layer materials and aeration regime on efficiency of multi-soil-layering system for domestic wastewater treatment in Thailand

Abstract

Multi-soil-layering (MSL) system was designed for purifying domestic wastewater and for treating polluted river water. MSL system is typically comprised of layers of soil mixture blocks alternating with permeable layers. The permeable layer has roles of preventing clogging and to increasing the efficiency of infiltration of wastewater through the soil mixture blocks. In this study, the comparative efficiency of five MSL systems as a function of five permeable layer materials (zeolite, zeolitized perlite, perlite, gravel, and charcoal) was investigated. The MSL systems were constructed in 15 × 50 × 100 cm boxes where the soil mixture blocks contained sandy clay soil, kenaf + corncob, and iron scraps at a ratio of 6 : 1 : 1 by weight, respectively, and filled up in alternation with the permeable layer. The results indicated that all the MSL systems at loading rates of 96–346 L m^?2 d^?1 under nonaerated conditions were able to reduce the levels of COD (342–1,231 mg L^?1), BOD₅ (201–802 mg L^?1), and soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) (3.5–10.1 mg P L^?1) at percentages of 79.0–98.1, 80.0–99.6, and 97.1–100%, respectively. The zeolite and the charcoal-based MSL systems under a 96–346 L m^?2 d^?1 loading rate effectively reduced the level of TN (41.4–65.5 mg N L^?1) at percentages of 79.0–92.1 and 30.7–88.9%, respectively. In terms of prevention of clogging, the charcoal-based MSL system was the most effective, followed by the gravel and zeolite-based MSL. The apparent efficiency of pollutant removal, for zeolitized perlite, perlite, and gravel-based MSL systems was low. With an on-off aeration operation, the efficiency of the MSL systems in the reduction of the levels of COD, BOD₅ , and SRP (hereafter reference to as “removal”) was significantly enhanced. Overall, the zeolite-based MSL system seemed to be more effective than the other MSL systems. However, if optimum aeration could be obtained, the removal efficiency of charcoal-based MSL system might be improved. Aeration at a rate of 64,000 L m^?3 d^?1 for 1 week alternating with 2 weeks of nonaeration enhanced the removal of COD, BOD₅ , and SRP but not that of TN.     

牛场废水培养肥壮蹄形藻的工艺参数优化

该研究选用肥壮蹄形藻（Kirchneriella obesa）为试验藻种,以秸秆过滤后牛场废水与BG11培养基的混合物为微藻培养液,在前期单因素试验基础上研究废水添加比、光照强度、光照时间和通气量对微藻干重、氨氮去除率、总磷去除率和Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD)去除率的交互影响,通过Central Composite Design (CCD)中心组合试验得到了相应的影响模型。试验结果表明牛场废水培养肥壮蹄形藻的最优工艺条件为：废水添加比例26%、光照强度9 028 lx、光照时间21.5 h、通气量2.0 L/min。该研究采用优化工艺,在14d的培养周期末期,肥壮蹄形藻的干重达到了1.141g/L,废水中氨氮去除率、总磷去除率和COD去除率分别达到了99.65% 、99.15%、85.83%,响应值指标的预测值和实际值误差均在2%以内。各因素对目标值的交互作用关系为：废水添加比例和光照时间对肥壮蹄形藻干重的交互作用较强,废水添加比例和通气量对肥壮蹄形藻培养液中氨氮去除率、总磷去除率和COD去除率均具有较强的交互作用,而光照强度和光照时间仅对总磷去除率具有较强的交互作用。该研究为牛场废水培养微藻的工业化生产提供了理论参考。     

复式潜流湿地净化生活污水的试验研究

研究了新型复式潜流人工湿地对生活污水的净化效果。在不同水力负荷、季节、曝气方式等条件下经过小试试验,分析了该湿地对污染物净化效果的影响。结果表明,该系统出水水质稳定,达到《城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准》(GB 18918—2002)的一级A标准。在水力负荷184 mm·d-1条件下COD、NH3-N去除率最大分别可达87.2%、68.9%。冬季低温条件下对各类污染物去除率仍大于20%。正交试验分析得知,最佳运行条件是气温28.6℃、水力负荷0.184 m3·m-2·d-1、水力停留时间2.4 d。对比试验表明,采用预曝气方式对湿地净化效果明显优于厌氧处理。     

曝气对垂直流湿地处理水产养殖废水脱氮的影响

人工湿地作为一种有效的污水处理技术,现已被逐渐拓展到水产养殖业中。鉴于其与养殖竞争有限土地资源的弊端,如何构建节地高效型湿地成为未来研究的重点。曝气增氧是强化潜流湿地净化效能的重要措施之一,但是关于曝气强度以及净化效率与影响因素的关系仍缺乏深入系统的研究。为此,该文设计构建了7组不同要素组合的垂直流湿地小试系统,同步或分阶段探讨了曝气强化对垂直流湿地脱氮的影响。研究结果表明,无论曝气与否,构建的7组湿地系统于试验运行工况下都存在明显的硝化过程,且空气复氧和植物根系泌氧足以弥补硝化作用耗氧量。曝气增氧进一步强化了湿地内部的矿化和硝化过程;鉴于养殖废水不缺乏碳源(该研究各组湿地进水碳氮比在28.4~30.6之间),湿地内部的反硝化几率增大,导致曝气后总氮的去除效率提高。但是曝气条件下过高的溶解氧又会进一步抑制反硝化过程,从而也会导致系统总氮去除速率的下降。因此,对垂直流湿地而言,曝气强度不是愈高愈好。为了获得更高的脱氮效率,建议可以通过延长水力停留时间或者在垂直流湿地尾部增设水平潜流湿地来补充反硝化过程,进而提高系统对总氮的去除效果。     

高效功能陶粒生物滤池处理农村生活污水研究

利用粉煤灰、锯末和铁矿石等废弃物,经造粒和高温烧结,自行开发了两种高效功能陶粒,并将其与沸石以“砖墙”式嵌套填充,构筑了高效功能陶粒生物滤池。采用该生物滤池,研究对农村生活污水（COD：200mg·L^-1,NH3-N：20mg·L^-1,TP：4．0mg·L^-1）的深度脱氮除磷作用。结果表明,高效功能陶粒具有表面粗糙,比表面积大,机械强度高,耐酸碱性能好和无重金属溶出等优点。该生物滤池上下部分分别形成好氧区和厌氧区,从而达到深度脱氮除磷效果。在水力停留时间（HRT）为2．15～5．73h,水力负荷为2．8—7．5m^3·m^-2·d^-1时,两个生物滤池对氨氮（NH3-N）、总磷（TP）和化学需氧量（COD）均具有很好的去除效果,两个功能陶粒生物滤池的去除率分别达到83．6％-98．3％、89．1％～99．7％和84．4％-95．2％,优于普通生物滤池。     

电极-SBBR对集中型沼液的脱氮除铜研究

为了处理集中型沼液中过高的氨氮和由饲料添加剂带入的铜,将电极生物膜法与序批式生物膜反应器(SBBR)工艺的优势进行互补,构建电极-SBBR耦合新工艺,以同时去除氮与铜。通过实验室配水与沼液试验,探讨了电极-SBBR体系同步脱氮除铜的工艺参数及其效果。结果表明,集中型沼液电极-SBBR体系的操作工序为:进水→厌氧→曝气→缺氧/厌氧→出水→闲置,运行参数为:水力停留时间7.0h,厌氧0.5h、曝气4.0h、缺氧/厌氧2.5h;电流30～60mA,溶解氧(DO)4.0～5.0mg/L,碳氮比(C/N)>10.0。电极-SBBR体系对沼液中全氮(TN)、Cu2+、化学耗氧量(COD)的去除率分别达到45.79%、86.53%和84.86%,可以作为沼液脱氮除铜的新工艺。     

农业废弃物两相厌氧处理技术的研究

以两只750ml UASB反应器分别作为酸化相和甲烷相进行农业废弃物厌氧处理的研究,两相中,都培养出了颗粒污泥。酸化相有机负荷达240kgCOD/m~3[bed]·d,HRT=1.6h,酸化率66％,COD去除率4％～8％,甲烷相有机负荷达88kgCOD/m~3[bed]·d,HRT=3.7h,COD去除率大于85％。两相COD总去除率大于90％,总有机负荷60kgCOD/m~3[bed]·d。并结合扫描电镜照片,对两相颗粒污泥的形成,菌体分布规律等进行了探讨。     

寒冷地区多级垂直流人工湿地系统设计及氮磷去除效率

为了解决北方寒冷地区人工湿地冬季效率低、运行不稳定的问题,设计建设了两个多级垂直流人工湿地系统(multistage vertical-flow constructed wetlands,MVCWs),处理北京房山区居民生活污水,通过工程设计以及添加碳源强化系统脱氮效果,增加磷吸附基质等措施,提高系统稳定性和污染物的去除效率。研究结果表明,湿地系统Ⅰ化学需氧量(chemical oxygen demand,COD)的平均去除率为87.3%;总磷(total phosphorus,TP)的平均去除率为91.9%;总氮(total nitrogen,TN)的平均去除率为68.9%,能够全年稳定运行。湿地系统Ⅱ采取半间歇式运行方式,在0.5 m3/(m2·d)的水力负荷条件下,对COD、TN、TP的平均去除率分别为92.5%、53.8%、77.2%。湿地系统Ⅱ厌氧单元添加62 kg木块后,COD/TN从0.93上升到1.85,比添加31 kg木块单元对TN的去除率提高15.6%。木块作为厌氧阶段的外加碳源,有效促进了垂直流人工湿地系统对氮的去除。通过垂直流人工湿地多级合理的单元设计,在厌氧阶段添加碳源有利于反硝化脱氮以及添加吸附磷的基质,提高冬季没有植物参与时高效除氮、磷,有效地保证对各种污染物的去除效率。使该研究中的人工湿地系统能够全年稳定运行,该研究结果可为人工湿地在中国北方的推广应用提供参考。     

生物膜-人工湿地组合工艺处理城镇生活污水的研究

采用以天然植物中空纤维作为填料的生物质一生物膜反应器（BBFR）串联复合垂直流人工湿地（IVCW）的组合工艺处理系统,研究了5种不同的运行工况,即不同的停留时间、水力及污染负荷条件下对城镇生活污水的处理效果。结果表明,5种工况下组合系统的出水均能达到一级排放标准,COD、TN和TP的平均去除率分别达到89．86％、93．5％和74．78％。各工况条件下因为装置控制参数和稳定程度的不同,各运行阶段下的净化效果也有一定的差异。通过探讨BBFR和IVCW的最佳耦合模式,即系统处理效果达到最佳时的运行参数,实现了BBFR和IVCW二者间的优势互补。     

Application of Biofilms and Biofilm Support Materials As A Temporary Sink and Source

Wastewater treatment plants are typically subjected to variable influent loading conditions. Extreme variations of flow, composition and substrate concentration may occur in the influent of industrial wastewater treatment plants, but also at plants serving tourist areas. High rate reactors of low hydraulic buffer capacity are particularly affected. Exploitation of internal equalization capacities are proposed to dampen the fluctuations of biomass loading. In this context, the biomass itself and — in case of biofilm reactors — the biofilm support media may be considered as a sink during peak loading situations, and as a source of substrate as soon as the influent loading drops. Sequencing Batch Biofilm Reactors (SBBR) studies in laboratory and pilot scale were conducted to investigate the capacity of these internal sink and source terms. The reactors were packed with four types of biofilm carrier materials, blasted clay granules, granular activated carbon, zeolite and small size plastic rings (Kaldnes). Temporary storage of substrates was achieved by means of adsorption, ion exchange and absorption processes. As the react phase proceeded, the bulk liquid concentration dropped and desorption processes followed by metabolic reactions became dominant. From the results achieved it can be concluded that thick biofilms, and biofilm support media with sorptive capacities are favorable to counteract peak loading fluctuations, and to keep the effluent concentration from exceeding set discharge levels.     

固定床厌氧反应器处理高浓度糖蜜废水

为开发高效处理高浓度有机废水的厌氧沼气发酵技术,以活性炭纤维作为生物膜载体,在实验室规模上对固定床厌氧反应器处理高浓度糖蜜废水的运行性能进行了研究。初始进水COD为5 000 mg/L,水力停留时间（HRT）保持在2 d左右。在进水COD为47 000 mg/L以内时,相应的有机容积负荷（OLR,COD含量）达到21.38 kg/(m3×d),COD去除率保持在86%以上,沼气容积产气率为9.51 L /(L×d),甲烷容积产气率为6.46 L /(L×d);当OLR进一步从21.38 kg/(m3×d) 逐步升高到35.13、39.06、44.88 kg/(m3×d) 时,COD去除率从86.48%分别降低到74.40%,67.02% 和63.50%,相应的沼气容积产气率为13.71,13.98和11.44 L/(L×d),甲烷容积产气率为8.84,8.67和5.89 L/(L×d)。进水的pH值通常在3.5～5.6之间,OLR低于35.13 kg/(m3×d) 时,无需对pH值进行中和调节,出水的pH值自然维持在6.8～7.6的良好状态,超出此范围,则需加碱对进水的pH值作适当调节。最终进水COD高达78 600 mg/L,相应的OLR为44.88 kg/(m3×d)。在165 d的运行过程中污泥形成量小,没有发生堵塞现象,固定床厌氧反应器表现出高效的处理酸性高浓度有机废水和较强的抗负荷冲击的能力。     

多级跌水充氧式沟渠连通生态塘污水处理效果及优化模拟试验

针对农村污水流量小浓度高、排放不均匀及降雨冲击等特点,设计多级跌水充氧式沟渠连通生态塘组合工艺,进行水力负荷、运行方式、水量波动、降雨冲击等影响因素及参数优化试验。结果表明:随着水力负荷的增大,污染物的去除率逐渐降低;间歇运行的处理效果优于连续运行;水量的波动导致污染物的去除率也随之变化,其中化学需氧量和氨氮的去除率最大降幅接近20%;总氮去除率的降幅最大,约25%;总磷的去除率最大降幅最小,约15%左右;当降雨规模变大时,组合工艺对各污染物去除率分别从53.95%、52.44%、49.92%、71.64%下降到40.94%、43.75%、34.93%、53.84%。采取地表径流截流措施后,组合工艺对各污染物的去除效果有所改善,去除率的上升与截流倍数的增加近似呈现线性关系,当降雨为暴雨,采取截流倍数为5时,出水水质仍能达到城镇污水处理厂污染物排放标准(GB18918-2002)一级排放标准,对降雨期间农村污水的污染去除具有重要意义。     

分段组合式厌氧反应器的运行性能

为研发高效厌氧生物反应器,采用模拟有机废水,对分段组合式厌氧反应器的运行性能进行了研究。试验结果表明：该反应器具有很高容积效能,容积负荷可达110.97?g/(L·d),容积负荷去除率可达84.35?g/(L·d),容积产气率可达57.00?L/(L·d)。该反应器内的基质浓度及中间产物浓度较高,平均化学需氧量和挥发性有机酸浓度分别是常效反应器相应值的18.49倍与37.52倍,可提供较大的反应推动力。该反应器具有良好的运行性能,但趋近满负荷时性能参数波动较大,易导致反应器工况失稳。     

曝气量对家庭生活污水处理净化槽的水质影响

为了满足农村多用户化粪池联用处理要求,对单独净化槽进行了改造。将原有的两级厌氧一级好氧工艺改为一级厌氧两级好氧工艺,提高净化过程的生物处理能力。针对这种新型净化槽,调查了不同曝气量下的生活污水净化能力,分别测定了各区出水水质COD、BOD5、NH3-N和浊度的变化情况。实验表明,一级好氧和二级好氧中的溶解氧随着曝气量的不断增加表现出先快速增加,然后缓慢增加,最后又快速增加的特点。在曝气量均为1．8L·min^-1时,一级和二级好氧区溶解氧分别为2．4mg·L^-1和3．1mg·L^-1．出水COD、BODs、NH3-N和浊度分别为23、13、7．6mg·L^-1和9NTU。若再增加曝气量,出水水质变化将趋缓,因二级好氧区生物降解的底物浓度较低,已成为主要的控制因素,所以基于能耗的考虑,曝气量的优化就变得更为重要。