摆动分离筛薯土分离机理分析与参数优化试验

针对摆动分离筛薯土分离机理不明确,作业参数匹配不合理导致明薯率与马铃薯破皮率矛盾突出等问题,利用高速摄像机实时拍摄不同曲柄转速、筛面倾角和机器前进速度时摆动分离筛上薯土混合物的分布状态,统计并分析薯土混合物分布高度的变化规律,揭示薯土分离机理,并获得影响分离筛性能主要因素的取值范围。以明薯率和破皮率为评价指标,采用Box-Behnken响应面试验方法进行试验,建立各指标与因素间的回归数学模型,对影响摆动分离筛性能的结构与工作参数进行优化。结果表明,各因素对明薯率、破皮率影响由大到小为曲柄转速、筛面倾角、机器前进速度。摆动分离筛优化参数组合为:曲柄转速230 r/min,筛面倾角21.1°,机器前进速度2.03 km/h,优化后明薯率和破皮率分别为98.94%和0.21%,明薯率较优化前提高1.68个百分点,破皮率较优化前降低9.6个百分点,参数优化试验结果满足国家标准要求。     

马铃薯在摆动筛上的运动特性分析

采用Solid Works软件对4SW-170型马铃薯收获机摆动筛进行三维建模,通过理论分析摆动筛在工作时物料在其上的运动状态,采用计算机分析软件Mat Lab对摆动筛上物料的运动进行数值模拟,并通过与理论分析相比较,验证了数值模拟的可靠性。针对摆动筛及薯土物料的运动特殊性,特使用高速摄像技术对摆动筛在工作过程中筛上马铃薯的运动特性进行分析,为进一步观察马铃薯在筛面上的运动情况、研究物料的不规则运动、合理选择运动参数及提高筛分效率提供依据。     

基于离散元法的马铃薯在摆动筛面运动特性研究

为探明马铃薯在筛面的运动规律,采用3D扫描建立不规则形状马铃薯的三维建模,采用离散元仿真分析软件模拟马铃薯在摆动分离筛面的运动状态,并选择摆分离筛曲柄半径为35 mm、摆动方向角为16.8°,在不同曲柄摆动频率和筛面倾角进行模拟试验。同时,分析筛面倾角及摆动频率变化对马铃薯运动速度的影响规律,得到马铃薯在筛面运动速度变化规律及拟合方程,为进一步分析薯土混合物的分离机理和筛体结构优化提供理论参考。     

基于高速摄像技术的马铃薯在分离筛上运动特性研究

为了研究马铃薯挖掘机在收获过程中马铃薯在分离筛上的运动特性、改善马铃薯挖掘机工作性能、提高薯土分离效果及降低马铃薯的损伤,采用室内试验和室外试验研究的方法,对马铃薯在分离筛上的运动规律进行研究。利用红外高速摄像技术,采集室内和田间马铃薯在分离筛上的运动情况的数据。利用高速摄像分析软件(TEMA)对采集到的摄像数据进行处理,绘制出马铃薯的分离筛上的加速度时间历程曲线,总结出马铃薯在筛面上的运动规律。最终得出马铃薯在分离筛上的运动特性,为马铃薯收获机的分离筛参数的优化提供参考。     

寒地黑土马铃薯收获薯土分离装置设计与研究

针对黏重土壤下的马铃薯收获机薯土分离伤薯率高的问题,对马铃薯收获机薯土分离装置进行结构优化、理论分析,得到最佳参数组合。升运链线速度1.495 m·s^-1、工作倾斜角度18.9°、抖动轮频率7.15 Hz时,薯土分离装置损伤率最低;经台架试验得出5次损伤率均值为2.7%,满足设计要求。损伤率的降低提高了马铃薯的机械化收获效率,对马铃薯增产增收具有重大意义。     

基于多段分离工艺的马铃薯联合收获机设计与试验

针对马铃薯分段收获人工捡拾工作量大、劳动强度高、收获效率低等问题,在适应种植模式和农艺要求的基础上,设计了一种基于多段分离工艺的马铃薯联合收获机,该机可同时完成双垄双行马铃薯的挖掘、薯土分离、清土除杂和集薯输送等任务。收获机在拖拉机的牵引作用下进行收获作业,其关键零部件包括松土限深调控装置、切土切蔓装置、挖掘装置、摆抖式薯土分离装置、过渡分离装置、清土除杂装置和集薯输送装置等。该收获机采用多段分离工艺,可有效提高薯土分离效率,显著降低含杂率,降低劳动强度。田间试验表明:作业速度分别为3. 17 km/h和4. 16 km/h时,样机的损失率分别为1. 64%和1. 59%,伤薯率分别为1. 72%和1. 48%,破皮率分别为2. 31%和1. 92%,生产率分别为0. 41 hm2/h和0. 54 hm2/h,各项性能指标均达到了作业标准。基于碰撞检测技术获取了收获过程中薯块的动态碰撞信息,在对碰撞特征和薯土混合物运动特点进行分析的基础上,明确了联合收获机易产生较大碰撞加速度的关键位置为:分离筛Ⅰ与分离筛Ⅱ交接处及集薯输送装置的落料端,降低分离筛Ⅰ和分离筛Ⅱ之间的高度差、改善集薯装置末端的缓冲效果,是降低伤薯率和破皮率的有效措施。     

基于离散元的马铃薯收获机波浪形筛面参数优化与试验

针对分段式马铃薯收获机薯土分离环节伤薯率和破皮率较高的问题,在适应国内北方种植模式和农艺特点的条件下,对分离筛后半段采用波浪形筛面薯土减损分离的结构进行优化。在分析影响碎土分离过程和薯块运动特征的关键因素的基础上基于构建的离散元土块和薯块模型,明晰了不同波浪形筛面结构参数和运行参数对碎土分离过程和薯块碰撞特征的影响;同时,结合实际工况,验证波浪形筛面薯土分离减损形式的结构合理性和可行性确定采用振动与波浪形双重分离形式,以期实现较佳的薯土分离和减损效果。试验表明:在2个波峰、2个波谷同等分离行程条件下,波浪形筛面倾角较大时适宜较小的分离筛运行速度,较优的参数组合为波浪形筛面倾角35°、分离筛运行速度1.0 m/s此时伤薯率和破皮率分别为1.31%和1.44%;波浪形筛面倾角较小时适宜较大的分离筛运行速度,较优的参数组合为波浪形筛面倾角15°、分离筛运行速度2.0 m/s,此时伤薯率和破皮率分别为1.46%和1.67%,相关测试指标能够满足作业需求。     

马铃薯收获机薯秧分离装置设计与试验

针对北方粘重土壤条件下马铃薯收获过程中薯秧分离效果不佳的问题,设计了一种在不杀秧情况下既适用于大型联合收获机也适用于分段式马铃薯收获机的薯秧分离装置。通过对该装置升运过程中薯秧的运动学分析和分离过程中的力学分析,建立了一种弹性力学模型,确定了影响薯秧分离效果的主要因素,得到影响薯秧分离性能的摘秧辊转速范围和摘秧辊与一级升运分离筛主驱动辊距离范围等工作参数。以摘秧辊转速、一级升运分离筛主驱动辊线速度、摘秧辊与一级升运分离筛主驱动辊距离为试验因素,以含杂率为试验指标,在未进行杀秧作业的条件下进行田间试验,试验结果表明:当摘秧辊与一级升运分离筛主驱动辊距离为2. 5 mm、摘秧辊转速为9. 0 r/s、一级升运分离筛主驱动辊线速度为1. 6 m/s时,含杂率为2. 4%,优于国家行业标准。     

多级分离缓冲马铃薯收获机设计与试验

针对云南山地黏土条件下马铃薯机械化收获分离效果差、明薯率低、伤薯率和破皮率较高等问题,采用多级分离振动、多重缓冲和低位侧铺的方式,设计了一种多级分离缓冲马铃薯收获机。在阐述机具整体结构及工作原理的基础上,通过理论计算确定了挖掘装置、多级分离缓冲装置、主动振动装置等主要关键部件的结构参数;建立抛送分离阶段薯土运动模型,获取微波浪形薯土分离相关技术特征;建立马铃薯筛面滑动模型,对薯块的运动特性进行理论分析,得出薯块顺流、回流的运动规律;分析土块在输送分离过程中的碰撞特性,确定了影响分离破碎效果的因素。以含杂率和土壤覆盖度为试验指标,采用二次旋转正交组合试验设计方法进行了空载试验,并利用高速摄影和三轴姿态传感器实时获取分离筛上土壤的分布状态和运动规律,结果表明,分离筛最佳工作参数组合为:一级分离筛线速度1.42 m/s、二级分离筛线速度2.2 m/s、侧输出线速度1 m/s,此时土壤覆盖度69.11%,含杂率2.56%。在分离筛最佳工作参数组合下,以明薯率、破皮率和伤薯率为试验指标进行了田间收获试验,结果表明:当工作速度1.05 m/s、挖掘深度180 mm、振动强度Ⅱ级、筛面倾角22°时,明薯率为99.1%、破皮率为1.41%、伤薯率为1.32%,各项性能指标均符合国家行业标准要求。     

马铃薯二级输送分离装置伤薯试验研究

针对现有马铃薯二级输送分离装置破皮、挤压等伤薯现象严重的问题,对马铃薯输送分离作业机理进行了理论分析,确定了主要影响伤薯性能的作业参数。针对伤薯率等作业指标进行田间二次正交旋转组合试验,通过因素编码、中心化处理和试验结果方差分析,确定了伤薯率和二级输送分离装置倾斜角度、驱动轴转速和垂直距离的影响规律,并判定了显著性因素中影响伤薯率的主次顺序:倾斜角度和转速的交互作用、倾斜角度、垂直距离。田间试验表明:二级输送分离装置伤薯率极大值为1.48%,符合马铃薯收获机质量评价技术规范(NY/T 1130-2006)要求。所获得的试验数据和结论分析可为马铃薯二级输送分离装置的结构改进和参数优化提供参考。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。