气相色谱测定厌氧发酵气组分优化条件研究

甲烷、氢气是厌氧发酵的主要产物,及时、快速和准确地测定其含量是监测厌氧发酵运行情况的重要手段.实验利用气相色谱GC-122对发酵气组分及其含量进行了测定,优化了测试条件,同时验证了此方法的可靠性.结果表明:在优化条件下对厌氧发酵气进行测试,测试时间短,准确度高,回收率大于95.0%,分离效果、重复性好,变异系数小于2.0%.     

国内沼气专利文摘选录

专利名称:有机废水发酵法生物制氢设备专利申请号:92 114 4 74公开号:10 88185授权公告号:10 31392申请人:哈尔滨建筑工程学院发明人:张杰,周彤,张富国,丛广治,田健民,高作权一种有机废水处理生物制氢方法与设备,采用混合反应区和沉淀分离区合一的一体化设备,利用活性污泥对有机废水中有机质的发酵作用产生含氢的发酵气体,经碱液洗脱塔脱去二氧化碳制成99 5 %的纯氢气,另一方面也使有机废水中的有机质得到降解。使用本方法制取氢气的能耗远低于其它制氢方法,仅为其它方法的10 - 30 % ,并可节省大量纯水、煤气或甲烷等资源,非常适宜含碳水化…     

江西省农业温室气体排放趋势及减排潜力

掌握农业温室气体的排放规律对我国实现“碳达峰、碳中和”的战略目标具有重要作用。基于江西省2011～2020年农业数据资料,阐明了江西省农业温室气体(甲烷、氧化亚氮)的二氧化碳排放当量在种植业、养殖业和能源消耗领域的排放水平和时空演变规律;并用STIRPAT模型在多情景模式下模拟分析了江西省在2030年和2060年的减排潜力。结果表明：2011～2020年江西省农业温室气体排放总量为3686.91～3967.56万t,呈先升高后下降的趋势;空间上呈现西高东低、南高北低的分布特征。种植业、养殖业和能源消耗年均产生的二氧化碳排放当量占比分别约为71.5%、26.9%和1.6%;种植业中稻田甲烷和农用地氧化亚氮的二氧化碳排放当量的占比分别为72.77%和27.23%;养殖业中动物肠道甲烷、动物粪便甲烷和动物粪便氧化亚氮的二氧化碳排放当量的占比分别为31.53%、43.90%和24.57%。在基准发展模式和低碳发展模式下的预测结果表明,2030年江西省农业温室气体排放降幅将达到国家要求,分别为12.66%和14.91%。因此,在满足江西省农业生产目标的基础上,江西省农业的减排固碳应聚焦种植业和养...     

用沼气贮粮防虫

安全贮粮,防止害虫,除用化学药品外,还可用沼气。 沼气是一种混合气体,主要成份是甲烷,平均含量为55％～70％;其次是二氧化碳平均含量28％～34％;还有微量的氧气、一氧化碳和硫化氢。沼气中的氧气极其微少平均含量仅为0.27％。甲烷、二氧化碳、氢气是单纯性窒息性气体;一氧化碳、硫化氢是化学窒息性气体。当这些气体数量增多,浓度升高后,就会形成一种窒息环境。向贮粮坛罐或密封粮仓内输入沼气,排出空气,降低坛罐仓内氧化含量,使沼气在密闭环境中停留一定时间,贮粮坛罐、密封粮仓内的害虫因缺氧而窒息死亡,从而达到安全贮粮的目的。     

猪粪厌氧消化产气性能与物质流研究

为了探究畜禽粪便在厌氧消化过程中的物质转化效率,文章以猪粪为发酵原料,以沼气站沼液为接种物,通过测定日产气量、总产气量、甲烷含量、TS和VS去除率等数据,借助物质流分析方法,分析了厌氧消化过程在不同时期的气相、液相和固相中的物质转化规律。实验结果表明猪粪厌氧消化累积产气量为18280 mL,其TS和VS去除率分别为40.17%和56.30%,整个厌氧消化过程中的平均甲烷含量和二氧化碳含量分别为62.34%和28.35%。物质流和生命周期评价结果表明碳元素的流向为:生物气35.52%,沼渣56.22%,沼液8.26%;氮元素在的物质流向为:沼液为50.57%,沼渣为49.43%。该研究为猪粪的资源化管理和利用提供了理论依据。     

水合物法储存温室气体二氧化碳的可行性分析

全球变暖的主要原因是由于大量温室气体排放导致了温室效应,而温室气体的主要组成部分就是二氧化碳,因此二氧化碳应作为温室气体削减与控制的重点.论述了海洋储存二氧化碳与二氧化碳置换开采天然气水合物中甲烷的可行性及环境效应.该方法以固态二氧化碳水合物的形式储存大量的二氧化碳,有利于大大降低大气中二氧化碳的含量,有利于维护海底水合物沉积层的稳定性,有利于提高开采天然气水合物中甲烷的安全性,为二氧化碳水合物储存温室气体二氧化碳开辟了一条新的途径,对保护环境和经济社会的可持续发展具有重大的现实意义.     

农业废弃物花生壳热解气化利用研究

探讨了农业废弃物花生壳作为生物质能利用的可能性。在实验室对花生壳进行热解试验,揭示了花生壳热解产气规律。结果表明,花生壳热解产生的两种主要可燃气:氢气浓度随着热解温度的升高迅速增加,当温度为1 000℃时氢气浓度47%;甲烷浓度随热解温度的升高而显著升高,并在700℃时有最大值,随后降低。同时,利用化学一级反应动力学模型计算得到花生壳热解气化动力学参数活化能E=53. 11k J/mol。     

不同泌乳期奶牛粪便碳氮变化与温室气体排放特点研究

试验采集不同泌乳期(高产组、中产组、低产组)奶牛新鲜粪便进行90 d的自然堆积,用静态箱-气相色谱法测定了堆积过程中CO_2、CH_4和N_2O的排放量,并测定TOC、TN、NH_4~+-N和NO_3~--N的含量变化。结果表明,不同泌乳期奶牛粪便初始总有机碳、总氮和碳氮比存在差异,牛粪初始总有机碳和总氮含量从高到低依次为高产组、中产组和低产组,而总有机碳和全氮比值的大小排序则与此相反。这些差异导致牛粪堆积过程中温室气体排放量的差异,非CO_2温室气体CH_4和N_2O累积排放量及总温室气体排放量(以二氧化碳当量计,CO_2eq)大小顺序均为高产组、中产组、低产组,低产组总温室气体排放量显著低于高产组和中产组。3种气体中温室效应贡献最大的是CO_2,占总温室效应的一半以上,CH_4和N_2O的温室效应贡献相近,分别为20%~21%和17%~21%。堆积过程中3个处理N_2O-N的累积排放量与TN含量呈显著正相关关系,与碳氮比呈显著负相关关系;CH_4-C、CO_2-C、CO_2-C+CH_4-C累积排放量与牛粪TOC含量、碳氮比没有显著相关关系。与高产组和中产组比,低产组奶牛粪便在90 d的堆积试验结束后,损失较多的碳素而保留了较高的氮素。     

牧豆树下吸式气化炉性能评价（摘选）

通过调查生物质发电厂得知,牧豆树常被选为下吸式气化炉的燃料。产气的特性由不同的成分、热值、密度和焦油含量所确定。气化炉的性能通过观察参数如燃料消耗量、比燃料消耗量、当量比、比产气率、比气化速率和气化效率来评价。在负荷20 kW条件下,一氧化碳（CO）、氢气（H2）、二氧化碳（CO2）、甲烷（CH4）和氮（N2）体积百分比分别为18.4%、13.8%、11.1%、2.40%和54.2%。随着发动机负荷从5 kW增加到20 kW,气体的热值、密度和焦油含量变化范围分别为4.17～4.85 MJm3,1.16～1.56 kgm3和10.0～10.2 mgm3;燃料消耗速率、比燃料消耗速率、比气化速率、比产气率、当量比和气化效率变化范围为11～28 kgh,1.40～2.20 kg（kW·h）,29.63～75.43 kg（m2·h）,103.7～257.43 m3hm2,0.32～0.47和79.26%～89.90%。      

基于生物催化法的食品熏蒸剂环氧乙烷制备

为了探索一种反应条件温和、方法简单的食品熏蒸剂环氧乙烷制备方法,采用甲基弯菌IMV 3011(Methylosinus trichosporium IMV 3011)细胞作为生物催化剂,催化乙烯的环氧化反应生成环氧乙烷,确定了反应条件。结果表明:反应器中气相的组成为氧气50%、乙烯20%、氮气30%(体积分数),30℃、150 r/min振荡反应8 h,采用固定化形式催化剂,环氧乙烷生成量为34μmol/mg,利用甲烷培养对其循环再生,再生8次催化剂中甲烷单加氧酶(MMO)活力仍保留89%,环氧乙烷物质的量为3.4 nmol。     

Overland water and salt flows in a set of rice paddies

Cultivation of paddy rice in semiarid areas of the world faces problems related to water scarcity. This paper aims at characterizing water use in a set of paddies located in the central Ebro basin of Spain using experimentation and computer simulation. A commercial field with six interconnected paddies, with a total area of 5.31 ha, was instrumented to measure discharge and water quality at the inflow and at the runoff outlet. The soil was classified as a Typic Calcixerept, and was characterized by a mild salinity (2.5 dS m⁻¹) and an infiltration rate of 5.8 mm day⁻¹. The evolution of flow depth at all paddies was recorded. Data from the 2002 rice-growing season was elaborated using a mass balance approach to estimate the infiltration rate and the evolution of discharge between paddies. Seasonal crop evapotranspiration, estimated with the surface renewal method, was 731 mm (5.1 mm day⁻¹), very similar to that of other summer cereals grown in the area, like corn. The irrigation input was 1874 mm, deep percolation was 830 mm and surface runoff was 372 mm. Irrigation efficiency was estimated as 41%. The quality of surface runoff water was slightly degraded due to evapoconcentration and to the contact with the soil. During the period 2001–2003, the electrical conductivity of surface runoff water was 54% higher than that of irrigation water. However, the runoff water was suitable for irrigation. A mechanistic mass balance model of inter-paddy water flow permitted to conclude that improvements in irrigation efficiency cannot be easily obtained in the experimental conditions. Since deep percolation losses more than double surface runoff losses, a reduction in irrigation discharge would not have much room for efficiency improvement. Simulations also showed that rice irrigation performance was not negatively affected by the fluctuating inflow hydrograph. These hydrographs are typical of turnouts located at the tail end of tertiary irrigation ditches. In fact, these are the sites where rice has been historically cultivated in the study area, since local soils are often saline-sodic and can only grow paddy rice taking advantage of the low salinity of the irrigation water. The low infiltration rate characteristic of these saline-sodic soils (an experimental value of 3.2 mm day⁻¹ was obtained) combined with a reduced irrigation discharge resulted in a simulated irrigation efficiency of 60%. Paddy rice irrigation efficiency can attain reasonable values in the local saline-sodic soils, where the infiltration rate is clearly smaller than the average daily rice evapotranspiration.     

瓦房店市水果生产标准化发展研究

瓦房店市是我国重要的水果生产基地,在国内水果生产领域占有重要地位。随着水果市场化的不断深入,如何满足和适应国内外市场需求成为瓦房店市水果生产的关键问题。从瓦房店市水果生产实际出发,阐述了实施水果生产标准化的必要性,提出了发展水果生产标准化的具体措施。     

金谷子耐旱TG118引种试种及推广应用

对引进的谷子新品种金谷子耐旱TG118进行品种比较试验和多点试种。结果表明：该品种抗旱、耐瘠、适应性强,稳产、高产、抗病抗风抗倒伏强,品质优良,粮草兼用,种植简单,省工易管;一般产量在6000kg/hm2以上,比当地主栽品种增产20%以上。最高产量达9450kg/hm2,适于在辽西北地区推广应用。     

对《种子法》存在问题的探讨

《种子法》是我国种植业第一部法律。自实施以来,为依法加强种子管理提供了有力的法律支撑,促进我国种子产业发生翻天覆地的变化。但随着依法管理工作的深入和种子产业的快速发展,《种子法》及配套规章的一些问题逐步显现出来。对《种子法》及配套规章存在的问题进行深入分析,对需要进一步补充的章节以及需要调整的内容进行深入探讨,以求更加完善和明确。     

Review of the Egyptian experience in implementing land drainage projects

About 30 years have passed since the Government of Egypt embarked on implementing a series of large scale drainage projects. At present, about 3.8 million acres have been provided with drainage systems on the basis of systematic pre-drainage investigations and designs. The target is to provide drains in approximately 6.4 million acres in the Nile Valley and Delta.The implementation of the subsurface drainage system is carried out by the public sector and private contractors under direct supervision of governmental regional departments. The implementation process depends on many factors related to the drainage material, machinery, manpower, site requirements, farmers and organizations involved. Problems and constraints are sometimes challenging, however, the annual rate of implementation has gradually increased to 170,000 acre/year.This paper discusses the different aspects involved in the implementation process of drainage systems. The development in materials, machinery and construction technologies will be reviewed. Institutional and management factors are going to be also considered.     

和谐社会理论建设的几点哲学思考

在新世纪,面对机遇和挑战,党的十六大把“社会更加和谐”作为全面建设更高水平的小康社会的一个重要目标。中国人素有社会和谐的理想;西方人自古也向往社会和谐;借鉴东西方两种和谐社会思想的经验、教训,构建社会主义和谐社会理论。     

A European irrigation map for spatially distributed agricultural modelling

We present a pan-European irrigation map based on regional European statistics, a European land use map and a global irrigation map. The map provides spatial information on the distribution of irrigated areas per crop type which allows determining irrigated areas at the level of spatial modelling units. The map is a requirement for a European scale assessment of the impacts of irrigated agriculture on water resources based on spatially distributed modelling of crop growth and water balance. The irrigation map was compiled in a two step procedure. First, irrigated areas were distributed to potentially irrigated crops at a regional level (European statistical regions NUTS3), combining Farm Structure Survey (FSS) data on irrigated area, crop-specific irrigated area for crops whenever available, and total crop area. Second, crop-specific irrigated area was distributed within each statistical region based on the crop distribution given in our land use map. A global map of irrigated areas with a 5′ resolution was used to further constrain the distribution within each NUTS3 based on the density of irrigated areas. The constrained distribution of irrigated areas as taken from statistics to a high resolution dataset enables us to estimate irrigated areas for various spatial entities, including administrative, natural and artificial units, providing a reasonable input scenario for large-scale distributed modelling applications. The dataset bridges a gap between global datasets and detailed regional data on the distribution of irrigated areas and provides information for various assessments and modelling applications.     

粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的应用

在介绍粉质仪和拉伸仪结构和原理的基础上,探讨了粉质曲线中吸水率、形成时间、稳定时间、弱化度和评价值等指标与面粉品质的关系,以及如何根据拉伸曲线中面团最大拉伸阻力、延伸度和拉伸曲线面积等指标来评价面团品质,并结合生产实际,概述了粉质仪和拉伸仪在面粉生产中的作用。     

农村信息化服务的现状及建设措施

分析当前我国农村信息化服务的现状,提出加强农村信息化服务的新举措。     

车辆ABS控制算法的研究及探讨

对现代汽车的ABS控制算法作了一些简单的介绍,同时指出了它们的一些缺陷,相应地提出了几种对ABS的其它控制方法并加以探讨,其中着重论述了ABS门限值控制算法中参考车速的确定方法和基于附着系数的控制算法。