京星黄鸡IMF系全基因组选择信号检测分析

为研究京星黄鸡肌内脂肪（Intramuscular fat,IMF）性状的遗传基础,研究选用十六世代IMF选择系（n=252）和对照系（n=264）群体,使用XP-EHH和ΔCLR方法分析两个群体基因组选择信号分布情况,挖掘与京星黄鸡IMF性状相关的基因。结果显示：选择系IMF、甘油三酯（Triglyceride,TG）、活重、屠体重等指标均显著高于对照系;XP-EHH与ΔCLR分别注释到678和1 099个基因,共同筛选到264个候选基因,这些基因与脂代谢、生长发育、神经发育等生物学过程有关,并鉴定到ACSL3、ACSL4、GPX1、IRS4、MAPK8、PLA2G4A、PTGS2、MGLL和PLCB1等9个脂代谢关键候选基因。研究表明,IMF含量的表型选择引起了基因组水平变化,鉴定到9个脂肪代谢关键基因,并发现一些可能与生长和神经发育等相关的基因,为IMF遗传基础研究提供参考。     

沃金黑牛GPR41基因多态性及其与不同阶段生长性状的相关性分析

[目的]研究旨在探讨GPR41基因多态性对沃金黑牛不同阶段生长性状的影响。[方法]试验共选取63头沃金黑牛(去势公牛)为研究对象,采用Sanger测序技术法检测单核苷酸多态性(SNP)位点,利用Haploview软件进行单倍型分析。利用“牛等家养动物群体遗传分析工具V1.0”评价沃金黑牛群体遗传结构,利用SPSS 19.0软件分析GPR41基因多态性与生长性状的相关性。[结果]结果发现,沃金黑牛GPR41基因外显子2存在2个突变位点,分别为S1:Chr18:46058902 bp处的G/T突变和S2:Chr18:46058908 bp处的C/T突变;S1、S2位点多态性与沃金黑牛不同生长阶段部分生长性状存在显著相关(P<0.05);2个SNPs位点共形成3种有效单倍型组合,单倍型组合H2H2(TT/CC)显著影响沃金黑牛体斜长与背膘厚。[结论]结果表明,GPR41基因SNP位点存在遗传多态性,可用于沃金黑牛(去势公牛)主要生长性状的基因标记参考、稳定与优化。     

中国地方黄牛PPARα exon7基因多态性与生长性状的关联研究

[目的]以期为我国地方黄牛生长性状分子育种提供理论依据。[方法]本研究以南阳牛、郏县红牛、鲁西牛和秦川牛4个品种共计424头中国地方黄牛为材料,以与牛脂肪代谢相关的基因PPARα为目标基因,利用生物信息学、PCR-RFLP结合DNA池测序等技术,对其第7外显子(PPARα_exon7)进行遗传特征分析,检测SNPs,并分析该序列的多态性与试验黄牛生长性状指标的相关性。[结果]发现在PPARα基因(AC_000162.1)exon7的164bp处发现了一处SNP(C/T),检测出CC和CT两种基因型。群体遗传分析显示,该位点在试验牛群体中均属于中度多态(0.25PIC0.5);关联分析结果显示,该位点在体斜长指标上,两种不同基因型的个体之间有显著的差异(P0.05)。[结论]表明该位点有可能作为黄牛生长性状辅助选择的标记之一,应用于中国地方黄牛的分子遗传育种工作中。     

德南牛体尺体重相关性及主成分分析

[目的]为了研究德南牛生长发育状况。[方法]采用SPSS23.0软件对对河南省南阳市某德南牛某养殖场中的321头德南牛成年母牛,体尺指标进行相关性分析,选择5个生长性状进行相关性和主成分分析。[结果] 德南牛体高、体斜长、胸围、管围、十字部高、具有极显著相关（P＜0.01）;从主成分的特征向量和贡献率来看,主成分1反映了德南牛的整体外貌结构信息,第2主成分反映了尻部特征。本研究为阐明德南牛的体型外貌特征和选育思路提供了依据。     

晋南牛遗传结构特征及选择信号分析

【目的】阐明晋南牛的遗传结构特征，通过选择信号检测挖掘与晋南牛经济性状相关的候选基因，探究其在进化过程中的受选择情况。【方法】对晋南牛和红安格斯牛全基因组测序数据进行分析，鉴定2个群体的单核苷酸多态性(single nucleotide polymorphism, SNP)标记，分析其在基因组的位置及其结构特征，基于SNP信息进行主成分分析(PCA)、构建状态同源矩阵(IBS);采用群体遗传分化指数(Fst)和核苷酸多样性比值(θ_π)方法联合筛选晋南牛基因组受到强烈选择的区域，并对筛选到的受选择基因进行数量性状基因座(QTL)定位、GO功能和KEGG通路富集分析。【结果】晋南牛群体SNPs位点主要分布于基因间区域，其次位于内含子区域。PCA和IBS分析结果表明，晋南牛和红安格斯牛2个群体间不存在杂交现象，且晋南牛群体中个体间遗传距离较远。通过Fst和θ_π联合分析共筛选到188个潜在受选择区域。QTL分析结果表明晋南牛的选择信号多与生长、肉质及抗病性状相关。GO功能和KEGG通路富集分析显示，筛选到晋南牛强受选择的与经济性状相关的候选基因11个...     

西门塔尔牛与我国地方黄牛的杂种优势预测分析

旨在利用覆盖全基因组和与性状相关的SNPs标记分析西门塔尔牛和地方黄牛两个亲本群体的遗传结构,通过亲本种群之间的遗传距离预测不同杂交组合在生长、胴体和肉质性状上的杂种优势。本研究选择来自内蒙古锡林郭勒盟乌拉盖管理区牧场的1 222头西门塔尔牛和8个地方黄牛品种190头共组成8个杂交组合,对亲本群体进行遗传结构分析。利用牛770K SNP芯片对两个亲本群体进行基因型分型,通过牛QTL数据库筛选与目的性状对应的QTLs,对全基因组SNP位点进行映射分析得到与性状相关的SNP标记。利用两种SNP标记构建状态同源矩阵,计算各杂交组合亲本间的遗传距离。结果,所有亲本群体聚成3类,西门塔尔牛聚成一类,北方黄牛（蒙古牛、西藏牛和柴达木牛）聚成一类,南方黄牛（昭通牛、平武牛、南丹牛、文山牛和凉山牛）聚成一类。西门塔尔牛与北方黄牛在PCA图上的距离较近,说明两者之间亲缘关系相对较近,遗传背景差异较小。在各性状中,遗传距离最大的亲本组合都是西门塔尔牛与南丹牛杂交组合。除了大理石花纹评分性状是西门塔尔牛与昭通牛之间的遗传距离最小,其余性状遗传距离最小的亲本组合都是西门塔尔牛与平武牛杂交组合。据此推测,各性状杂种优势较优的可能组合是西门塔尔牛与南丹牛杂交组合。     

黄牛GBP4基因拷贝数变异检测及其对5个生长性状的影响

[目的]研究黄牛GBP4基因拷贝数变异检测及其对5个生长性状的影响。[方法]本实验以200头秦川牛和100头夏南牛为研究对象,通过实时荧光定量PCR技术检测GBP4基因拷贝数变异。[结果]分析发现,GBP4基因拷贝数变异的分布在2个品种之间存在显著差异(P0.05)。秦川牛群体存在Gain和Normal两种类型;夏南牛群体存在Gain,Normal和Loss三种类型;其中Gain为拷贝数增加型,Normal为拷贝数不变型,Loss为拷贝数减少型。该基因拷贝数变异类型与秦川牛和夏南牛5个生长性状关联分析显示,GBP4基因拷贝数变异与秦川牛体高显著相关(NormalGain P=0.046)。[结论]本研究结果表明,GBP4基因拷贝数变异可以作为秦川牛选育的候选分子标记。     

中国黄牛酪氨酸关联蛋白1（TYRP1）基因多态性的研究

[目的]验证TYRP1基因的错义突变(g.1300C>T)与中国黄牛毛色性状是否存在相关性。[方法]采用PCR测序及生物信息学的方法,对991头中国黄牛、48头安格斯牛、104头婆罗门牛的TYRP1基因进行多态性分析。[结果]通过对中国黄牛的等位基因频率和基因型频率的分析,发现此变异与中国黄牛棕色毛色性状不相关。[结论]TYRP1基因的错义突变(g.1300C>T)与中国黄牛棕色表型不相关。该位点可能在一些品种中受到了选择,中国黄牛的棕色表型可能受其他基因调控。     

牛IGF2基因多态性与大别山牛生长性状的相关性分析

[目的]分析IGF2基因多态性位点与大别山牛体尺性状的相关性。[方法]利用PCR和测序技术检测大别山牛群体中IGF2基因的多态性,利用SPSS 23.0软件分析其与体尺性状的相关性。[结果]在大别山牛群体中,IGF2基因第一内含子共检测到3个SNPs位点(g.22218GA、g.22421CT和g.22448GT),3个SNPs位点均处于Hardy-Weinberg平衡状态(P0.05),且均属于中度多态(0.25PIC0.50);相关性分析结果显示g.22218 GA位点与大别山牛群体体斜长、胸围显著相关(P0.05),与腹围极显著相关(P0.01);g.22421CT位点与大别山牛群体的体高和腰角宽显著相关(P0.05),与腹围极显著相关(P0.01);g.22448GT位点与大别山牛群体的胸围显著相关(P0.05),与腹围和腰角宽极显著相关(P0.01)。[结论]IGF2基因第一内含子的g.22218 GA、g.22421CT和g.22448GT位点多态性与大别山牛群体部分生长性状具有显著或极显著的相关性。     

牛MC4R基因多态性与体尺性状的相关分析

以西门塔尔牛、日本和牛、皖东黄牛、皖南牛和广丰牛为试验对象,利用PCR-RLFP技术检测牛MC4R基因1069C〉G的遗传突变,并采用SPSS软件分析MC4R基因的遗传多态性与牛体尺性状的关系。结果表明,该位点所对应不同基因型的个体,其体斜长在西门塔尔牛群体中存在显著差异,体斜长和胸围在皖东黄牛群体中存在显著差异。因此可以把MC4R基因作为肉牛生长发育的辅助选择的分子标记。     

Phase I evaluation of CCNU (lomustine) in tumor-bearing cats

1-(2-Chloroethyl)3-cyclohexyl-1-nitrosourea (CCNU) is an alkylating agent in the nitrosourea subclass. A prospective evaluation of CCNU was done to determine the maximally tolerated dosage of CCNU in tumor-bearing cats. Response data were obtained when available. Twenty-five cats were treated with CCNU at a dosage of 50-60 mg/m3 body surface area. Complete hematologic data were available for 13 cats. Neutropenia was the acute dose-limiting toxicity. The median neutrophil count at the nadir was 1,000 cells/microL (mean, 2,433 cells/microL; range, 0-9,694 cells/microL). The time of neutrophil nadir was variable, occurring 7-28 days after treatment, and counts sometimes did not return to normal for up to 14 days after the nadir. Based on these findings, a 6-week dosing interval and weekly hematologic monitoring after the 1st treatment with CCNU are recommended. The nadir of the platelet count may occur 14-21 days after treatment. The median platelet count at the nadir was 43,500 cells/microL. No gastrointestinal, renal, or hepatic toxicities were observed after a single CCNU treatment, and additional studies to evaluate the potential for cumulative toxicity should be performed. Five cats with lymphoma and 1 cat with mast cell tumor had measurable responses to CCNU. Phase II studies to evaluate antitumor activity should be completed with a dosing regimen of 50-60 mg/m3 every 6 weeks.     

Prevalence of gastric lesions in racing Alaskan sled dogs

Human and equine athletes are reported to have a high prevalence of gastric disease, and anecdotal evidence suggests a similar phenomenon applies to racing sled dogs. To investigate the prevalence of gastric disease in racing sled dogs, we conducted 2 gastroscopy studies on dogs competing in the annual Iditarod Sled Dog Race. A pilot study of dogs that were either dropped from the 2000 Iditarod Sled Dog Race because of illness or that finished the race indicated that, approximately 5 days after competing, 10 of 28 dogs (35%) had endoscopic evidence of gastric ulceration, erosion, or hemorrhage. The next year, an endoscopic study of 73 dogs participating in the 2001 Iditarod race was performed in order to evaluate a larger population of dogs. Data from 70 of these dogs could be used; 34 (48.5%) had ulceration, erosion, gastric hemorrhage, or some combination of these findings. When this group of 70 dogs was compared retrospectively to a control group of 87 dogs presented to the Texas A&M University (TAMU) Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital, the Iditarod sled dogs had a significantly higher prevalence (P = .049) of gastric lesions. These findings suggest that, similar to athletes of other species, elite canine athletes have an increased prevalence of gastric disease compared to the canine population at large.     

Furosemide continuous rate infusion in the horse: evaluation of enhanced efficacy and reduced side effects

Continuous rate infusion (CRI) of furosemide in humans is considered superior to intermittent administration (IA). This study examined whether furosemide CRI, compared with IA, would increase diuretic efficacy with decreased fluid and electrolyte fluctuations and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) in the horse. Five mares were used in a crossover-design study. During a 24-hour period, each horse received a total of 3 mg/kg furosemide by either CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h preceded by a loading dose of 0.12 mg/kg IV) or IA (1 mg/kg IV q8h). There was not a statistically significant difference in urine volume over 24 hours between methods; however, urine volume was significantly greater after CRI compared with IA during the first 8 hours ([median 25th percentile, 75th percentile]: 9.6 L [8.9, 14.4] for CRI versus 5.9 L [5.3, 6.0] for IA). CRI produced a more uniform urine flow, decreased fluctuations in plasma volume, and suppressed renal concentrating ability throughout the infusion period. Potassium, Ca, and Cl excretion was greater during CRI than IA (1,133 mmol [1.110, 1,229] versus 764 mmol [709, 904], 102.7 mmol [96.0, 117.2] versus 73.3 mmol [65.0, 73.5], and 1,776 mmol [1,657, 2.378] versus 1,596 mmol [1,457, 1,767], respectively). Elimination half-lives of furosemide were 1.35 and 0.47 hours for CRI and IA, respectively. The area under the excretion rate curve was 1,285.7 and 184.2 mL x mg/mL for CRI and IA, respectively. Furosemide CRI (0.12 mg/kg/h) for 8 hours, preceded by a loading dose (0.12 mg/kg), is recommended when profound diuresis is needed acutely in horses.     

The Epidemiology of Gastrointestinal Nematodes of Dairy Cattle in Central Kenya

The epidemiology of H. placei and of other gastrointestinal nematodes in yearling dairy cattle was examined on two farms in Kiambu District, central Kenya during each of 13 one-month periods from April 1993 to April 1994. On each farm, 32 newly weaned dairy calves were given a single dose of albendazole and then placed on experimental pastures. Twelve of the animals were designated for bi-monthly slaughter (n = 2) and analysis of worm population characteristics and 20 were designated for blood and faecal collection and for weighing. Two parasite-free tracer calves were grazed alongside the weaner calves each month throughout the study period and were also slaughtered for analysis of worm populations. Faecal egg counts, haematological and serum pepsinogen determinations, herbage larval counts, and animal live weight changes were recorded monthly. The study revealed that Haemonchus placei, Trichostrongylus axei, Cooperia spp. and Oesophagostomum radiatum were responsible for parasitic gastroenteritis and that H. placei was the predominant nematode present in the young cattle on both farms. Faecal egg counts from resident cattle and necropsy worm counts revealed that pasture larval levels were directly related to the amount of rainfall. The total worm burdens in the animals were highest during the rainy season (March–June and October–December) and lowest during the dry seasons (July–September and January–February). The very low recovery of immature larvae of H. placei from the tracer calves indicated that arrested development is not a feature of the life cycle of this parasite in central Kenya. The maintenance of the parasite population depended on continuous cycling of infection between the host and the pasture. The agroclimatic conditions of the study area were such that, in general, favourable weather conditions for the development and survival of the free-living stages of gastrointestinal nematodes existed all year round.     

Diversity of Ectoparasites in Sheep Flocks in Sa~o Paulo,Brazil

The occurrence of ectoparasites in sheep flocks is frequently reported but seldom quantified. Sheep production used to be a predominantly family activity in the state of Sa~o Paulo (Brazil), but it began to become a commercial activity in the past decade. Thus, information about the ectoparasites existing in sheep flocks has become necessary. The present data were obtained by means of questionnaires sent to all sheep breeders belonging to the `Associaça~o Paulista de Criadores de Ovinos' (ASPACO; Sa~o Paulo State Association of Sheep Breeders). Response reliability was tested by means of random visits paid to 10.6% of the respondents. Most of the properties (89.5%) reported the presence of one or more ectoparasites. Screw-worm (Cochliomyia hominivorax) was the most frequent ectoparasite (72.5%), followed by bot fly larvae (Dermatobia hominis, 45.0%), ticks (Amblyomma cajennense) and Boophilus microplus, 31.3%) and finally lice (Damalinia ovis, 13.8%). Combined infestations also occurred, the most common one being screw-worm with bot fly larvae (36.0%) followed by bot fly larvae with ticks (13.9%), screw-worm with ticks (9.3%), bot fly larvae with lice (6.9%), and ticks with lice (5.0%). The most common triple combination was screw-worm, bot fly larvae and ticks (12.8%). Breeds raised for meat or wool were attacked by bot fly larvae and ticks more often than other breeds. Lice were only absent from animals of indigenous breeds. The relationships among these ectoparasites are discussed in terms of sheep breeds, flock size, seasonality and the ectoparasitic combinations on the host.     

Evaluation of biohydrogenation rate of canola vs. soya bean seeds as unsaturated fatty acids sources for ruminants in situ

An experiment was conducted to study disappearance of C14 to C18 fatty acids, lag times and biohydrogenation (BH) rates of C18 fatty acids of ground soya bean and canola seeds in situ. Three ruminally fistulated Dallagh sheep were used to determine ruminal BH of unsaturated fatty acids (UFAs). Differences in the disappearance of fatty acids through the bags and lag times were observed between the oilseeds. We saw that the longer the incubation time of the oilseeds in the rumen, the lower the content of C18:2 and C18:3. Significantly higher lag times for both C18:2 and C18:3 were observed in ground canola compared to ground soya bean. BH rates of C18:2 and C18:3 fatty acids in soya bean were three times higher than those of canola. These results suggest that the fatty acid profile of fat source can affect the BH of UFAs by rumen micro‐organisms. So that UFAs of canola had higher ability to escape from ruminal BH. It seems that fatty acid profile of ruminant products is more affected by canola seed compared to soya bean seed.     

Serum biochemical values and mineral element contents of tissues in yaks

Serum biochemical values and the wet weight to dry weight ratios of tissues were determined in yaks in Shandan county of Gansu province. The liver, kidney, heart and muscle contents of seven elements in yaks were also analysed. Most serum biochemical values were similar to those of cattle, camels and sheep, but the calcium concentration was considerably above the normal range for other ruminants. The liver contained the highest concentrations of copper, manganese and cobalt and the kidney of selenium, iron and calcium.Abbreviations Alb albumin - ALT alanine aminotransferase - AST aspartate aminotransferase - BUN blood urea nitrogen - Chol cholesterol - Glob globulin - -GT -glutamyl transpeptidase - IP inorganic phosphorus - TP total protein     

Avian brood parasitism — a growing research area in behavioral ecology (part Ⅱ)

正We are pleased to publish the second special issue on avian brood parasitism and to be responsible guest editors for the two special issues of Chinese Birds (Vol. 3, No. 4, 2012 and Vol. 4, No. 1, 2013), entitled "Avian Brood Parasitism - A Growing Research Area in Behavioral Ecology". The first issue was published in December 2012. The goal of the two special issues is to publish accumulated knowledge and some of the recent developments in     

Internal Parasites and Haematological Values in Cattle Slaughtered in Buea Subdivision of Cameroon

Tropical Animal Health and Production -