天柱山2011.7.23特大雷电灾害天气动力学分析

为了提高雷电灾害天气预报能力,服务天柱山旅游业。运用安徽省天柱山气象站地面观测气象资料、合肥多普勒天气雷达回波资料和美国NCEP全球分析FNL资料,对2011年7月23日天柱山特大雷电灾害天气过程进行了详细的分析。结果表明,环流特征为测站上空受槽前西南气流及低层较强的暖平流影响,贴地层在西太平洋伸向内陆的热带低压环流内,200 hPa为副热带西风急流。1000~ 700 hPa假相当位温随高度减小近10℃,在T-lnp图上抬升凝结高度和自由对流高度接近1000 hPa高度上,平衡高度伸至200~300 hPa之间,对流有效位能为2058 J/kg,而对流抑制能量在300 hPa以上。14时低层气温和比湿增量大于中高层,表明气层稳定度减小。低层为湿层并有湿舌从东北方向伸向测站,测站位于舌尖端;中高层为干层覆盖,这种湿度垂直分布非常有利雷暴出现。雷暴在雷达回波图上具有明显特征。     

Research on Lightning Intruded Wave for 500 kV Substations

The study on overvoltage for 500 kV substation caused by lightning intruded wave is presented. In this paper, we calculate by using electromagnetic transient program (EMTP) and combine substation with incoming lines ,so some influence factors can be considered such as impulse voltage second characteristic of insulator strings, lightning stroke point on the incoming lines and impulse grounding resistance of towers. The results show that the method is close to the practice and some factors of incoming lines are important to overvoltage.     

青海省东部农业区一次防雹个例分析

利用形势场、地面图和物理量场等资料对2015年7月13日青海省门源县冰雹天气进行诊断分析,用雷达对作业前后冰雹云的特征量分析来判断人工防雹作业的效果。结果表明:此次门源县的冰雹发生在高温、高湿及强的垂直风切变的环境下;闪电最大频次出现在降雹时间段内,正好处于强回波发展旺盛的阶段,负闪明显多于正闪;炮击雹云后雷达回波顶高下降,回波强度减弱,垂直液态水含量(VIL)45 kg/m~2范围逐渐变小。     

Influence of Units and Assemble on DC Flashover Voltage of Iced Insulator Strings at High Altitude Districts

Based on artificial tests of iced DC XZP-210 insulator strings carried out in the artificial climate chamber, the authors analyze the effects of units and assemble on the DC flashover voltage of iced insulator strings at high altitude districts. The test results show that the relationship between the DC icing flashover voltage and the insulator units is seemly linear with the increase of altitude or pollution level, although the linear relation is not obvious at the low altitude or pollution level. There is influence of the assembled form on icing flashover voltages, the flashover voltage of the horizontal string of iced insulators is highest while that of the vertical string is lowest. For various assembled forms, the effects of the air pressure on the flashover voltage of the horizontal string are most obvious.     

渤海西岸一次副热带高压边缘暴雨特征分析

为探究夏季西太平洋副热带高压边缘暴雨特征,改进暴雨天气预报模型和可预报因子,提高暴雨预报准确率。利用micaps、高低空风场、T639L60 物理量资料,对2010 年8 月4—5 日发生在渤海西岸的暴雨天气过程的环流形势、高低空急流、垂直速度、相对湿度特征进行分析。结果表明：副热带高压、西风槽和中低层切变线以及地面气旋是造成此次暴雨天气过程的影响系统,高空冷空气和低空暖湿空气在渤海西岸地区交汇触发了此次天气过程;高层辐散、低层辐合为空气上升运动提供了有力的动力条件,中低层的西南风急流和近地面层持续的偏东风为降水区提供了充沛的水汽;此次暴雨出现在副高588 dagpm 等值线与584 dagpm 等值线之间中低层存在切变线的位置和200 hPa 高空急流入口处的右侧、850 hPa 低空急流的左侧所对应区域;高低空急流增强、上干下湿的对流不稳定层结发展、空气上升运动增强、高层有干冷空气侵入、低层有较强暖湿空气输送预示将出现强降水天气;高低空急流减弱消失、低层暖湿空气输送减弱消失及干冷空气侵入低层预示强降水将减弱停止。     

近60年农业生产期干旱发生风险分析

采用叶柏寿、朝阳气象站1953—2012 年气象资料,运用积分湿度指数、水平衡和干湿指数,评价辽西地区农业生产期大气降水及农业耗水、农业需水的满足度及不同时期旱涝频率。结果表明：1953—2012 年农业生产期大气降水减少,气候变化率为-9.343 mm/10 a;农业耗水量在增加,气候变化率为6.966 mm/10 a;农业生产期水分平均亏缺-136 mm。降水资源农业满足度为76.3%,缺水概率为90.0%。辽西地区农业生产期属于半湿润半干旱气候类型,重旱及以上年景占5.0%;干旱发生风险近10年增加约10%。总之,辽西地区降水在减少、耗水在增加、农业需水满足度在下降、干旱发生风险在增强。近10年随着气候变暖辽西地区农业生长期从半干旱半湿润气候类型升级为半干旱气候类型。     

Influence of Varying Humidity and Temperature Upon the Adsorption of Radon

On the basis of theoretical analysis, this article describes the experiment of the absorption of Radon 222 Rn and Thoron 220 Rn in air on active charcoal under condition of varying humidity and temperature. The result of experiment shows that, under the condition of lower humidity, the absorption of 222 Rn reduce as the temperature raises. Since the half life of 220 Rn is short, the influence of the temperature is small. But as the relative humidity raises, the absorption of 222 Rn and 220 Rn reduces significantly.     

国内外现代果蔬物流运输保鲜环境调控系统发展现状及展望

本文综述了国内外现代果蔬物流运输保鲜环境调控系统发展现状,包括温度、湿度、气体和压力四大调控系统,并对今后我国物流运输保鲜发展提出了展望。     

Analysis on the Lightning Protection Performance of 500 kV Double-circuit Transmission Line

Using double-circuit transmission line is the developing tide for main 500 kV configuration to reduce line holding ground, so analyzing it's lightning protection performance is important to extend double-circuit transmission line in ultra high voltage network. The lightning protection performance of 500 kV double-circuit transmission line is studied with EMTP and EGM. The statistical method is applied to analyzing the lightning protection performance of back stroke by considering the randomness of working voltage's phase when lightning stroked the top tower. The result is that the line lightning protection level is different when the working voltage of conductor is different. It also improved the EGM by considering the effect of wind speed when analyzing the lightning protection performance of shielding failure. Furthermore, the results are given that wind speed has effects on the protection angle and the rate of shielding failure by using the program to calculate it.     

Study on the Recognition of Transformer Winding Deformation Using Wavelet Transform

This paper illustrates the methods of extracting characteristic parameters and deformation recognition using wavelet transfor,which applied in low voltage impulse(LVI) method on the transformer winding deformation detection.The results show that it is effective to eliminate the noise using wavelet transform,meanwhile,it can also make measurement has repetitivity and has a property on model recognition on defomation.     

高温高湿对沼泽小叶桦光合和生理特征的影响及其恢复效应

为了解短期高温高湿处理对沼泽小叶桦的光合和生理特征的影响及其恢复效应,采用盆栽实验,利用人工智能气候室,研究了沼泽小叶桦在3个不同的温度湿度处理时的光合作用等生理特征的变化,及其经过10天高温高湿处理后在对照条件下的恢复效应。结果显示：高温高湿（30~40℃,90%）会抑制沼泽小叶桦叶片的光合等生理作用以及其生长。但经过短时间高温高湿处理后,沼泽小叶桦的蛋白质,可溶性糖以及光合等生理指标均能即时恢复;叶绿素、脯氨酸等指标恢复较缓。说明沼泽小叶桦对短时间高温高湿处理具有一定的耐受性,能够通过自身生理调节来适应外界温度湿度等环境变化,可以在上海及周边滨海城镇绿化造林进行引种运用。     

2013年8月16日抚顺特大暴雨过程分析

利用常规观测、加密自动站气象站以及NCEP/NCAR再分析等资料,分析了2013年8月16日抚顺特大暴雨过程。结果表明,抚顺“8.16”特大暴雨过程是一次极端降水过程,具有雨量大、持续时间长、范围广的特点。降水前15天维持高温高湿,低气压特点 。地面蒙古气旋、低层切变线、500hPa西风槽和副热带高压是强降水的主要影响系统。本次降水过程的水汽由多方向气流汇合。低空急流左前方辐合和高空急流右后方辐散耦合,是强降水产生的动力条件。水汽通量散度在降水前为低层辐合,高层辐散。降水开始后辐合中心向下发展,高层辐散明显增大,低层辐合明显加强,对流发展更加旺盛。本次暴雨产生在850hPa假相当位温场高能舌区顶部,垂直分布具有上干下湿不稳定层结。高层干冷空气向低层渗透,触发低层高温高湿不稳定能量释放。地形对降水作用有：1.迎风坡对西南气流抬升作用,2.喇叭口地形汇聚作用,3.浑河河谷狭管作用,4.山地的阻滞作用,5.喇叭口地形再次辐合,五种地形作用叠加而成。     

Optimum Design of New-style Impulse Variable Speed Device Based on Invariable Impulse Value

The impulse value of a impulse mechanism has a notable influence on the dynamics capability of impulse variable speed device. Basing on this point, the authors take crank-rocker mechanism in series with slider-crank mechanism as impulse mechanism when we design the impulse variable speed device. The link used to adjust the speed is applied in slider-crank mechanism which has no quick-return characteristic, so the advance-to return-time ratio keeps stable when we adjust its speed. The speed fluctuation also keeps invariable. The new method overcome the default that this kind of impulse variable speed device has a notable speed fluctuation. At the same time, ADAMS software is used to optimize and show the real motion law. From the simulation result we can get the speed fluctuation is down to 18% in the whole process. The change of speed fluctuation is down to 1%. The result is better than other mechanism like this category.     

智能通风技术在保水降温通风中的实践应用

智能通风系统自动采集大气温湿度和监控粮情变化,按构建模型进行智能分析,自动捕捉通风时机进行通风;通风过程中,根据流出气体温湿度等反馈的即时粮情、大气温湿度等数据,判断是否继续通风,从而避免了低效通风、无效通风和有害通风,取得了在降温通风中减少水分损耗、节能降耗的良好效果。     

湖州大气扩散能力变化特征及其原因探讨

为大气环境治理提供理论参考,利用1980-2013年湖州大气混合层高度、大气扩散参数和平均风速等资料,分析其多时间尺度变化特征及可能原因。结果表明：(1)湖州大气混合层高度呈现缓慢增长趋势,水平风速和大气扩散参数总体趋于减弱,风速与大气扩散参数有显著的正相关关系。(2)大气混合层高度、扩散参数和水平风速的月变化呈双峰型,3月与8月为波峰,7月和10月为波谷,且三者存在显著正相关关系,其季节变化呈现春高秋低特征。(3)城市化建设、城市热岛和干岛效应等增加了大气的垂直运动能力,使得大气混合层高度增加,而地表粗糙度的增加使得水平风速减小,导致大气的水平运动能力减弱,大气扩散能力减弱。(4)紧邻太湖水体使得湖州大气扩散能力与沿海相似,水陆热力差异、风速变化、梅雨、晴热高温等对大气混合层厚度和扩散参数的季节变化都有明显影响。     

气象因子与梨叶片水分亏缺的相关分析

对气象因子与梨叶片水分亏缺的研究结果表明，相对湿度对梨树各类枝叶片水分亏缺均呈显著或极显著的负相关关系。通径分析证实了湿度、温度的影响，肯定了气压对短枝叶片水分亏缺的影响。多元线性逐步回归分析与通径分析的结果完全一致，梨叶片水分亏缺的日变动态和季变动态的分析结果表明，在梨的生长季节前后期注意灌水对于减少水分亏缺，提高光合强度，增加产量具有现实意义。     

楚雄州野生食用菌气候生境分析

楚雄州是云南中部典型的低纬高原亚热带半干旱季风气候影响区。境内气候立体性强、光热资源丰富、干湿分明、雨季降水适中,为野生食用菌生长提供了优质的气候生境。为揭示楚雄州优质的野生食用菌气候生境与云南全省和中国全国部分野生食用菌产地的气候差异性,选取了云南125个县及中国部分野生食用菌产地的气温、地温、降水、日照、湿度（5—10月）和海拔高度,做多因子影响的主成分分析、干燥度计算和单因子分析,最后在ArcGIS平台上做IDW插值。结果得出：楚雄州野生食用菌菌丝体向子实体过渡初期光、热量充足、干湿转换明显,子实体收获盛期热量和降水适中,且变幅小,昼夜温差大、晴雨交错,光照和湿度适当（即5、6、7—9月平均气温20、21、20℃,降水量80、150、480 mm,相对湿度67%、77%、83%,日照时数220、160、380 h）。野生食用菌气候生境与云南野生食用菌品种最丰富、产量最高的区域有极好对应关系。同时还验证了主成分析法在低纬高原地区以气温、地温、降水量、日照时数、相对湿度和海拔高度为影响因子做作物生长气候生境分析的可靠性和实用性。     

A Study on Atmospheric Scattering Directional Exponetional_Function

Atmospheric scattering directional exponetional function is very important to study of the distribution of skies luminance.The influence of air turbidity factor to atmospheric scattering directional exponetional function was neglected previously.In this paper,influence of air turbidity factor on atmospheric scattering was considered and a scattering function,which proximates clear,cloudy and pseud-overcast by varied turbidity factors,was presented.The atmospheric scattering for varied air condition was considered and molecular scattering was included in the function.Hence it provides a path for further theoretical study on sky luminance distribution.     

卫辉市能见度变化特征及与气象因子的相关性分析

为提高能见度的预测预报水平,减轻低能见度带来的危害,收集了卫辉市1991—2015 年水平能见度及地面气象要素资料,运用数理统计、相关系数等方法,分析了卫辉市能见度的变化特征及与气象因子的关联。结果表明：25 年来能见度的年际变化呈先减后增的特征,低谷出现在21 世纪初;四季中春季最好,冬季最差;一年中最低值出现在12 月,最高值出现在5 月;一日中上午和17 时以后较差,13—15时最好。大气低能见度和较差能见度出现的频率在2000 年以前呈波动上升趋势,2009 年以后呈波动下降趋势;一年中出现频率12 月最高,最小频率出现在7 月和5 月。能见度与相对湿度呈极显著负相关,与风速呈显著正相关,与气温和气压的相关关系不显著。     

典型草原区生长季大气CO2浓度特征分析

基于锡林浩特国家气候观象台2007～2009年生长季（5～9月份晴日）湍流通量监测资料,结合同步气象资料,分析了典型草原区大气CO2浓度日变化特征及与环境主要因子的关系。结果表明：典型草原区生长季大气CO2浓度日变化呈“正弦”规律波动。最高值出现在5:30左右,为358.1μl/L,最低值出现在13:00左右,为351.1μl/L。与温度、水平风速、光合有效辐射、地表温度（0～5cm）达到显著负相关水平,与空气水蒸气密度、湿度、气压、地温(40cm)达到显著正相关水平。