油茶含油率关键气候影响因子及模型分析

为找到影响主产区油茶含油率的关键物候期和关键气候因子,利用湖南省多地区2009-2017年共120项油茶样本鲜果含油率数据及临近的气象观测数据,采用相关分析和逐步回归方法,分析了油茶生长各阶段气候因子与鲜果含油率的关联性。结果表明:与鲜果含油率相关系数最高的气候因子分别为:全年的极端最高气温、果实膨大高峰期的日最高气温≥37℃天数、采后处理期的日降水量≥1mm天数、果实成熟期的最长连续无雨日数、油脂转化和积累高峰期的极端最高气温和果实第一次膨大期的平均最小相对湿度。基于420项气候因子构建的油茶鲜果含油率的模型精度最高。综合分析得出,油脂转化和积累高峰期是影响油茶鲜果含油率的关键物候期,极端最高气温、日平均气温≥20℃的积温和最长连续无日照天数是影响鲜果含油率的关键气候因子。其中鲜果含油率与极端最高气温呈显著负相关,而与日平均气温≥20℃的积温呈显著正相关,与最长连续无日照天数呈显著负相关,说明油脂转化需要适宜的温度和日照条件。     

浙江台州地区早籼稻产量与干物质生产特征研究

对7个早籼稻品种（系）的产量及其构成因素和干物质积累量进行了相关分析。结果表明,杂交稻产量高于常规稻,平均较常规稻高10.0%。相关分析表明,产量与总颖花数和有效穗数分别呈极显著正相关和显著正相关,与每穗粒数、结实率、千粒重呈负相关,但均不显著。通径分析表明,总颖花数、结实率和千粒重对产量的直接作用均为正效应,其中,总颖花数贡献最大,结实率次之,千粒重作用最小。随生育期的推进,干物质积累量品种间差异逐渐减小,完熟期干物质积累量以陵两优106表现最高,金早47表现最低。干物质总积累量和干物质平均日积累量与总颖花数和产量分别呈极显著正相关和显著正相关,与结实率呈极显著负相关;抽穗前干物质积累量与产量相关度高于抽穗后干物质积累量。综上所述,台州地区早稻生产宜选用两系杂交早籼稻品种在生产上推广。生产中注重提高单位面积穗粒数,促进干物质积累量,更有利于早稻获得高产。     

辽宁省玉米主产区气候因子与玉米产量相关性的研究

根据辽宁玉米主产区沈阳、铁岭、鞍山3市1980～2004年的农业气候资料及玉米产量资料,采用直线滑动平均模拟法分离出气象产量,并结合相关系数分析法初步分析了温度、降水两大气候因子与气象产量之间的关系。结果表明：生育期内降水对玉米气象产量影响最大,其次是≥0℃活动积温和极端温度;降水关键期在4～5月和7～8月,≥0℃活动积温关键期在7～8月;降水、活动积温过大和过小对玉米产量均不利;极端温度影响以最高温度影响较大,极端最低温度影响较小;极端最高温度发生几率逐年增加,极端最低温度出现的几率有减少趋势。     

大棚金莎甜瓜优质丰产与气候因素相关性研究

2000～2002年,在云南保山隆阳区冬春茬大棚金莎甜瓜11月6目～12月26日分6期播种的试验结果：甜瓜产量和品质与棚内积温、平均气温、棚内日较差、棚外日较差、日照时数、平均相对湿度等气象因素无显著的相关关系,但产量与品质呈极显著的正相关;11月下旬至12月上旬为最佳播种期,其产量最高,质量最好。     

棉花不同阶段温度与产量和衣分的相关性研究

2006～2012年连续多年在同一地点种植两个棉花品种来研究月平均温度、旬平均温度、旬平均最低温度、旬平均最高温度与棉花籽棉产量、皮棉产量和衣分之间相关性。结果表明：籽棉产量与6月中旬平均高温、7月平均温度、上旬和下旬平均温度、7月上旬和中旬平均高温呈显著或极显著的负相关,与6月下旬的平均温度、低温、高温,7月下旬平均高温,8月平均温度及上旬低温、中旬均温和高温与籽棉产量呈显著或极显著的正相关;皮棉产量与6月下旬平均温度、低温、高温,7月下旬高温、8月平均温度、8月中旬高温呈显著或极显著的正相关,与7月上旬、中旬平均温度,7月中旬高温呈负的显著或极显著相关;衣分与7月下旬和8月上旬高温呈极显著的正相关;两品种产量和衣分与温度之间的相关性在大多数项目中是高度一致的,但在某些项目中的相关性或显著程度有所不同。     

春性和半冬性小麦氮效率差异的群体特征比较

为了解小麦群体结构特征与氮利用效率的相关性,以江苏省推介使用的6个半冬性小麦品种和9个春性小麦品种为材料,研究两类型小麦间群体特征及氮利用效率的差异。结果表明,在施氮量相同时,半冬性小麦群体植株平均干物质积累量、叶面积指数在生育前期低于春性小麦,生育后期高于春性小麦,茎蘖数在全生育期均高于春性小麦,平均花后干物质积累量、总结实粒数、粒叶比均高于春性小麦。同一类型小麦中不同品种间群体干物质积累量、总结实粒数也存在显著差异;同一类型小麦各品种花后干物质积累量、茎蘖成穗率、总结实粒数、粒叶比与产量均呈显著或极显著线性正相关,叶面积指数下降速率与产量呈线性负相关。半冬性和春性小麦花后干物质积累量、总结实粒数与氮肥生产效率(NGPE)呈显著或极显著正相关;春性小麦的粒叶比与NGPE呈显著或极显著正相关,叶面积指数下降速率与NGPE呈显著或极显著负相关,茎蘖成穗率与氮肥吸收效率(NUEa)呈显著或极显著正相关;半冬性小麦粒叶比与氮肥农学效率(NAE)呈显著正相关。花后干物质积累量、总结实粒数是两种类型小麦群体NGPE的共性调控特征表现,粒叶比可作为春性小麦NGPE、半冬性小麦NAE差异的评价指标,茎蘖成穗率可作为春性小麦NUEa的调控指标。     

论焉耆地区甜菜丰产栽培技术

新疆焉耆地区属于天山南坡的山间盆地。海拔1,048—1,205米,土质属草甸盐土。无霜期167天,大于等于10℃的积温3,417℃,7—9月份平均日较差为15.6℃,日照3128.9小时,日平均大于5 ℃气温始于3月中旬,终于10月下旬。     

长江中下游春大豆生长发育特性及与气候因素的关系

我国湖北省宜昌以东长江中下游地区,在6月下旬至7月上旬有大范围的梅雨天气过程;春大豆子熟品种的鼓粒期往往碰上梅雨季节,直接影响干物质积累,导致叶片不同程度恋青,使收获指数偏低,籽粒产量显著下降。从我们研究20个春大豆品种生长发育特性及与气候因素关系的结果表明:气温的高低是影响春大豆营养生长速度的主导因素,随着春季气温的上升,每长一片复叶所需的积温逐渐减少。每日日照时数的多寡是影响生殖发育时期干物质积累的重要因素,而日较差气温和日雨量是通过日照的渠道对干物质积累起间接作用的。因此在春大豆栽培技术上,如何想方设法提高田间气温,增加光照以及使鼓粒期尽可能避开梅雨季节,是增产的关键环节。     

滴灌春小麦群体质量与产量的关系

为探讨滴灌春小麦的高产机理,以新春6号为材料,分析了不同水肥条件下滴灌春小麦群体质量及其与产量的关系。结果表明,滴灌春小麦的茎蘖成穗率、粒叶比及花后干物质对产量的贡献率与产量均呈极显著正相关,孕穗期LAI与产量呈二次抛物线的关系;在拔节期滴灌春小麦的群体茎蘖数量为775.2×104·hm-2、茎蘖成穗率为88.7%、孕穗期和籽粒形成期的LAI分别为7.83和6.22、粒数叶比和粒重叶比分别为4 314.4粒·m-2和224.3g·m-2、花后干物质积累量为7 001.95kg·hm-2、花后干物质贡献率为79.14%时,产量最高(10 967.4kg·hm-2)。说明通过提高茎蘖成穗率,保持适宜孕穗期群体叶面积和提高粒叶比,促进花后物质生产和贮存物运转,协调源库关系,可以实现滴灌春小麦高产。     

北疆棉花南繁高产栽培技术探讨

海南属热带海洋性季风气候 ,空气湿度大 ,南繁季节内 (1 1月～ 4月 )温度两头高 ,中间低 ,成凹型分布 ,最高温度 31℃ ,最低温度 1 4～ 1 6℃ ,平均气温超过2 3℃ ,≥ 1 0℃的积温平均为40 0 5.2℃ ,平均日均差为 6.6～9.1℃ ,而北疆地区属大漠生态环境 ,气候干旱少雨 ,年平均温度 6℃ ,棉花生长季节 (4～ 1 0月 )温度两头低 ,中间高 ,成凸型分布 ,最高温度可达 40℃ ,最低温度有时可降低到 0℃ ,春季 (4月 )气温回升慢 ,且不稳定 ,波动大 ,常有倒春寒 ,秋季 1 0月降温快 ,7月处在温度最高峰 ,平均温度 2 3～ 2 6℃ ,4～ 1 0月平均气温1 7.8…     

Studies on natural repellents against potato tuber moth (Phthorimaea operculella Zeller) in country stores

Summary The effects of the leaves of five plant species, one from each of the generaAmbrosia, Anemone, Eupatorium, Eucalyptus andLantana, on potato tuber moth were investigated under indigenous storage conditions at the Central Potato Research Station, Shillong (1800 m above sea level). Their action was compared with that of a biological insecticide (spores ofBacillus thuringiensis), a chemical insecticide (carbaryl), and an untreated control. The data collected after six months storage on tuber damage, sprout damage and the rotting indicated that the leaves ofLantana aculeata provided most protection to the tubers, reducing damage from over 70% in the check to below 5%, and sprout damage from over 45% to below 3%. Next best wasEucalyptus globulus followed byB. thuringiensis. They may be used on tubers stored for table use or for seed as they had no adverse effect on germination or on the yield of a subsequent crop.     

Comparative Assessment of the Efficacy of Various Nitrogen Fertilizers

Summary

The efficiency of N fertilizers is usually poor; often less than 50% of the applied N is taken up by the crop. This review focuses on various N fertilizers with respect to the significance of different N loss pathways, namely (i) ammonia volatilization, (ii) dinitrogen and nitrogen oxide emissions, and (iii) nitrate leaching. Further, the significance of biological N immobilization, ammonium fixation and, finally, the impact of nitrate vs. ammonium uptake on crop yield are also discussed. The reviewed literature shows that N fertilizers may differ markedly in their susceptibility to losses. There is, however, considerable scope to improve N efficiency of each N source by proper N management practices.     

Mineral composition of some traditional Mexican teas

Teas of plant origin traditionally consumed by the Mountain Pima of Chihuahua, Mexico, were analyzed for mineral nutritional content. Fe, Cu, Zn, Ca, and Mg composition was determined for native teas made from shoots ofTagetes lucida, T. filifolia, Elytraria imbricata, andHolodiscus dumosus, and from root xylem ofCeanothus depressus andPhaseolus ritensis. Native uses of these teas are also described.     

In vitro antimicrobial activity of different accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. from Uruguay

Summary The in vitro antimicrobial activity of extracts from accessions ofSolanum commersonii Dun. collected in the south of Uruguay was investigated against five microorganisms including the pathogenRalstonia solanacearum. A total of 30 extracts corresponding to organic and aqueous extracts were studied. Interestingly, most of the positive results for growth inhibition were againstR. solanacearum. The extracts were also analyzed for the presence of glycoalkaloids and lectins. Six of the ten aqueous extracts showed lectin presence and a wide variation in the type and amounts of glycoalkaloids, was found. Results indicate that there is no clear relationship between the antimicrobial activity against the five microorganisms screened and the presence or amounts of lectins and glycoalkaloids, traditionally regarded as possible antimicrobial metabolites in theSolanum genus, which indicates the presence of as yet unidentified antimicrobial compounds.     

Novel food and non-food uses for sorghum and millets

Sorghum and millets have considerable potential in foods and beverages. As they are gluten-free they are suitable for coeliacs. Sorghum is also a potentially important source of nutraceuticals such antioxidant phenolics and cholesterol-lowering waxes. Cakes, cookies, pasta, a parboiled rice-like product and snack foods have been successfully produced from sorghum and, in some cases, millets. Wheat-free sorghum or millet bread remains the main challenge. Additives such as native and pre-gelatinised starches, hydrocolloids, fat, egg and rye pentosans improve bread quality. However, specific volumes are lower than those for wheat bread or gluten-free breads based on pure starches, and in many cases, breads tend to stale faster. Lager and stout beers with sorghum are brewed commercially. Sorghum's high-starch gelatinisation temperature and low beta-amylase activity remain problems with regard to complete substitution of barley malt with sorghum malt . The role of the sorghum endosperm matrix protein and cell wall components in limiting extract is a research focus. Brewing with millets is still at an experimental stage. Sorghum could be important for bioethanol and other bio-industrial products. Bioethanol research has focused on improving the economics of the process through cultivar selection, method development for low-quality grain and pre-processing to recover valuable by-products. Potential by-products such as the kafirin prolamin proteins and the pericarp wax have potential as bioplastic films and coatings for foods, primarily due to their hydrophobicity.     

Extreme resistance to infection by potato virus X in genotypes of wild tuber-bearingSolanum species

Summary Clones derived from thirty-one different accessions (nineteen of Argentine origin) belonging to eightSolanum species were screened for resistance to infection by potato virus X strain cp (PVX cp) by mechanical inoculation of plantlets that had been micropropagated in vitro. Estimates of PVX multiplication obtained by enzyme linked immunosorbent assay and slot blot nucleic acid hybridization allowed the identification of resistant clones derived from five accessions belonging toS. commersonii S. oplocense, S. sparsipilum andS. tuberosum andigena. Resistant genotypes supported PVX concentrations 5 to 15 times smaller than did the susceptible control cultivar Spunta. Graft inoculation test confirmed the presence of extreme resistance similar to that conferred by the ‘immunity’ gene X¹ (also called RX_act).     

Cyanobacteria Secondary Metabolites as Biotechnological Ingredients in Natural Anti-Aging Cosmetics: Potential to Overcome Hyperpigmentation,Loss of Skin Density and UV Radiation-Deleterious Effects

The loss of density and elasticity, the appearance of wrinkles and hyperpigmentation are among the first noticeable signs of skin aging. Beyond UV radiation and oxidative stress, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) assume a preponderant role in the process, since their deregulation results in the degradation of most extracellular matrix components. In this survey, four cyanobacteria strains were explored for their capacity to produce secondary metabolites with biotechnological potential for use in anti-aging formulations. Leptolyngbya boryana LEGE 15486 and Cephalothrix lacustris LEGE 15493 from freshwater ecosystems, and Leptolyngbya cf. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 and Nodosilinea nodulosa LEGE 06104 from marine habitats were sequentially extracted with acetone and water, and extracts were analyzed for their toxicity in cell lines with key roles in the skin context (HaCAT, 3T3L1, and hCMEC). The non-toxic extracts were chemically characterized in terms of proteins, carotenoids, phenols, and chlorophyll a, and their anti-aging potential was explored through their ability to scavenge the physiological free radical superoxide anion radical (O₂^•−), to reduce the activity of the MMPs elastase and hyaluronidase, to inhibit tyrosinase and thus avoid melanin production, and to block UV-B radiation (sun protection factor, SPF). Leptolyngbya species stood out for anti-aging purposes: L. boryana LEGE 15486 presented a remarkable SPF of 19 (at 200 µg/mL), being among the best species regarding O₂^•− scavenging, (IC₅₀ = 99.50 µg/mL) and also being able to inhibit tyrosinase (IC₂₅ = 784 µg/mL), proving to be promising against UV-induced skin-aging; L. ectocarpi LEGE 11479 was more efficient in inhibiting MMPs (hyaluronidase, IC₅₀ = 863 µg/mL; elastase, IC₅₀ = 391 µg/mL), thus being the choice to retard dermal density loss. Principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed the grouping of extracts into three groups, according to their chemical composition; the correlation of carotenoids and chlorophyll a with MMPs activity (p < 0.01), O₂^•− scavenging with phenolic compounds (p < 0.01), and phycocyanin and allophycocyanin with SPF, pointing to these compounds in particular as responsible for UV-B blockage. This original survey explores, for the first time, the biotechnological potential of these cyanobacteria strains in the field of skin aging, demonstrating the promising, innovative, and multifactorial nature of these microorganisms.     

Marine Pharmacology in 2009–2011: Marine Compounds with Antibacterial,Antidiabetic, Antifungal,Anti-Inflammatory,Antiprotozoal, Antituberculosis,and Antiviral Activities; Affecting the Immune and Nervous Systems,and other Miscellaneous Mechanisms of Action ?

The peer-reviewed marine pharmacology literature from 2009 to 2011 is presented in this review, following the format used in the 1998–2008 reviews of this series. The pharmacology of structurally-characterized compounds isolated from marine animals, algae, fungi and bacteria is discussed in a comprehensive manner. Antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal, antituberculosis, and antiviral pharmacological activities were reported for 102 marine natural products. Additionally, 60 marine compounds were observed to affect the immune and nervous system as well as possess antidiabetic and anti-inflammatory effects. Finally, 68 marine metabolites were shown to interact with a variety of receptors and molecular targets, and thus will probably contribute to multiple pharmacological classes upon further mechanism of action studies. Marine pharmacology during 2009–2011 remained a global enterprise, with researchers from 35 countries, and the United States, contributing to the preclinical pharmacology of 262 marine compounds which are part of the preclinical pharmaceutical pipeline. Continued pharmacological research with marine natural products will contribute to enhance the marine pharmaceutical clinical pipeline, which in 2013 consisted of 17 marine natural products, analogs or derivatives targeting a limited number of disease categories.