咖啡豹蠹蛾危害葡萄

1988年前,为调查葡萄透翅蛾对葡萄的危害情况,从受害葡萄枝蔓中曾剥查到形态与透翅蛾不同的钻蛀性幼虫。 1989年6月,在检查葡萄透翅蛾化蛹率和羽化率时发现有一个形态与透翅蛾稍异、还没羽化的活蛹,7月14日羽化成蛾。蛾体长18毫米,灰白色,胸背有3对蓝黑斑点,腹部有规律的排列蓝黑色斑块,前后翅上密布着蓝黑色点纹,此蛾形态与葡萄透翅蛾大不     

用三唑磷防治葡萄透翅蛾

葡萄透翅蛾１年只发生１代,且蛾,卵,实孵幼虫发生期高度集中,采用放过成虫,放任前期幼虫蛀入嫩梢,再在蛀往粗枝以前一举施药毒杀的策略,在孵化高峰适时喷施２０％三唑磷乳油到１０００－２０００倍水的稀释液。结果表明,对药前１２ｄ内孵化已蛀干的幼虫杀虫率为９０％－１００％。     

醋栗透翅蛾发生危害与防治

醋栗透翅蛾是近年来严重危害黑穗醋栗的主要害虫。经观察发现 ,该虫 1年发生 1代 ,以 3龄以上老熟幼虫在枝条髓部越冬。 5月中旬老熟幼虫开始化蛹 ,6月中、下旬至 7月上旬为成虫羽化盛期。幼虫孵化后先蛀食腋芽、叶片、叶柄、嫩树皮 ,之后钻入枝条髓部蛀食危害。可在幼虫孵化初期和成虫羽化高峰期喷施化学药剂 ,防治效果较佳     

葡萄透翅蛾的发生及防治

葡萄透翅蛾（ＰａｒａｎｔｈｒｅｎｅｒｅｇａｌｉｓＢｕｔｌｅｖ）是葡萄上重要虫害之一。近几年随着岳池县葡萄栽植面积逐年增加 ,葡萄透翅蛾的危害也有逐年加重趋势 ,严重影响着葡萄的产量和质量。为此 ,通过近两年的观察 ,对葡萄透翅蛾在全县的危害特点及发生规律有了初步认识 ,现归纳如下 :１为害特点该虫仅危害葡萄 ,幼虫蛀食嫩梢及１～２年生枝蔓。初孵幼虫从新梢叶芽或前顶的叶梗腋处钻入 ,蛀食嫩梢的髓部 ,致使嫩梢枯萎 ;幼虫成长后转移到较粗壮的枝蔓中危害 ,被害部增粗肿大 ,呈瘤状 ,叶片枯黄 ,果实脱落 ,枝条易折断枯死 ,并且从…     

性诱剂诱杀葡萄透翅蛾效果显著

性诱剂诱杀葡萄透翅蛾效果显著蒋耀培，钱光莲（上海市植保植检站２０００５１）（闵行区农科所）用性引诱剂诱杀葡萄透翅蛾雄虫，是减少雌成虫交配率，减轻葡萄透翅蛾危害的重要途径。根据多年来的试验和观察，葡萄透翅蛾雄虫９０％以上一生仅能交配ｌ次。因此，用性引诱...     

葡萄透翅蛾的发生与防治

葡萄透翅蛾的发生与防治何传相，陈通翘，陈满根，刘传敬，贾传恕（四川省内江市农业局植保站６４１０００）葡萄透翅蛾（ＰａｒａｎｔｈｒｅｎｅｒｅｇａｌｅＢｕｔｌｅｒ属鳞翅目透羽蛾科，是葡萄栽培中的主要害虫之一。在我市威远县，多数家庭葡萄园被其蛀食后造成严重...     

葡萄羽蛾生物学特性及防治

葡萄羽蛾在贵州施秉县１ａ发生３代,世代重叠,以老熟幼虫越冬。翌年４月底开始化蛹,５月中旬底开始羽化,５月底出现第１代卵和幼虫,以第２代幼虫危害葡萄果实最重,１～３代幼虫危害盛期分别为６月上旬、６月底至７月初、８月初。８月中旬末以第３代老熟幼虫钻入残桩、枯枝洞内越冬。在幼虫刚孵化时,用有机磷或菊酯类杀虫剂进行常规喷雾,防效较好。     

葡萄透翅蛾大田性诱防治效果研究

１９８８－１９９３年作者在上海市松江县苗圃用性引诱剂诱捕葡萄透翅蛾，苗圃葡萄种植面积约２．８ｈａ，设置粘胶诱捕器５３－５５只，每只用一含Ｅ３，Ｚ１３－１８：ＯＨ３００－５００μｇ的硅橡胶塞作诱芯，６年依次诱杀雄蛾４５７、５７９、５５１、５４１、８８１和７６８头。试验期间，用雌蛾缚翅拴放法检测，雌蛾田间交配率高于４７．６％；用雄蛾标记释放法检测，诱捕器的田间诱蛾率为３０．６％。试验证明，此种防治方法     

荔枝泥蜂透翅蛾的生物学特性及其防治

通过室内饲养和室外观察研究,对荔枝泥蜂透翅蛾各虫态的形态特征进行了描述,基本了解其生活习性及生活史。此虫在广西1年发生1代。以幼虫在寄主蛀道内越冬,4月下旬至6月初为成虫羽化期,5月至6月上旬产卵,6月中旬至7月上旬为卵孵化期。提出了荔枝泥蜂透翅蛾的初步防治建议。     

诱虫灯与性诱剂联用对葡萄透翅蛾和斜纹夜蛾的诱杀效果

斜纹夜蛾和葡萄透翅蛾是我国葡萄种植中的重要害虫,为了探究诱虫灯和性诱剂对这2种害虫的防治效果,本研究通过田间诱捕试验分析了诱虫灯和性诱剂单独及联合使用对斜纹夜蛾和葡萄透翅蛾的诱捕效果。结果显示,斜纹夜蛾具有明显的正趋光性,诱虫灯和性诱剂联合使用对斜纹夜蛾的诱捕具有协同增效作用。而葡萄透翅蛾却不表现正趋光性,单独使用性诱剂时诱捕量最高。因此,在葡萄种植过程中,应该根据葡萄园内害虫实际发生情况,选用适当的灯诱或性诱使用方法,以达到害虫防治的最佳效果。     

虱螨脲对小菜蛾成虫繁殖力及子代种群发展的影响

为探究虱螨脲对小菜蛾Plutella xylostella成虫的亚致死作用,通过残留药膜法或饲喂法使用50 mg/L虱螨脲对小菜蛾成虫进行处理,分别测定小菜蛾成虫繁殖力、寿命和卵孵化率,通过建立小菜蛾成虫子代生命表确定虱螨脲处理成虫对其后代的影响。结果表明,残留药膜法处理后,小菜蛾成虫单雌产卵量和卵孵化率分别比对照显著降低39.09粒和19.38个百分点;饲喂法处理后,小菜蛾成虫单雌产卵量、雌成虫寿命和卵孵化率分别比对照减少13.42粒、1.56 d和72.03个百分点,卵孵化率与对照差异显著。虱螨脲处理后,小菜蛾成虫子代1龄幼虫存活率、雌成虫寿命、F_1代单雌产卵量和F_1代卵孵化率分别为74.29%、5.90 d、146.65粒和84.43%,均显著低于对照,种群趋势指数降低,表明对子代种群发展有一定的干扰作用。此外,虱螨脲处理小菜蛾雌、雄虫对其产卵量无影响,但处理雌虫显著降低卵孵化率,处理雄虫对卵孵化率无明显影响,说明虱螨脲作用于小菜蛾成虫,仅对卵子形成及受精卵的胚胎发育过程产生影响,而对精子的生成及转移无影响。表明虱螨脲可通过成虫取食或接触而控制小菜蛾种群发展。     

X射线辐照对梨小食心虫成虫寿命和生殖相关参数的影响

为建立基于X射线辐照的害虫不育技术,以梨小食心虫2、5、8日龄的雄蛹为研究对象,利用X射线对其进行0（CK）、67、133和200 Gy剂量的辐照处理,明确其最适辐照蛹龄;并对最适辐照蛹龄的梨小食心虫进行X射线辐照,明确辐照处理对其羽化成虫的繁殖能力、寿命、飞行能力和交配竞争力的影响。结果表明,梨小食心虫最适辐照蛹龄为8日龄;雄蛹经67 Gy与133 Gy辐照剂量处理后,与其羽化后成虫交配后的雌成虫单雌产卵量分别为25.14粒和24.56粒,卵孵化率分别为18.21%和14.61%,寿命分别为16.80 d和15.60 d,均显著低于对照;梨小食心虫雄蛹辐照处理对其羽化成虫与雌成虫的交配次数无显著影响,但辐照处理雄蛹羽化后的雄成虫与雌成虫交配后,雌成虫的日产卵量比对照明显减少,且辐照剂量越高,日产卵量变化幅度越小,产卵期也越短;辐照处理对雄蛹羽化后雄成虫的飞行能力无明显影响,但其与雌成虫的交配竞争指数下降为0.15。     

梨小食心虫雄蛾的多次交配对雌蛾生殖力的影响

为明确梨小食心虫雄蛾的交配能力等生物学特性, 正确评价梨小食心虫性信息素诱杀雄蛾的田间应用效果, 本研究借助监控设备观察了梨小食心虫雄蛾与雌蛾的交配时间段、交配持续时间、雄蛾交配次数、雄蛾首次交配及末次交配日龄, 研究了雄蛾日龄对交配率的影响, 雄蛾交配次数对雌蛾产卵量及卵孵化率的影响。结果表明, 梨小食心虫雄蛾能与多头雌蛾交配, 且从1日龄至19日龄期间均能与雌蛾交配。随着雄蛾日龄的增加, 其与雌蛾交配率降低, 雄蛾交配次数的增加对雌蛾产卵量及卵孵化率没有显著影响。因此田间使用性信息素诱杀一定数量的雄蛾对降低后代种群数量有一定的作用, 但只有在短时间内将雄蛾数量减少到一定范围内才可起到理想效果。     

Microsatellite and mating type markers reveal unexpected patterns of genetic diversity in the pine root‐infecting fungus Grosmannia alacris

Grosmannia alacris is a fungus commonly associated with root‐infesting bark beetles occurring on Pinus spp. The fungus has been recorded in South Africa, the USA, France, Portugal and Spain and importantly, has been associated with pine root diseases in South Africa and the USA. Nothing is known regarding the population genetics or origin of G. alacris, although its association with root‐infesting beetles native to Europe suggests that it is an invasive alien in South Africa. In this study, microsatellite markers together with newly developed mating type markers were used to characterize a total of 170 isolates of G. alacris from South Africa and the USA. The results showed that the genotypic diversity of the South African population of G. alacris was very high when compared to the USA populations. Two mating types were also present in South African isolates and the MAT1‐1/MAT1‐2 ratio did not differ from 1:1 (χ² = 1·39, P = 0·24). This suggests that sexual reproduction most probably occurs in the fungus in South Africa, although a sexual state has never been seen in nature. In contrast, the large collection of USA isolates harboured only a single mating type. The results suggest that multiple introductions, followed by random mating, have influenced the population structure in South Africa. In contrast, limited introductions of probably a single mating type (MAT1‐2) may best explain the clonality of USA populations.     

成虫日龄与交配状态对棉褐环野螟繁殖力的影响

[目的]研究影响棉褐环野螟(棉大卷叶螟)[ Haritalodes derogata (Fabricius)]产卵量、孵化率及成虫寿命的因素,为性信息素的研究开发提供理论依据.[方法]在温度(25±2)℃,光周期L∥D=14 h//10 h的条件下,研究棉褐环野螟的繁殖适度.[结果]交配时间短于40min时成虫的产卵前期明显延长,而交配时间长于40 min时成虫产卵期延长,产卵量与孵化率显著提高.0次交配产卵量极小且不能正常孵化,交配1次或多次能使产卵量与卵孵化率明显提高.雌虫延迟交配对其产卵期、产卵量、孵化率和雌虫寿命会产生明显的影响,与正常交配之间存在显著差异,其中3日龄的雌性成虫与7日龄的雄性成虫交配后产卵期(4.2±0.76)d、寿命(15.40±0.62)d最长,产卵量(189±17.17)粒/头、孵化率(54.39±0.07)％最大.[结论]明确了雌虫交配持续时长、交配次数以及雌雄不同年龄组配对繁殖的影响.     

Application of pityolure for detection and control of Thaumetopoea pityocampa in Israel1

Trials were carried out with pityolure, the synthetic female sex pheromone of Thaumetopoea pityocampa, to test the various possibilities of its use in the management of the pest. Practical application consists of macromapping of infested and non-infested areas, early detection of new foci of infestation, and timing of sprays with insecticides. Brief mention is made of possible uses not yet applied in practice, such as control by mating disruption, control by mass trapping and monitoring of the population level. Des essais sur le pityolure, phéromone synthétique sexuelle femelle de Thaumetopoea pityocampa, ont permis de tester diverses possibilités d'utilisation pour la lutte contre cet organisme nuisible. Parmi les applications pratiques sont la macro-cartographie des lieux infestés ou non infestés, la détection précoce de nouveaux foyers d'infestation et la détermination des dates d'application de pulvérisations d'insecticides. Quelques utilisations possibles mais non encore appliquées sont brièvement mentionnées: lutte par confusion des mâles, lutte par piégeages en masse et contrôle des niveaux de population.     

不同光环境对梨小食心虫成虫寿命和繁殖的影响

为明确不同光环境对梨小食心虫Grapholita molesta成虫寿命和繁殖的影响,于室内条件下测定不同光照强度（10 000、1 000、100、1和0.01 mW/m2）与不同波长光（红光630 nm、黄光575 nm、绿光510 nm、蓝光455 nm、紫光440 nm和紫外光365 nm）照射下梨小食心虫的成虫寿命、交配率、产卵前期、产卵期、单雌产卵量、卵发育历期和卵孵化率等生物学参数进行分析。结果表明,相较于10 000、1 000和100 mW/m2高光照强度处理,1 mW/m2和0.01 mW/m2低光照强度处理下,梨小食心虫雌、雄成虫寿命较短（<15 d）,单雌产卵量较低,分别为51.44粒和51.02粒;卵发育历期较长,分别为3.36 d和3.24 d;产卵前期和产卵期均以1 mW/m2处理最短,分别为3.80 d和5.19 d;交配率和卵孵化率在不同光照强度下无显著差异。相较于黄光、绿光和蓝光,红光和紫外光环境下梨小食心虫雌、雄成虫寿命缩短（<13 d）,交配率降低,分别为54.45%和65.56%;产卵前期延长（>5.5 d）,产卵期缩短（&l...     

Mating Relationships between Isolates of Phaeosphaeria nodorum, (anamorph Stagonospora nodorum) from Geographical Locations

Mating types of Phaeosphaeria nodorum isolates (from North Africa, North America, Australia, Europe and Near East) were determined in laboratory conditions. Although both mating types were found, MAT1-1 and MAT1-2 were not evenly distributed among the isolates. Sexual compatibility pairings with standard mating type testers revealed that 56 of 101 isolates could be assigned to MAT1-1 and 5 to MAT1-2. Although the teleomorph occurred in different countries, the two mating types were observed only among isolates collected from France, Great Britain, Germany and Morocco. For Morocco, where no P. nodorum pseudothecia have been reported, this is the first report of the existence of the two opposite mating types. The remaining 40 isolates could not be designated to a specific mating type. However, in 17 crosses, pseudothecial initials or sterile pseudothecia were observed on wheat straw after two months. The implications of the predominance of one mating type are discussed.     

Studies on the Fecundity of Acarid Mites (Acarina: Acaridae)1

The effect of food on fecundity and its distribution during the life of Acarus siro L. was studied. In addition, the effect of repeated matings, of age of females and males, of parental age and of sex ratio on the fecundity of Tyrophagus putrescentiae (Schr.) was studied. Nutrition affects the total fecundity and its distribution in A. siro. The highest fecundity of T. putrescentiae females occurred when mating occurred more than once a week. The fecundity of ageing virgin females decreases gradually with delays in the time of the first mating. The effect of male's age is not significant until the age of 60 days onwards. Females descending from 100-day-old parents showed 25% lower fecundity than females from young parents. Density of males above the sex ratio 1:1 diminishes the fecundity of females molested by males. The higher the number of the males in the cage per female, the lower their fecundity.     

沉默转录因子OsERF7提高水稻对褐飞虱和白背飞虱的抗性

为了解植物中特有的转录因子乙烯响应因子(ethylene responsive factor,ERF)在植物诱导抗虫反应中的作用,通过克隆1个水稻ERF转录因子基因OsERF7,并结合分子生物学、反向遗传学及生物测定,探究其在水稻防御褐飞虱Nilaparvata lugens和白背飞虱Sogatella furcifera为害过程中的作用。结果显示,机械损伤处理与褐飞虱产卵雌成虫为害均能在中后期诱导OsERF7的表达。沉默OsERF7能显著降低水稻上褐飞虱及白背飞虱卵的孵化率,并延长褐飞虱卵的发育历期;与野生型水稻相比,褐飞虱和白背飞虱在沉默突变体品系R1和R30上的卵孵化率分别只有野生型水稻上的62.5%～68.3%和68.0%～76.0%,褐飞虱卵的发育历期则延长0.37～0.45 d。沉默OsERF7不影响褐飞虱产卵雌成虫为害诱导的水稻防御相关信号分子—茉莉酸(JA)、水杨酸(SA)、乙烯(ET)和过氧化氢(H_2O_2)的含量。表明转录因子OsERF7作用于防御相关信号途径的下游,并且负调控水稻对褐飞虱和白背飞虱的抗性。