我国栽培种花生资源农艺 和品质性状的遗传多样性

通过对国家“七五”—“十五”科技攻关项目和农业部种质资源保护项目执行过程中收集的6 390份栽培 种花生品种资源的农艺性状和种子品质性状的鉴定,分析我国保存的花生资源的遗传多样性。结果表明,我国保 存的花生资源中,龙生型花生的单株生产力高、油酸含量高,普通型花生的油酸含量也很高。珍珠豆型花生的蛋白 质含量和含油量高,普通型和龙生型花生资源的遗传多样性程度高于珍珠豆型和多粒型资源。安徽花生资源的单 株生产力高,福建和江西花生资源的蛋白质含量高,河南和浙江花生的含油量高,四川和广西花生的油酸含量高, 湖北、河南、广西花生资源的遗传多样性程度高于其它地区的花生资源。     

不同类型花生性状相关性及对产量影响的研究

选用生产上利用较多的普通型、珍珠豆型以及多粒型三大类型的花生种质资源材料各２５份进行性状相关性及对产量影响的研究。结果表明：普通型花生的单株果数、饱果数、结果枝数和总分枝数等性状对产量的影响较大;珍珠豆型花生获得高产,应在适当增加结果枝数和总分枝数的同时,注意提高百果重和百仁重;多粒型花生则应重点选择单株果数和饱果数较多的材料。     

不同类型花生品种产量及其构成因素之研究

本研究利用我所的135份花生品种资源为试验材料,其中龙生型、普通型、珍珠豆型各45个品种.成熟收获时调查产量及其主要性状,计12项。结果表明:1、不同类型花生品种资源性状的差异颇大,同一性状在不同类型间的变异系数互有差异,变异范围大,利用价值高;2、不同类型问花生性状不尽相关,与单株荚果关系最密切的性状有别,影响程度各异.在花生育种中,要选择高产型品种在不同类型中应采用不同的选择标准.     

我国四大类型花生结瘤性状观察

本文对我国珍珠豆型、多粒型、普通型以及龙生型近50个花生品种与根瘤菌共生的始结瘤时间、结瘤部位及其基本结瘤数量进行了观察。无论是在武汉大田土著菌自然侵染下还是在远缘菌株NC92的人工控制侵染下,普通类型花生的结瘤强度(结瘤数量)均显著地高于其他类型;龙生型花生的始结瘤时间明显地迟于其他类型花生。研究表明,与共生固氮相关的性状,不仅受到微共生体根瘤菌的控制,同时也显著地受到植物寄主遗传型的控制。     

不同类型花生根部性状的初步研究

对39份花生品种(其中12份普通型、12份珍珠豆型、13份龙生型和2份多粒型)进行根系性状研究。 结果表明,不同类型花生在主根长、根体积、根干重、侧根根瘤数等方面没有明显差异,但在侧根数、根基粗、主根根 瘤数、主侧根干重比等方面有显著差异或极显著差异,而在同一类型间除个别性状有差异外,其他性状在品种间差 异不显著。珍珠豆型花生的根干重小、根基粗小、主根根瘤数和侧根根瘤数少、一次侧根少且主侧根干重比小;普 通型花生主根长、侧根根瘤多、根体积小;龙生型花生根干重大、侧根根瘤数少、主根干重/侧根干重大、侧根数少; 多粒型花生根体积大、主根根瘤数多、侧根数多。利用根系性状对花生进行聚类分析,表明花生根系性状存在丰富 的多样性。虽然基于根系性状的聚类分析未能将39份花生分为两大类密枝亚种和疏枝亚种,也未能对亚种内类 型区分开来,但各亚组内花生品种基本上都是密枝亚种或疏枝亚种。     

铜仁市珍珠豆型地方品种花生品质性状分析

为了深入研究铜仁市珍珠豆型花生地方品种资源,为花生亲本的利用和品质育种提供科学依据,本研究利用近红外分析仪Perten DA7250对铜仁市136个珍珠豆型花生地方品种资源的粗蛋白、含油量、油酸、亚油酸、总氨基酸、苯丙氨酸、蛋氨酸、二十四烷酸、花生酸、精氨酸、赖氨酸、亮氨酸、脯氨酸、山嵛酸、苏氨酸、缬氨酸、异亮氨酸、硬脂酸、棕榈酸、组氨酸等含量共20个品质性状进行检测分析。结果表明:不同地方品种之间品质性状差异较大,变异系数在3.05%~20.78%之间。其中蛋氨酸含量的变异系数最大,含油量变异系数最小;得到一些粗蛋白含量、油酸含量、总氨基酸含量较高的优异材料;采用系统聚类分析得出,在欧氏距离为10时可将136份铜仁市珍珠豆型地方花生品种划分为四大类群。     

川渝地区花生品种遗传多样性分析

将AFLP标记与表型性状相结合,分析了来自川渝地区的两个亚种四个类型的43份主要花生种质资源和推广品种的遗传多样性。结果表明,两种方法都能有效地检测到该生态区内花生种质间的遗传多样性,珍珠豆型内和龙生型内品种间距离较小,而普通型内和中间型内品种间距离较大;交替开花亚种的龙生型和普通型品系间距离最近,而珍珠豆型与其它三个类型间距离较远;主要推广品种间遗传多样性匮乏。聚类结果也基本一致,都能将珍珠豆型与其他三大类型区分开,而龙生型、普通型和中间型在聚类中都有交叉情况。但在较为细小的类群划分上,两种方法仍有较大差异。     

利用InDel标记解析中国花生地方品种的遗传多样性与群体结构

为揭示InDel标记对我国地方花生品种遗传多样性和遗传结构的解析能力,本研究利用13个多态性InDel 标记检测4个典型生物学类型的90份中国花生地方品种材料。共扩增出42的等位基因,平均3个;Nei’s多样性指数 变幅为0.011~0.705,平均0.443;Shannon’s信息指数变幅为0.034~1.497,平均0.758。龙生型、普通型、珍珠豆型与多 粒型花生的Nei’s遗传多样性指数分别为0.3198、0.4407、0.4435和0.4372,结果表明龙生型的遗传多样性明显小于其 它生物学类型。种质间的遗传相似系数范围为0.077 ~ 1.000,平均为0.636;且普通型与龙生型花生之间遗传相似系 数最高,为0.636。群体分析结果表明密枝亚种与疏枝亚种、不同植物学类型之间遗传分化较小,且普通型与珍珠豆 型遗传结构相似,龙生型与多粒型花生遗传结构不同。利用非加权平均法（UMPGA）聚类分析将90份花生材料划分 为两类（G1、G2）,其中G1包括全部的龙生型、61.90%的普通型以及20.00%的珍珠豆型。本研究结果表明InDel标记 能够有效地揭示栽培种花生的遗传变异,可为花生杂交亲本的选择以及优异基因的挖掘提供重要参考。     

珍珠豆型花生品种性状因子分析

利用R型团子分析,对45个珍珠豆型花生品种11个性状进行分类,结果依次分成单株荚果生产力、植株高矮、分枝数三个性状群。在育种实践中对珍珠豆型花生品种进行产量选择时,按性状群依次进行,简化了对综合性状优良基因的鉴别,提高育种效果。     

花生不同类型品种根系生育特性研究

对5个类型的花生品种根系的生育特性进行了研究。结果表明．龙生型品种和中间型品种根长较长，而珍珠豆型品种根长最短；龙生型品种干物重最高，珍珠豆型品种最低；根系活力及SOD、CAT活性均表现为多粒型品种最高．中间型品种最低。     

Comparison of oil content and fatty acid composition of peanut genotypes differing in growth habit

Peanut genotypes belonging to Virginia Runner, Virginia Bunch and Spanish Bunch groups exhibiting spreading, semi-spreading and erect growth habits, respectively, were compared for oil content and fatty acid composition. Mean values of oil content of the three peanut groups did not differ much, however, a marked difference was observed in fatty acid composition. Oleic acid concentrations were in the order of Virginia Runner > Virginia Bunch Spanish Bunch. This trend was reverse with respect to linoleic acid concentration. Virginia Runner genotypes having higher oleic—linoleic acid (O/L) ratio and corresponding lower iodine value of oil have greater oil stability and would incur lower cost of hydrogenation. Oil of Spanish Bunch and Virginia Bunch genotypes is nutritionally better due to a higher concentration of linoleic acid and may be used as refined oil. Oleic acid concentration was negatively correlated with that of linoleic acid, suggesting that selection of genotypes in each group, with improved industrial or nutritional qualities would be possible.     

我国龙生型花生的主要品质性状分析

我国龙生型花生的含油量变异非常丰富,变幅明显高于其它类型,高含油量,蛋白质,亚油酸和氨基酸逊于其它类型的对应成分,但低油分资源和高油酸资源突出,制品耐贮性好。     

Ramie (Boehmeria nivea (L.) Gaud.) and Spanish Broom (Spartium junceum L.) fibres for composite materials: agronomical aspects,morphology and mechanical properties

The agronomic characteristics of Ramie and Spanish Broom were investigated for seven years in the pedoclimatic conditions of Central Italy. The chemical, physical and mechanical properties of these fibres were also examined in order to evaluate the feasibility to use them in composite materials. Results demonstrate that Ramie grown in the temperate environment can be harvested three times a year. The yield of green Ramie plants per annum was almost 10 000 g m⁻². The fresh Ramie plant is composed, by weight, of 30% green leaves and 70% green stems. The yield dry fibre is almost 3% of the green stems, giving a total yield of 200 g m⁻². Spanish Broom can reach a fresh biomass yield of 4000 g m⁻² per annum, represented by 53% of long slender terete green branches which constitutes the economic products. The dry yield per annum was about 1800 g m⁻² with a dry branchlets yield of 900 g m⁻². Ramie and Spanish Broom cortical fibres are multiple elementary fibres (ultimates) arranged in bundles. In Ramie, the elementary fibres are bound by gums and pectins, while in Spanish Broom they are bound together by lignin. Both species showed a thick secondary cell wall indicating a high cellulose content. Ramie ultimate fibres are flattened and irregular in shape, while those of Spanish Broom are more regular in shape. The diameter of the ultimates varies from 10 to 25 μm in Ramie, while the Spanish Broom ultimates ranges from 5 to 10 μm; the diameter of the whole bundle is about 50 μm for both species. Ramie fibre showed a content of lignin, pentosans and extractives lower than Spanish Broom. Both fibres had a high content of cellulose which, on the base of X-ray analysis, was evaluated to be in excess of 70%. Ramie and Spanish Broom fibres had tensile strength of 950 MPa and 700 MPa, respectively. The elastic moduli were ≈65 and ≈20 GPa, respectively, which well compare with the modulus of E-glass fibres (70–90 GPa). The strength of the fibre-matrix interface was measured using the single filament fragmentation technique and an epoxy resin as the polymer matrix. Values for carbon and glass fibres in the same resin were also measured for comparison. The interface strength for the vegetable fibres was higher than that of carbon and glass, likely due to a mechanical lock mechanism. These values confirm both fibres as potential replacement for man made fibres in composite materials.     

杂交早稻产量和品质性状间的典型相关分析

对２８个杂交组合及其１１个亲本的６个产量性状和１１个品质性状进行典型相关分析,结果表明：两者之间存在极显著的相关,通过育种手段可以培育出高产优质的品种;品质育种中要重视整精米率、垩白率、直链淀粉含量和胶稠度等性状的改良,直链淀粉含量和胶稠度应以中等为宜,否则影响其它品质性状的改良。     

云南干热籼稻区水稻高产形成规律及群体质量指标研究

为鉴定杂交籼稻组合在云南干热籼稻区种植的产量潜力,研究不同产量水平水稻产量形成规律及群体质量指标,选用大面积生产应用的6个杂交籼稻品种为材料进行了比较试验,并根据当地水稻生产特点制定了相应的高产栽培技术。结果显示,广优1186、德优4727、两优2186、宜优673、两优2161、宜香3003产量分别为15.65、15.29、15.19、15.18、14.89和13.95 t/hm~2。为更好的分析水稻高产形成规律,将6个品种产量划分为高产(13.0~14.0 t/hm~2)、更高产(14.0~15.0 t/hm~2)、超高产(15.0~16.0 t/hm~2)3个不同产量水平。超高产水稻较更高产水稻有效穗数提高10.25%,较高产水稻总粒数、实粒数、结实率分别提高32.13%、35.69%、12.50%;超高产水稻高峰苗数较更高产、高产水稻分别低10.32%和30.02%;成穗率随着产量水平的增加而增加。超高产水稻齐穗期总LAI为7左右,高效叶面积率70%左右。颖花量随着产量的增加而增加。超高产水稻实粒/叶、粒重/叶较高产水稻分别增加20.00%和25.54%。超高产水稻齐穗期、成熟期、齐穗至抽穗期干物质积累量较高产水稻分别提高11.70%、11.96%和12.35%。     

供锌水平对水稻生长和锌积累和分配的影响

通过对3个不同水稻品种（碧玉早糯、26715和浙农921）5个供锌水平（0.0、0.5、2.0、8.0、32.0 μmol/L ZnSO[sub]4[/sub]）处理的水培试验,研究供锌水平对水稻生长和锌积累的影响。结果表明,水稻地上部锌含量随供锌水平的提高而提高,不同的供试品种在不同的生育期地上部锌含量的变化趋势存在差别。不同的供试品种之间籽粒锌的积累差异极显著,精米中的锌含量随供锌水平的提高而提高;在8.0、32.0 μmol/L Zn水平下,籽粒锌含量差异不大,颖壳锌含量则随供锌水平的提高而提高;在≤8.0 μmol/L时,精米锌含量比颖壳高,而在高锌水平（32.0 μmol/L）下,颖壳的锌含量比精米高。     

施肥量对甜菜产量和生理指标的影响

试验结果表明,为获得2.8～3.0t/亩块根产量,亩施肥量以N8kg、p_2O_59.6kg、K_2O8kg为宜;甜菜含糖率与施肥量呈负相关(r=-0.5484),但未达显著水平;甜菜的NAI与施肥量呈正相关(r=0.9909)。每亩N10kg、P_2O_5;12kg、K_2O10kg处理和N8kg、P_2O_59.6kg、K_2O8kg处理群体发育良好,LAI保持在3.0以上的时期长达45天以上,并有较强的净光合生产率,有利于产量形成;甜菜单株干物重与施肥量呈正相关(r=0.9600)高肥处理虽然生物产量高,但因T/R比高,叶部徒长,分配率低,而导致经济产量低。     

我国东北地区花生生产现状及发展对策

在分析东北花生生产态势与特征的基础上,评析了花生品质状况。花生蛋白质含量比较高,含油率中等,其中O/L比值普遍偏低是东北花生品质的突出特点。提出了以市场为导向,实行规模化种植,加强科技创新,推广应用新技术,培植龙头企业等发展对策,加快铸造国家＂植物蛋白源、加工原料源、出口创汇源＂。     

珍珠豆型花生产量和含油率遗传特性的双列分析

本文采用完全双列杂交对4×4杂种一代产量和含油率遗传特性进行研究,结果表明:单株果重和含油率两性状均受加性和显性遗传效应的控制,加性遗传效应较显性重要,此外,含油率可能还受上位性遗传效应的控制。单株果重和含油率的平均显性变为部分显性,亲本中控制两性状的隐性等位基因较显性基因多。高产呈显性,高油为隐性。控制果重和含油率的显性基因组数分别为3组和1组。含油率与产量和产量构成性状呈显著负相关,而与株高,侧枝长,总分枝数,有效分校数和主茎青叶数等农艺性状无关,表明试图通过容易辨认的农艺性状的间接选择来提高含油率是较困难的。     

Growth,Yield and Quality of Turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) Cultivated on Dark-red Soil,Gray Soil and Red Soil in Okinawa,Japan

Abstract

We evaluated growth, yield and quality of turmeric (Curcuma longa L.) cultivated in pots with dark-red soil (pH 5.2), gray soil (pH 7.4) and red soil (pH 4.4) in Okinawa, Japan. The soils were collected from the 50-cm deep layer of the fields. We did not use any chemicals or organic fertilizers. Turmeric cultivated on dark-red soil had the highest plant height, root biomass and shoot biomass as compared with that cultivated on other soil types. Turmeric on dark-red soil had the highest yield with favorable color of the deep yellow and high curcumin content (0.20%). Protein content of turmeric in dark-red soil was 5.2%, which was around 40% higher than that in other soil types. Turmeric cultivated on dark-red and gray soils had a fat content 71% higher than that in red soil. The content of Ca, K and Mg was the highest when turmeric was cultivated on gray soil, and Fe was the highest when cultivated on dark-red soil. To gain a high yield and high contents of curcumin, fat, protein and Fe, we should cultivate turmeric in dark-red soil in Okinawa. We could not recognize the specific soil factor(s) required for high yielding and high quality of turmeric; however, it seems that a proper combination of soil factors, nutrients and/or pH level may be necessary to gain a high yield and high quality.