全株玉米添加酶制剂青贮效果研究

以全株玉米为原料,分别添加酶制剂0(C),800(1),1300(2),1800(3)g/tDM进行青贮.结果表明,全株玉米各处理青贮料乳酸含量大于110 g/kg DM,NH3/TN比值和pH值分别低于7%和3.8,且都未产生丁酸,均属于优质青贮料.添加酶后,显著降低了青贮料的中性洗涤纤维(NDF)的含量.干物质在瘤胃48 h降解率(DMD48),1,2,3组均显著高于对照组(P＜0.01),以添加1300g/t DM酶时最高,比对照组高15.4%.添加酶还提高了青贮料按产气量估算的有机物消化率(OMD)和48 h产气量(GP48).添加酶制剂可提高青贮全株玉米的营养价值,以1300g/t DM的添加量为佳.     

Effects of Lactobacillus plantarum and fibrolytic enzyme on the fermentation quality and in vitro digestibility of total mixed rations silage including rape straw

The aim of the current study was to investigate the effects of a lactic acid bacteria inoculant(Lactobacillus plantarum, LP), fibrolytic enzyme(EN), combination of LP and EN(LP+EN) on fermentation quality, nutritive characteristics and in vitro digestibility of total mixed ration(TMR) silages containing 0, 7.5 and 15.0%(on dry matter basis) of rape(Brassica campestris L.) straw(RS)(denoted as CTMR, LTMR and MTMR, respectively). After ensiling for 60 days, TMR silages without additives were well preserved, but MTMR had higher p H than CTMR and LTMR. There were no differences in other parameters of fermentation quality, microbial composition, nutrition and in vitro digestibility between CTMR and LTMR except for yeast and mold number and crude protein(CP) content. CTMR and LTMR silage had higher CP content, in vitro neutral detergent fiber digestibility(IVNDFD) and in vitro acid detergent fiber digestibility(IVADFD), lower acid detergent fiber(ADF) content than MTMR silage. LP and EN decreased p H and increased dry matter(DM) recovery of TMR silages. LP+EN improved the fermentation quality, nutritive characteristics and in vitro digestibility of TMR silages, showed by lower p H, ADF content, higher lactic acid content, in vitro dry matter digestibility(IVDMD) and IVNDFD. Therefore, It was suggested that TMR silage contained 7.5% RS on a DM basis and treated with LP+EN can be as a useful feed for ruminant.     

凋萎和添加有机酸对多花黑麦草青贮品质的影响

以特高多花黑麦草(LoliummultiflorumLam.cv.Tetragold)为材料,于拔节期和抽穗期刈割后进行直接青贮、凋萎后青贮、凋萎后添加甲酸或乳酸或丙酸等有机酸青贮,60d后对青贮饲料的品质进行鉴定分析。结果表明,多花黑麦草春季拔节期和抽穗期刈割后直接青贮,因含水量较高,青贮饲料的感官品质低劣;适当调萎,并分别添加适量甲酸、乳酸、丙酸等有机酸青贮均能抑制多花黑麦草青贮过程中的乳酸发酵,降低青贮饲料中的氨态氮和乳酸含量,增加可溶性碳水化合物含量,提高青贮饲料的感官品质;添加丙酸处理还可显著降低多花黑麦草青贮饲料开封后的好气性腐败率。     

The effect of lactic acid bacteria inoculums on in vitro rumen fermentation,methane production,ruminal cellulolytic bacteria populations and cellulase activities of corn stover silage

The objective of this study was to investigate the effect of lactic acid bacteria(LAB) inoculums on fermentation quality and in vitro digestibility of corn stover silage. Corn stover was ensiled without(control) or with Lactobacillus plantarum(LP), Enterococcus faecalis(EF), and Enterococcus mundtii(EM) for 45 days. The fermentation characteristics were assessed, and subsequent in vitro dry matter digestibility(DM-D), neutral detergent fiber digestibility(NDF-D), volatile fatty acids(VFA), methane(CH_4) production, cellulolytic bacteria proportions and their activities per corn stover silage were also determined. There was no significant difference(P0.05) among the silage pH, lactic acid, crude protein(CP), water soluble carbohydrates(WSC) and lignocelluloses contents of different treatments. The relative proportions of Ruminococcus flavefaciens and Fibrobacter succinogenes, carboxymethyl-ocellulose and β-glycosidase activities, DM-D, NDF-D, and VFA production of in vitro incubation was higher(P0.05) for silages inoculated with LP and EF than those of the control silage. Silage inoculated with LP showed the lowest(P0.05) CH_4 production per unit yield of VFA, which was positively corresponded to the lowest(P0.05) ratio of acetate to propionate. In summary, the ensiling fermentation quality and subsequent utilization of corn stover silage were efficiently improved by inoculated with L. plantarum.     

The Effect of Microbial Inoculants Applied at Ensiling on Sorghum Silage Characteristics and Aerobic Stability

Whole crop forage sorghum (Saccharatum) cultivar FS5 was harvested at the soft dough stage of maturity. The sorghum was chopped to approximately 2 cm pieces and ensiled under laboratory conditions in 1.5 L Weck glass jars. At ensiling, it was treated with two commercial microbial inoculants: inoculant A and inoculant B. The inoculants were applied at 2 × 105 colony forming units g- 1 DM. Silage with no additives served as a control. Three jars per treatment were opened on days 2, 4, 8, 15 and 60 post-ensiling to study fermentation dynamics. After 60 days of ensiling, the silages were analyzed and subjected to an aerobic stability test lasting 5 days. Results showed that both inoculants caused a more rapid rate of pH decline and a higher amount of lactic acid production. Silages treated with each inoculant produced a little more CO2 and resulted in more glucose loss as compared with the control. Addition of inoculants did not influence ( P ＞ 0.05) the ash and crude protein contents, but tended to decrease the concentration of acetic acid (P ＜ 0.05), butyric acid (P ＜ 0.01) and propionic acid ( P ＜ 0.01 ), and increase the lactic acid concentration ( P ＜ 0.01 ). Silages treated with inoculant A possess the more DM loss, and the higher yeast counts upon aerobic exposure. Silage treated with inoculant B had the most DM (P ＜ 0.05), lactic acid contents (P ＜ 0.01 ), the least acetic acid content (P ＜ 0.05). Inoculant B reduced the ADF (P ＜ 0.01), ADL and NDF ( P ＜ 0.05) contents. It was concluded that lactic bacteria inoculants may improve the fermentation but might impair the aerobic stability for sorghum ensilage.     

纤维分解酶对青贮饲料发酵特性的影响

作者选用来源于Ａｃｒｅｍｏｎｉｕｍ　属的新规纤维分解酶（ＡＣＥ）,以苜蓿（Ｍｅｄｉｃａｇｏ　ｓａｔｉｖａ）和意大利黑麦（Ｌｏｌｉｕｍ　ｍｕｌｔｉｆｌｏｒｕｍ）为材料草,用小规模发酵试验法调制于贮饲料,并添加乳酸菌（Ｌａｃｔｏｂａｃｉｌｌｕｓ　ｃａｃｅｉ）作以对比,分析了青贮饲料发酵过程中的微生物动态及发酵特性。结果表明,添加ＡＣＥ,促进了青贮饲料的乳酸发酵,但同时也助长了好气性细菌和酪酸菌的增殖。与无添加区相比,乳酸菌区及混合添加区的ＣＯ２生成量及于物质损失率显著（Ｐ＜０．０５）减少,但纤维分解酶区则明显增加（Ｐ＜０．０５）。混合添加纤维分解酶和乳酸菌,使青贮饲料的ｐＨ,酪酸含量及挥发性氮成分降低,乳酸含量提高,明显改善了青贮饲料的发酵品质。     

乳酸菌剂对青贮饲料发酵品质的改善效果

 为探讨添加乳酸菌对青贮饲料发酵过程中微生物的动态变化、发酵品质及乳酸异性体生成比率的影响，以意大利黑麦草（Lolium multiflorum）为材料草，选用2种乳酸球菌及1种乳酸杆菌进行青贮饲料的添加调制。其结果如下：⑴乳酸球菌添加区，于贮藏初期，乳酸球菌旺盛繁殖；乳酸杆菌添加区，在发酵全过程保持了高水准的乳酸杆菌数，促进了乳酸发酵。⑵添加乳酸菌有效地抑制了与青贮饲料共存的丝状菌（霉菌）、酵母菌及一般细菌的繁殖，其制菌效果，乳酸杆菌大于乳酸球菌。⑶添加乳酸菌使pH值及挥发性氮与全氮（VBN/T-N）比值降低，乳酸含量提高，改善了青贮饲料发酵品质。⑷乳酸菌添加改善了L（+）乳酸的生成比率，与无添加区相比，乳酸球菌添加区和乳酸杆菌添加区分别提高了7%-8%和12%-14%。     

不同玉米品种青贮饲料营养成分比较分析

【研究目的】为研究不同玉米品种间的青贮饲料营养物质的差异;【方法】选取104d收刈的青玉米秸秆和饲用玉米调制青贮以研究不同品种玉米青秸秆对青贮饲料营养成分的影响,60d后分析测定青贮饲料营养成分;【结果】结果表明,玉米品种明显影响青贮饲料的氨态氮、乳酸、CP、NDF和ADF含量,青玉米秸秆(粮食用)青贮饲料的乳酸、丁酸含量和ADF含量没有明显差异(p>0.05),饲用玉米青贮的乳酸、丁酸含量显著高于青玉米秸秆的青贮饲料(p<0.05);【结论】不同玉米品种的青贮原料对青贮发酵产物及青贮饲料营养物质含量有明显的影响。     

纤维素酶与木聚糖酶对象草青贮发酵品质的影响

为研究纤维素酶与木聚糖酶对象草(Pennisetum purpureum Schumach.)青贮品质的影响,本试验共设6组:T1:象草+500 mg·kg-1纤维素酶;T2:象草+250 mg·kg-1纤维素酶;T3:象草+250 mg·kg-1木聚糖酶+250 mg·kg-1纤维素酶;T4:象草+500 mg·kg-1木聚糖酶;T5:象草+250 mg·kg-1木聚糖酶;C(对照组):象草.切短的象草经酶处理后在25 ℃条件下青贮在发酵瓶内,分别在青贮第2、4、6、8、15和30天从每组取出3瓶青贮样品用于发酵品质测定.结果表明:与对照组相比,纤维素酶与木聚糖酶或两者复合处理均能极显著降低青贮料的pH值(P＜001),增加水溶性碳水化合物(WSC)含量(P＜001)和乳酸(LA)含量(P＜001).青贮30 d结束时,除T3组外,其他酶处理组NH3-N含量显著低于对照组(P＜005);各组中乙酸含量差异均不显著(P＞005).结论:添加纤维素酶或木聚糖酶均能改善象草青贮品质,并以纤维素酶与木聚糖酶复合处理效果最好.     

Siloguard添加剂在尖叶胡枝子青贮饲料中的应用

以尖叶胡枝子为原料,研究Siloguard添加剂（0．05％、0．1％、0．15％和0．2％）对胡枝子青贮饲料品质的改善效果。结果表明,添加Siloguard处理组的乳酸含量显著高于对照组（P〈0．05）。通过Flieg青贮饲料评分方案得出尖叶胡枝子直接青贮饲料的发酵品质较差,评分等级为劣,而Siloguard各添加浓度处理的青贮品质均明显好于对照组,其中以添加浓度为0．2％组效果最佳。     

生育期对小麦全株青贮发酵品质的影响

【目的】探讨不同生育期全株小麦发酵品质和饲用价值的优劣。【方法】用3个小麦品种（新麦18、周麦22和淮麦22）袋贮比较了乳熟期和蜡熟期全株青贮的发酵品质和饲用品质差异。【结果】乳熟期和蜡熟期小麦均适宜全株青贮利用,但全株小麦青贮的发酵品质和青贮饲料的饲用价值存在显著的生育期间差异（P＜0.05）。乳熟期小麦全株青贮饲料的pH、挥发性脂肪酸（volatile fatty acid,VFA）和总氮中氨态氮（NH3-N/TN）的含量显著低于蜡熟期,乳酸（lactic acid,LA）的含量显著高于蜡熟期,发酵品质较好;蜡熟期小麦全株青贮饲料的纤维成分（中性洗涤纤维（neutral detergent fiber,NDF）和酸性洗涤纤维,（acid detergent fiber,ADF））、可溶性碳水化合物（water soluble carbohydrates,WSC）和粗蛋白（crude protein,CP）的含量显著低于乳熟期,淀粉的含量显著增加,饲用品质较好。【结论】乳熟期小麦全株青贮的发酵品质因WSC含量高而显著优于蜡熟期;但蜡熟期青贮饲料的饲用品质则因种子比重增加,淀粉含量的增加而优于乳熟期。     

低水分青贮对黑小麦草细胞壁成分和体外干物质消化率的影响

将乳熟期的黑小麦草预干后进行低水分青贮,并与未预干的对照组、添加0.000 4%乳酸菌组、添加0.005%纤维素酶组以及添加0.000 4%乳酸菌+0.005%纤维素酶组的青贮料进行了比较.结果表明,与对照组和添加剂组相比,低水分青贮极显著地提高了黑小麦草高消化性纤维含量、高消化性纤维/总纤维和体外干物质消化率,极显著地降低了低消化性纤维/总纤维(P<0.01);青贮料的体外干物质消化率与高消化性纤维含量和高消化性纤维/总纤维呈正相关,而与低消化性纤维/总纤维呈负相关.因此,低水分青贮法优于常规及添加剂青贮法,是提高黑小麦青贮营养价值的有效途径.     

刈割时间对青贮玉米秸秆饲料营养成分的影响

国外较多的研究是从整株玉米青贮的角度研究不同品种和收获成熟期对青贮饲料营养价值的影响,而国内对青玉米秸秆青贮的研究报道多涉及提高青贮饲料的品质,为此试验选用收刈时间(生长期)为92、94、96、98、100、102和104d的高油115玉米青秸秆调制青贮饲料,研究玉米秸秆收刈时间对青贮饲料营养成分的影响,结果表明收刈时间明显影响青贮饲料的氨态氮、CP和NDF含量,尤其是明显影响青贮饲料的有机物体外降解率,收刈时间对青玉米秸秆青贮饲料的乳酸、丁酸含量和ADF含量没有明显的影响(p>0.05)。     

不同添加剂对苜蓿青贮饲料品质的影响

利用糖蜜、甲酸、乳酸菌制剂和酶制剂分别或共同对 2种不同含水率的苜蓿进行了青贮调制试验 ,结果表明 :不同添加剂处理的苜蓿 1(含水率 71%～ 73% )和苜蓿 2 (含水率 6 2 %～ 6 4 % )青贮饲料的等级均为良好 ,且发酵品质均比对照组有所提高。糖蜜使苜蓿 1和苜蓿 2青贮饲料乳酸与总酸质量比分别提高 4 7%和 32 % ,NDF降解率分别提高 10 %和 2 2 % ;乳酸菌制剂降低了青贮饲料中乳酸含量 ,提高了乙酸含量 ,使NDF降解率分别比对照组提高 2 6 %和 18% ;酶制剂提高了动物的消化率 ;乳酸菌制剂和酶制剂共同作用使乳酸与总酸质量比分别降低了37%和 39% ,同时提高了动物消化率和青贮饲料的营养价值 ;甲酸处理使饲料中乙酸与总酸质量比分别降低了31%和 2 5 % ,NDF降解率分别提高了 19%和 14 % ,并在一定程度上抑制了蛋白质和氨基酸的分解。糖蜜有效抑制了苜蓿 1青贮饲料的二次发酵 ,但苜蓿 2青贮饲料的发酵品质显著优于苜蓿 1(P <0 0 5 )。     

不同处理对花生与甜玉米秸秆混合青贮发酵品质的影响

为探讨青贮方式、混合比例及添加剂对花生秸秆和甜玉米秸秆混合青贮发酵品质的影响,设计花生秸秆和甜玉米秸秆10∶0、7∶3、5∶5和3∶7等4种混合比例青贮,采用花生秸秆表面分离的乳酸菌和3%蔗糖混合作为添加剂,调制裹包青贮,以3∶7混合比例的地上式窖贮为对照进行比较。结果表明:10∶0、7∶3和5∶5混合比例经添加剂处理后,乳酸含量显著(P0.05)升高,pH值、丁酸含量和氨态氮含量显著(P0.05)降低;添加剂处理后,10∶0混合比例青贮料的干物质含量显著(P0.05)提高,丙酸含量显著(P0.05)降低,5∶5混合比例的乙酸含量显著(P0.05)降低;无添加剂处理时青贮料采用3∶7混合比例发酵品质较好,有添加剂处理时10∶0比例发酵品质较好;裹包青贮方式较优于窖贮。     

Chemical composition and in vitro fermentation characteristics of high sugar forage sorghum as an alternative to forage maize for silage making in Tarim Basin,China

The chemical composition, mineral profile and in vitro fermentation characteristics of maize(MZ), high sugar forage sorghum(HS) and forage sorghum(FS), and silages made from each forage type were measured. The MZ and MZ silage(MZS) had higher crude protein, starch and ether extract contents than both sorghum forages and sorghum silages. HS had higher ash and water-soluble carbohydrate concentrations than FS and MZ. MZ, MZS, HS and HS silage(HSS) had lower neutral detergent fibre, acid detergent fibre and acid detergent lignin than FS and FS silage(FSS). FSS had higher dry matter(DM) and p H than MZS and HSS. HSS contained higher concentrations of P and K than FSS and MZS. MZS and HSS had higher in vitro dry matter and organic matter digestibility, CH4 production, total volatile fatty acids, acetate and propionate than FSS. p H was higher for FSS than for HSS, and ammonia was lower for HSS than for MZS and FSS. HSS had higher gas production than MZS and FSS after 2, 4, 6 and 8 h incubation. MZS had higher gas production than HSS and FSS after 26 and 28 h of incubation. The results indicate that HS may substitute for MZ to make good quality silage. However, animal studies are needed to assess the acceptability and feeding values of HSS vs. MZS for ruminant production.     

己二酸/二氧化硅复合相变储热材料的制备及性能

以己二酸为相变材料,二氧化硅溶胶为基体,采用水热法制备己二酸/二氧化硅复合相变储热材料。应用X 射线衍射仪（XRD）、外光谱分析（FT-IR）、场发射扫描电子显微镜（FE-SEM）、同步热分析仪（TG）和差示扫描量热仪（DSC）测试所制备复合材料的显微结构、相变温度和相变焓。结果表明：当反应条件为pH=5、反应温度为150℃、反应时间为4 h时,己二酸与二氧化硅之间是简单的物理嵌合关系,复合材料粒径较均匀,平均粒径在1~2μm;当己二酸的质量分数为30%时,复合材料相变温度峰值为139.0℃,相变焓为48.82 J/g;当己二酸的质量分数为50%时,复合材料相变温度峰值为140.5℃,相变焓为71.89 J/g。     

高油玉米秸秆青贮发酵动态及青贮浸提液对活体外瘤胃发酵的影响

通过研究高油玉米秸秆青贮发酵过程中营养成分和发酵参数变化的动态(试验1),以及青贮浸提液对活体外瘤胃发酵的影响(试验2),初步探明导致高油玉米秸秆青贮提高瘤胃发酵程度的因素。试验1结果显示发酵1周内,可溶性糖损失50%以上,pH降到4.0以下;乳酸含量在6周内逐步升高,而后保持不变,其他营养成分保持稳定;试验2结果表明,添加青贮浸提液后与对照组相比,最大产气量显著增加(P<0.000 1),产气速度加快(P<0.000 1),产气延滞期缩短(P=0.000 8)。其中青贮浸提液灭菌处理与否不影响产气动态参数。添加2种青贮浸提液会导致活体外人工瘤胃发酵pH显著降低(P<0.000 1)。对照组活体外瘤胃发酵液中乙酸摩尔分数最低(67.79%),其次为添加未处理浸提液组(78.48%)和灭菌浸提液组(80.19%),并且3个处理组差异显著(P<0.000 1)。丙酸摩尔分数也差异显著(P<0.000 1),其中对照的丙酸摩尔分数最高,达到21.76%,而其他2个处理组分别为8.81%和6.84%。对照组中异丁酸和异戊酸的摩尔分数均最高,分别为0.66%和0.85%。结果表明,高油玉米秸秆青贮在1周内发酵过程变化很大,发酵6周后,进入稳定阶段。添加青贮浸提液影响活体外瘤胃发酵模式,高油玉米秸秆青贮浸提液的营养成分可能是影响瘤胃微生物发酵的主要因素。     

添加剂Siloguard对全株玉米青贮饲料品质及有氧稳定性的影响

以全株玉米为原料,分别添加0.05％、0.10％ Siloguard,研究其对全株玉米青贮饲料品质的影响,并对有氧暴露0,1,3,5,7 d的全株玉米青贮饲料的有氧稳定性进行分析与测定。结果表明：与对照相比,添加Siloguard对青贮饲料pH值无显著影响,显著降低中性洗涤纤维和氨态氮含量(P＜0.05);与添加0.0...     

添加菠萝皮对构树叶青贮发酵品质 及蛋白组分的影响

构树叶粗蛋白含量高,富含氨基酸、维生素和微量元素,作为一种非常规蛋白质饲料资源有着良好的应 用前景。为促进构树叶的加工利用,研究了添加菠萝皮对构树叶青贮发酵品质的影响,并利用美国康奈尔净碳水化 合物-蛋白质体系（CNCPS）,对构树叶青贮前后蛋白组分的变化进行了分析。菠萝皮添加量为鲜构树叶的0%、5%、 10%、15%和20% 5个水平,室温青贮60 d。研究结果表明院构树叶缓冲能较高、可溶性碳水化合物（WSC）含量较少, 无添加青贮料其pH 值超过5.0,发酵品质差;添加菠萝皮能显著降低青贮料pH 值、增加乳酸含量,改善青贮发酵品 质;与对照相比,添加20%菠萝皮的青贮料其氨态氮和pH 值含量最低,WSC 含量和乳酸乙酸比最高,无丁酸产生, 青贮发酵品质最好;不添加菠萝皮的构树叶经青贮发酵,约30%的可溶性真蛋白被降解为非蛋白氮,青贮后构树叶 的PA、PC 组分显著增加,而PB3组分显著低于青贮前;菠萝皮原料较构树叶原料含有较高的PA 组分,随着菠萝皮 添加量的增加,各添加组青贮料PA 含量均显著增加。添加菠萝皮虽然能改善构树叶青贮发酵品质,但添加量不宜过 高,否则影响构树叶青贮饲料的营养价值。