Evaluation of Heat Tolerance in Wheat Germplasm Resources

【Objective】 High-throughput evaluation of winter and spring wheat accessions for heat tolerance via heat susceptibility index (HSI) could provide the potentially superior accessions for heat-tolerant breeding programs. 【Method】 In order to expose plants to high temperatures during grain filling period, winter wheat accessions were sown in normal and late seasons, and spring wheat accessions were sown in different geographical environments with contrasting temperatures. The thousand grain weight (TGW) of winter and spring wheat accessions were measured under normal and heat stress environments, respectively. HSI was calculated from the TGW data of two different conditions. Using heat susceptibility index, 1 325 wheat germplasms from different wheat ecological zones of China, and international areas and organizations, including 688 winter wheat accessions and 637 spring wheat accessions, were evaluated for heat tolerance. Genotypes were classified into four tolerant grades, i.e. highly heat-tolerant (HSI<0.50), medium heat-tolerant (0.5≤HSI<1), medium heat-susceptible (1≤HSI<1.5) and highly heat-susceptible (HSI>1.5). 【Result】 The average maximum temperature at grain filling stage under heat stress condition was higher than that of the controls by 1.91℃ for winter wheat and 7.09℃ for spring wheat, respectively. TGW under heat stress condition was significantly lower than that of the corresponding control. According to the grading evaluation results of HSI, thirty-one and 48 highly heat-tolerant winter and spring wheat accessions accounted for 4.51% and 7.54% of the test materials, 19 and 58 highly heat-susceptible winter and spring wheat accessions accounted for 2.76% and 9.11% of the tested materials, and the rest were medium germplasms (medium heat-tolerant and medium heat-susceptible). According to the geographical distribution of wheat ecological regions, winter wheat from the southern wheat region (Southwestern Winter Wheat Zone, Qinghai Tibetan Plateau Spring and Winter Wheat Zone, and Middle and Lower Yangtze Valley Winter Wheat Zone) were more tolerant than that from northern wheat region (Northern Winter Wheat Zone, and Yellow and Huai River Winter Wheat Zone). For spring wheat, the average HSI of accessions from Xinjiang Spring and Winter Wheat Zone was 0.70, which was the most heat-tolerant, and 88.00% of the accessions belong to heat-tolerant (highly heat-tolerant or medium heat-tolerant) germplasms. In addition, the average HSI of spring wheat from the International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas (ICARDA) with 0.88 showed heat-tolerant. The synthetic hexaploid wheats from CIMMYT had the weakest heat tolerance, with an average HSI of 1.18, of which 69.58% were heat-susceptible germplasms (medium heat-susceptible and highly heat-susceptible). 【Conclusion】 Delayed sowing or planting in environment with high temperatures can make wheat encounter high temperature stress at grain filling stage. High-throughput method based on the HSI of TGW was performed to evaluate heat tolerance of 1 325 winter and spring wheat germplasms. Overall, one hundred and three heat-tolerant germplasms with high yield potential were identified, which could be used as parents developing heat-tolerant wheat varieties.     

小麦种质资源耐热性评价

【目的】利用热感指数作为耐热性鉴定指标,分别对冬、春小麦种质资源进行高通量耐热性鉴定,筛选耐热种质资源,为小麦耐热性育种提供材料基础。【方法】冬小麦材料采用延期播种、春小麦材料种植在温度有显著差异的地理环境下,人为致使小麦灌浆期遭遇高温胁迫。根据不同环境处理的千粒重值计算冬、春小麦各个材料的热感指数。依据热感指数,对来自中国不同小麦生态区和国外不同地区和组织的1 325份小麦种质资源,包括688份冬小麦和637份春小麦,分别进行耐热性评价。热感指数小于0.5为极耐热材料、大于等于0.5小于1为中等耐热材料、大于等于1小于1.5为中等热敏感材料、大于等于1.5为极敏感材料。【结果】冬小麦和春小麦热胁迫处理组灌浆期平均最高温度分别高于对照组1.91℃和7.09℃,且热胁迫处理组千粒重与对照组相比均有显著降低。根据热感指数分级评价结果,极耐热冬、春小麦材料31和48份,占供试材料的4.51%和7.54%;极敏感冬、春小麦材料19和58份,占供试材料的2.76%和9.11%;其余大多数材料为中间类型（中等耐热材料和中等热敏感材料）。从中国小麦生态区域的地理分布来看,来自南部麦区（西南冬麦区、青藏春冬麦区、长江中下游冬麦区）的冬小麦材料耐热性整体高于来自北部麦区（北部冬麦区、黄淮冬麦区）的冬小麦材料。对于春小麦,来自新疆春冬麦区的材料耐热性最强,平均热感指数为0.70,且其中88.00%的材料属于耐热材料（极耐热材料或中等耐热材料）;此外,来自国际干旱地区农业研究中心的春小麦平均热感指数为0.88,也表现出较强的耐热性。来自CIMMYT的人工合成六倍体材料耐热性最弱,平均HSI为1.18,其中69.58%的材料为热敏感材料（中等热敏感材料和极敏感材料）。【结论】采用延期播种或在高温的地理环境下种植能使小麦在灌浆期遭遇高温胁迫。以千粒重热感指数作为评价指标,对1 325份小麦种质资源进行高通量耐热性鉴定,综合考虑正常条件下的产量潜力和高温条件下的耐热性,筛选出优异耐热资源103份,可用于相应生态区小麦的耐热性遗传改良。     

Association analysis of grain traits with SSR markers between Aegilops tauschii and hexaploid wheat(Triticum aestivum L.)

Seven important grain traits, including grain length(GL), grain width(GW), grain perimeter(GP), grain area(GA), grain length/width ratio(GLW), roundness(GR), and thousand-grain weight(TGW), were analyzed using a set of 139 simple sequence repeat(SSR) markers in 130 hexaploid wheat varieties and 193 Aegilops tauschii accessions worldwide. In total, 1 612 alleles in Ae. tauschii and 1 360 alleles in hexaploid wheat(Triticum aestivum L.) were detected throughout the D genome. 197 marker-trait associations in Ae. tauschii were identified with 58 different SSR loci in 3 environments, and the average phenotypic variation value(R2) ranged from 0.68 to 15.12%. In contrast, 208 marker-trait associations were identified in wheat with 66 different SSR markers in 4 environments and the average phenotypic R2 ranged from 0.90 to 19.92%. Further analysis indicated that there are 6 common SSR loci present in both Ae. tauschii and hexaploid wheat, which are significantly associated with the 5 investigated grain traits(i.e., GA, GP, GR, GL, and TGW) and in total, 16 alleles derived from the 6 aforementioned SSR loci were shared by Ae. tauschii and hexaploid wheat. These preliminary data suggest the existence of common alleles may explain the evolutionary process and the selection between Ae. tauschii and hexaploid wheat. Furthermore, the genetic differentiation of grain shape and thousand-grain weight were observed in the evolutionary developmental process from Ae. tauschii to hexaploid wheat.     

小麦周8425B×小偃81重组自交系群体千粒重相关性状的QTL定位及单倍型分析

【目的】周8425B是中国小麦重要骨干亲本之一,小偃81是李振声院士选育的高产、优质、多穗型品种。千粒重是影响小麦产量的重要因素,发掘周8425B和小偃81的千粒重及相关性状的QTL,并分析不同生态区小麦品种所含QTL的单倍型与千粒重的关系,发掘优异单倍型,为不同生态区提高小麦产量及分子辅助育种提供基因型参考。【方法】以周8425B×小偃81衍生的重组自交系群体（F₈）为研究对象,分别于2015和2016年在陕西杨凌（早晚播）进行田间种植,收获后对籽粒相关性状进行测量。利用90K芯片标记构建的高密度遗传图谱对3个环境下的千粒重、籽粒长、籽粒宽和籽粒厚进行QTL定位。同时,针对稳定的主效QTL开发相应的KASP分子标记,并以479份国内外小麦种质组成的自然群体为材料进行分子检测,结合自然群体的千粒重等性状进行关联分析;此外,从479份小麦中挑选出106份含有660K芯片基因型数据的当前黄淮麦区推广的小麦品种,以主效QTL置信区间的差异SNP为基础,进行目标QTL定位区间的单倍型分析,从而判断黄淮麦区中陕西、河南和山东种质材料中的优势类群。【结果】QTL定位结果显示,3个环境下共在8条染色体上检测到22个QTL,表型变异解释率（PVE）范围为4.77%—19.95%,12个位点为主效QTL（PVE>10%）,其中Qkgw.nwafu-6B可能为新QTL。4A、6A、6B、7D染色体上的QTL在多个环境中被检测到,其中,4A和7D染色体处QTL与已报道的相关位点位置相同或接近。6A染色体上的QTL区间包含已知千粒重基因TaGW2-6A,根据TaGW2-6A的分子功能标记检测结果,周8425B和小偃81同时含有TaGW2-6A,此外,基于单倍型分析结果,二者存在于不同的类群中,因此,该位点不同于TaGW2-6A,也可能为新的QTL。单倍型分析结果显示,Qkgw.nwafu-6A总共分为5种单倍型,在不同产区占比超过20%的为6A_h1,其在3个地点千粒重数据均高于其他单倍型;Qkgw.nwafu-6B总共分为8种单倍型,在不同产区占比超过20%的为6B_h6,在河南两点千粒重数据较高,推测含有这两类单倍型的材料为优势类群。此外,针对Qkgw.nwafu-6B开发出共分离的KASP标记,并在479份材料组成的自然群体显著性检测中证明该位点与千粒重表型显著相关。【结论】Qkgw.nwafu-6A和Qkgw.nwafu-6B可能为新的与千粒重相关的主效QTL位点,6A_h1和6B_h6为优势单倍型,开发了一个与Qkgw.nwafu-6B共分离的分子标记KASP_IWA349,可用于分子标记辅助育种。     

dCAPS markers developed for nitrate transporter genes TaNRT2L12s associating with 1 000-grain weight in wheat

Nitrate transporters(NRTs) are regulators of nitrate assimilation and transport. The genome sequences of TaNRT2L12-A,-B and -D were cloned from wheat(Triticum aestivum L.), and polymorphisms were analyzed by sequencing. TaNRT2L12-D in a germplasm population was highly conserved. However, 38 single nucleotide polymorphisms(SNPs) in TaNRT2L12-A coding region and 11 SNPs in TaNRT2L12-B coding region were detected. Two derived cleaved amplified polymorphic sequences(d CAPS) markers A-CSNP1 and A-CSNP2 were developed for TaNRT2L12-A based on SNP-351 and SNP-729, and three haplotypes were identified in the germplasm population. B-CSNP1 and B-CSNP2 were developed for TaNRT2L12-B based on SNP-237 and SNP-1 227, and three haplotypes were detected in the germplasm population. Association analyses between the markers and agronomic traits in 30 environments and phenotypic comparisons revealed that A-CSNP2-A is a superior allele of shorter plant height(PH), length of penultimate internode(LPI) and peduncle length(PL), B-CSNP2-G is a superior allele of higher grain number per spike(GNS). Hap-6B-1 containing both superior alleles B-CSNP1-C and B-CSNP2-A is a superior haplotype of 1 000-grain weight(TGW). Expression analysis showed that TaNRT2L12-B is mainly expressed in the root base and regulated by nitrate. Therefore, TaNRT2L12 may be involved in nitrate transport and signaling to regulate TGW in wheat. The superior alleles and d CAPS markers of TaNRT2L12-A/B are beneficial to genetic improvement and germplasm enhancement with molecular markers-assisted selection.     

密度对春小麦籽粒灌浆特性的影响

在河西绿洲生态条件下,以旱地春小麦‘西旱1号’为材料,在密度为18.17~520.83基本苗.m-2范围内预设12个密度处理,研究了密度对籽粒灌浆的影响.结果表明:密度处理产量的变幅为2 508.08~5 276.46kg.hm-2,千粒质量的变幅为42.20~53.82 g.各密度处理的灌浆过程可用Logistic方程模拟.渐增期、快增期、缓增期对籽粒的贡献率分别为18.08%~27.10%、55.00%~67.68%、13.10%~34.99%.随着密度的增大,灌浆持续期(T)缩短,平均灌浆速率(R)降低,其中以18.17基本苗.m-2的R最高,401.50基本苗.m-2最低,但各密度处理最大灌浆速率出现的时间基本一致.千粒质量与T(0.912**)、R(0.752**)、最大灌浆速率出现的时间(TRmax)(0.910**)、最大灌浆速率(Rmax)(0.893**)、渐增期灌浆持续时间(T1)(0.701**)、快增期灌浆持续时间(T2)(0.730**)、缓增期灌浆持续时间(T3)(0.866**)、渐增期灌浆速率(R1)(0.751**)和快增期灌浆速率(R2)(0.804**)均呈极显著正相关,与缓增期灌浆速率(R3)(-0.163)相关不显著.T对粒质量的影响大于R的影响,但R与Rmax(0.782**)、TRmax(0.739**)呈极显著正相关.     

小麦转录因子基因W16的功能标记作图和关联分析

【目的】开发小麦DREB转录因子基因W16的功能标记,进行遗传作图,并结合表型性状关联分析,为利用分子标记进行小麦遗传改良提供依据。【方法】以六倍体普通小麦及其野生近缘种的二倍体和四倍体为材料,克隆W16的DNA序列;根据序列多态性设计分子标记;利用中国春缺四体材料对基因进行染色体定位,用DH群体（旱选10号×鲁麦14）进行精细定位并作图;以154份六倍体普通小麦材料构成的自然群体分析表型性状与基因单倍型的关联特性。【结果】利用中国春缺四体材料先将W16定位在1A染色体上。后利用DH群体将W16定位于染色体1A的CWM517和WMC20标记之间,距左、右标记的遗传距离分别为7.8 cM和19.4 cM。在小麦自然群体中共检测到W16的3种单倍型,分别与单株穗数、穗粒数、每穗小穗数和籽粒饱满度关联。【结论】确定了W16所在的染色体位置,鉴定出HapⅡ为增加单株穗数和籽粒饱满度的优良单倍型,HapⅢ为提高穗粒数的优良单倍型,该基因的功能标记和关联分析结果为小麦分子育种提供了重要信息。     

不同种植密度对小麦籽粒灌浆特性及产量的影响

[目的]研究不同种植密度对冬小麦籽粒灌浆特性及产量的影响,以期为河西灌区冬小麦高产栽培制定合理的密植范围。[方法]设计了225万(T1)、300万(T2)、375万(T3)、450万(T4)、525万(T5)、600万(T6)、675万(T7)、750万(T8)、825万(T9)、900万(T10)、975万(T11)、1 050万(T12)基本苗/hm2共12个密度处理,分别运用R ichards模型、一元二次方程模拟了冬小麦籽粒干物质增长过程及籽粒灌浆速率随花后时间的变化情况,并对所建立的R ichards模型进行推导得到基本的灌浆参数,通过SPSS、DPS软件对籽粒灌浆参数与千粒重进行相关、逐步回归及以及通径分析。[结果]不同密度处理间千粒重、单位面积穗数、穗粒数、单株穗数、单位面积籽粒产量均存在显著差异;不同密度处理冬小麦的籽粒灌浆均符合慢-快-慢的"S"型生长特性,用R ichards模型能很好地模拟冬小麦籽粒增重过程,用一元二次抛物线方程能较好地模拟冬小麦灌浆速率随花后时间变化过程;不同密度处理间平均灌浆速率、最大灌浆速率有较大差异,最大差异率分别为33.98%、22.61%,T7的平均灌浆速率1.26 mg/(grain.d)及最大灌浆速率2.44 mg/(grain.d)均最大,T12的平均灌浆速率0.94 mg/(grain.d)及最大灌浆速率1.99 mg/(grain.d)均最小;平均灌浆速率、最大灌浆速率、灌浆活跃期、灌浆快增期与千粒重显著或极显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.628*、0.630*、0.849**、0.739**;通径分析表明,灌浆活跃期对千粒重的贡献最大。[结论]灌浆活跃期对千粒重的贡献最大,河西绿洲灌区冬小麦的适宜密度范围为675万~750万基本苗/hm2。     

不同生态环境下冬小麦籽粒大小相关性状的QTL分析

 【目的】鉴定影响籽粒大小相关性状的QTL,并估计QTL的表型效应;分析不同环境下QTL的稳定性。【方法】以冬小麦小粒地方品种和尚麦为母本,大粒育成品种豫8679为父本及其F7:8重组自交系的142个株系为试验材料,分析籽粒长度、宽度、厚度、体积及千粒重在北京（2006、2007）、合肥（2007）和成都（2007）4个不同环境下的性状表现,并利用已构建的含有170个SSR标记和2个EST标记的遗传图谱,对这5个性状进行QTL定位分析。【结果】4个环境下共检测到93个影响籽粒长度、宽度、厚度、体积及千粒重的QTL,这些QTL分布在除1D和6A之外的所有小麦染色体上。在检测到的QTL中,与籽粒长度、宽度、厚度、体积和千粒重相关的QTL分别为17、16、18、21和21个。另外,本研究还在1A、1B、2A、2D、3A、3B、5A、5B、5D、6A、6D、7B和7D染色体上共发现了18个QTL富集区。【结论】获得93个影响小麦籽粒大小相关性状的QTL,这些QTL可作为利用分子标记辅助育种途径进行小麦遗传改良的依据。     

HapIII of TaSAP1-A1, a Positively Selected Haplotype in Wheat Breeding

Stress-associated protein (SAP) has functions in maintaining plant cell elongation, embryo development and response to abiotic stresses. TaSAP1-A1, one of the Triticum aestivum SAP1 (TaSAP1) members located on wheat chromosome 7A was isolated for polymorphism analysis. HapIII of TaSAP1-A1 was found significantly associated with thousand-grain weight (TGW) in multiple environments. In this study, HapIII also made a positive contribution to TGW in Population 2. The distribution of TaSAP1-A1 HapIII was tracked among varieties released in different years and geographical environments of China. The frequency of HapIII showed an increasing trend during the breeding process in two different populations. The HapIII was gradually selected and applied from 6.36% in landraces to 13.50% in modern varieties. These results exhibited that TaSAP1-A1 HapIII was positively selected during wheat breeding, which is beneficial for grain-yield improvement. The preferred HapIII was initially selected and applied in the higher latitude areas of China in accord with the long day season and longer grain filling stage in these areas. Moreover, the frequency of HapIII in recent modern varieties was still quite low (19.29–26.67%). It indicated a high application potential of TaSAP1-A1 HapIII for improving grain yield in wheat breeding.     

Cu在小麦不同部位的分配特征

以郑州9023为材料,研究了小麦不同生育期植株不同部位Cu的含量、累积量以及不同生育阶段的吸 收量。结果表明,在整个生长过程中,小麦不同部位Cu的吸收、分配和累积随着时间的推移而不断变化,至灌 浆末期,各部位Cu含量从大到小依次为根>叶、废弃物、颖片>叶鞘>籽粒>茎、穗轴,地上各部位Cu累积量 从大到小依次为籽粒>茎、颖片>废弃物、叶鞘>叶>穗轴,因此,在小麦植株中较易富集Cu的部位是根、籽 粒和颖片;小麦在拔节-灌浆中期Cu吸收量及吸收速率明显高于其他时期。     

小麦灌浆期耐热性QTL定位分析

【目的】以普通小麦加倍单倍体（DH）群体（旱选10号×鲁麦14）的150个株系为材料,鉴定其灌浆期耐热相关生理性状及千粒重耐热指数,并进行QTL定位,以期发掘具有显著效应以及不同环境中稳定表达的主效QTL,为改良小麦耐热性提供理论依据及分子标记。【方法】运用基于混合线性模型的复合区间作图法,以耐热指数为耐热性指标,对DH群体在田间雨养和灌溉2种土壤水分条件下的耐热性进行QTL定位。【结果】2种土壤水分条件下共检测到12个控制不同性状耐热指数的加性效应QTL,对表型变异的贡献率范围为2.64%—11.41%,其中,9个QTL与环境存在互作效应,对耐热指数表型变异的贡献率为1.41%—4.66%;检测到17对上位性效应QTL,对表型变异的贡献率为2.45%—8.84%,其中,仅4对与环境有互作效应,对表型变异的贡献率为0.62%—2.32%。控制耐热性的QTL来自双亲,DH群体中有耐热性超亲的株系存在。【结论】评价小麦灌浆期的耐热性,千粒重耐热指数是最直接的指标,生理性状指标为耐热性鉴定的间接辅助指标,其中,旱地条件下选用旗叶相对含水量耐热指数作为间接指标较好,而灌溉条件下选用气冠温差耐热指数较好。染色体1B、2D、5A、5B、6A、6B和7A对灌浆期耐热性贡献较大。千粒重耐热指数和旗叶叶绿素含量耐热指数的遗传以加性效应为主,叶绿素荧光参数耐热指数和气冠温差耐热指数的遗传以上位性效应为主,而叶片相对含水量耐热指数的遗传加性效应与上位性效应都重要。     

小麦品种偃展1号与品系早穗30重组自交系群体遗传连锁图谱构建及重要农艺性状的QTL分析

【目的】构建重组自交系(recombinant inbred line,RIL)群体及其遗传连锁图谱,对小麦重要农艺性状进行数量性状位点(quantitative trait locus,QTL)分析,为发现小麦新基因与分子标记辅助育种奠定基础。【方法】配制普通小麦品种(系)早穗30和偃展1号的杂交组合,通过一粒传的方法培育重组自交系群体;利用SSR(simple sequence repeat)标记、DarT(diversity arrays technology)标记、ISBP(insertion site-basedpolymorphism)标记以及抽穗期和株高的功能标记绘制其遗传连锁图谱并通过复合区间作图法(Compositeinterval mapping,CIM)对多个环境下的抽穗期、株高、千粒重、穗粒数、每穗小穗数、穗长等农艺性状进行QTL定位分析。【结果】培育出由219个F7家系组成的重组自交系群体;构建了含481个分子标记的遗传连锁图谱;检测出分布在12条染色体上的26个与重要农艺性状相关的QTL,其中9个QTL能够在至少2个环境下重复;研究还发现了3个QTL聚集的"QTL簇",其中4D染色体上的矮秆基因Rht2所在区段控制株高与千粒重,5D染色体上的Vrn-D1-WMS212区间控制抽穗期、穗粒数与每穗小穗数,7B染色体上wPt4230-wPt4814区段控制抽穗期、穗粒数、株高与穗长。【结论】构建的小麦遗传作图群体可成功地用于重要农艺性状分析;矮秆基因Rht2与春化基因Vrn-D12个发育相关基因均与多个重要农艺性状有关;在7B上可能存在与发育相关的重要新基因。     

Grain zinc and iron concentrations of Chinese wheat landraces and cultivars and their responses to foliar micronutrient applications

Grain zinc(Zn) and iron(Fe) concentrations and their responses to foliar application of micronutrients in 28 Chinese wheat landraces and 63 cultivars were investigated in a two-year field experiment. The average grain Zn and Fe concentrations were 41.8 mg kg^–1(29.0-63.3 mg kg^–1) and 39.7 mg kg^–1(27.9-67.0 mg kg^–1), respectively. Compared with cultivars, landraces had greater grain Zn(11.0%) and Fe(4.8%) concentrations but lower harvest index(HI), grain...     

钾锰配施对旱地冬小麦后期生长及子粒灌浆的影响

为了对钾锰肥合理施用提供理论依据,研究了钾锰配施对旱地冬小麦后期生长及子粒灌浆的影响。结果表明:钾锰配施明显提高了旱地冬小麦的旗叶叶绿素含量、光合速率和小麦子粒的千粒重;钾锰配施处理小麦子粒的平均灌浆速率(Ra)和灌浆第二阶段即灌浆快增期的灌浆速率(R2)明显高于无钾、锰肥处理;钾锰配施对旱地冬小麦有极显著的增产效应。     

追氮时期对冬小麦品种矮抗58子粒灌浆特性的影响

在大田高产栽培条件下,以冬小麦品种矮抗58为试验材料,研究了不同追氮时期(越冬期、返青期、起身期、拔节期和孕穗期)对其子粒灌浆特性的影响。结果表明,不同时期追氮处理小麦子粒灌浆过程均呈慢-快-慢的"S"型变化曲线,子粒鲜重和干重随灌浆进程的推进呈增加趋势;子粒体积随灌浆进程推进呈先增加后下降的趋势。不同追氮时期对矮抗58子粒灌浆特性的效应不同,以起身期追氮子粒干物质积累量和灌浆速率表现最大。     

Association mapping of quantitative trait loci for yield-related agronomic traits in rice(Oryza sativa L.)

High yield in rice mainly depends on large grain weight, ideal plant architecture and proper flowering time adapting to various geographic regions. To help achieve higher yield, phenotype variations of heading date(HD), plant architecture and grain shape in a panel of 416 rice accessions were investigated in this study. A total of 143 markers including 100 simple sequence repeat(SSR) markers and 43 gene-tagged markers were employed in association mapping to detect quantitative trait loci(QTL) responsible for these variations. Among the 7 subpopulations, POP5 in japonica group showed the largest values of HD and grain width(GW), but the smallest values of grain length(GL) and grain length to width ratio(GLW). Among the six indica groups, POP7 had the largest values of HD, GL, GLW, and 1 000-grain weight(TGW). A total of 27 QTLs were detected underlying these phenotypic variations in single year, while 12 of them could be detected in 2006 and 2007. GS3 marker was closely associated with GL, GW and GLW, and widely distributed in different groups. The starch synthesis related gene markers, SSI, SSIIa, SBE1, AGPL4, and ISA1, were linked to plant height(PH), panicle length(PL), flag leaf length(FLL), GW, and GLW. The SSR markers, RM267, RM340 and RM346, were linked to at least two traits. Therefore, these new markers will probably be used to improve rice grain yield or plant architecture when performing marker-assisted selection of proper alleles.     

灌浆期遮光对糯小麦和非糯小麦淀粉组分及理化特性的影响

【目的】揭示灌浆期遮光对糯小麦和非糯小麦籽粒淀粉理化特性影响的差异,探讨籽粒淀粉组分与理化特性的内在联系。【方法】大田条件下,选用非糯小麦品种轮选987和糯小麦品种农大糯50222,分别于灌浆前期(花后1—10 d)、灌浆中期(花后11—20 d)和灌浆后期(花后21—30 d)遮去60%的光合有效辐射处理,以大田自然光强为对照(CK),研究灌浆期遮光对糯小麦和非糯小麦籽粒淀粉组分和理化特性的影响。【结果】灌浆期遮光显著降低小麦籽粒总淀粉、直链淀粉和支链淀粉含量,其中灌浆前期遮光降低幅度最大,而灌浆后期最小,且弱光对轮选987总淀粉含量的影响大于农大糯50222。灌浆期遮光轮选987直/支比值增大;而农大糯50222的直/支比值在灌浆前期和中期遮光后减小,灌浆后期遮光无变化;灌浆前期和后期遮光显著提高轮选987淀粉B型淀粉粒的体积、表面积和数目比例,降低A型淀粉粒的体积、表面积和数目比例,而灌浆中期遮光则呈相反趋势。灌浆期遮光均显著提高了农大糯50222淀粉B型淀粉粒的体积、表面积和数目比例,降低了A型淀粉粒的体积、表面积和数目比例。灌浆期遮光两小麦淀粉的相对结晶度呈降低趋势,遮光对其影响程度随遮光时期的延迟而减小,且农大糯50222淀粉的相对结晶度显著大于轮选987。灌浆前期和灌浆中期遮光降低了轮选987淀粉的峰值黏度、谷值黏度、最终黏度和稀懈值。灌浆各时期遮光均降低了农大糯50222淀粉的上述指标,但仍高于轮选987。相关性分析表明,直链淀粉含量、直支比值与最终黏度、反弹值、峰值黏度、谷值黏度及糊化时间呈显著负相关,支链淀粉含量与其呈显著正相关。B型淀粉粒的体积比例与最终黏度和反弹值呈显著负相关。B型淀粉粒表面积比例和相对结晶度、最终黏度、反弹值、糊化时间呈显著正相关,与糊化温度呈显著负相关。【结论】灌浆期遮光改变了小麦胚乳淀粉组分、粒度分布、相对结晶度及其主要糊化特征参数。小麦胚乳淀粉组分与晶体特性和糊化特性之间均存在明显的相关性,表明遮光影响了小麦淀粉组分,间接影响了其理化特性。     

小麦TaSnRK2.10的多态性及与农艺性状的关联

【目的】蔗糖非发酵蛋白激酶（SnRK）是一类丝氨酸/苏氨酸蛋白激酶,在植物信号传递途径中发挥着重要作用。研究小麦TaSnRK2.10的多态性,开发其功能标记,并进行标记-表型性状关联分析,为利用分子标记进行遗传改良和种质创新提供依据。【方法】以30份多态性较高的六倍体普通小麦及其野生近缘种的二倍体和四倍体为材料,通过测序分析TaSnRK2.10-A的序列多态性;利用中国春缺-四体材料对该基因进行染色体定位;利用RIL群体（偃展1号×内乡188）对基因进行遗传定位;根据TaSnRK2.10-A序列多态性,开发分子标记,以262份普通小麦构成的自然群体为材料分析基因单倍型与表型性状的关联特性。【结果】克隆了小麦TaSnRK2.10的A、D基因组序列,在由30份多态性较高的小麦材料组成的自然群体中,没有检测到来自D基因组的TaSnRK2.10-D序列多态性;TaSnRK2.10-A全长4 688 bp,包括启动子1 934 bp、5′-UTR 343 bp、编码区2 319 bp及3′-UTR 92 bp。在基因全长序列中共检测到15个SNP、2个InDel。其中,启动子区有8个SNP,5′-UTR有2个,编码区有5个。位于编码区的5个SNP中,2个存在于外显子,其中一个是非同义突变。2个InDel均位于编码区。根据序列多态性分别设计了启动子区的分子标记PM1和PM2,以及基因编码区的分子标记GM1和GM2。利用中国春缺-四体材料将TaSnRK2.10-A定位于小麦染色体4A,利用RIL群体将TaSnRK2.10-A定位在染色体4A的标记Xwpt7001和WMC48之间,与2个侧翼标记的遗传距离分别为5.1 cM和25.7 cM。利用开发的4个分子标记,将自然群体的262份材料分为4种单倍型,分别与千粒重、单株穗数和每穗小穗数显著相关或极显著相关,HapⅡ和HapⅢ是提高千粒重的优异单倍型。4 184 bp位点为C时,为高千粒重的优异等位变异。【结论】小麦TaSnRK2.10-A位于染色体4A。HapⅡ和HapⅢ是提高千粒重的优异单倍型,HapⅣ是提高单株穗数的优异单倍型,4 184 bp位点的胞嘧啶（C）是优异等位变异。     

小麦应用肥力高的效果研究

测定了肥力高对小麦植株性状及产量的影响,结果表明,施用肥力高对小麦植株性状、产量构成因素和产量有显著的促进作用。平均株高增加2.08cm,茎粗增加0.31mm,穗长增加0.27cm,小穗数增加0.97,穗粒数增加3.93,不孕小穗降低0.68,千粒重提高0.98g,平均增产22.34%。肥力高对小麦株高、茎粗、穗长、小穗数、穗粒数的影响为叶面喷施>拌种,对不孕小穗和千粒重的影响为拌种>叶面喷施。小麦植株性状达预定目标和产量≥4500kg/hm2的肥力高用量为拌种5.45～15.43kg/hm2,叶面喷施浓度9.48～20.78g/kg。