Deficiency of reduced nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide oxidase in chronic granulomatous disease

Reduced nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide oxidase of normal human polymorphonuclear leukocytes has properties that would qualify it as the enzyme responsible for the respiratory burst during phagocytosis. The enzyme was deficient in leukocytes of five patients with chronic granulomatous disease. This lack of adequate reduced nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide oxidase could be the basis for the metabolic abnormalities characteristic of these leukocytes and for their diminished bactericidal activity.     

Alcohol dehydrogenase of Drosophila: interconversion of isoenzymes

Isoenzymes of alcohol dehydrogenase extracted from Drosophila melanogaster are interconvertible and can be distinguished by electrophoretic mobility. When adsorbed on diethylaminoethyl cellulose, the faster-moving forms are converted to the slowest-moving form; the latter is converted to the former in the presence of 0.05 molar nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide, and the conversion is accompanied by the binding of 3.5 moles of the dinucleotide per mole of enzyme. A change in heat stability accompanies the conversion of the slowest form of alcohol dehydrogenase to the fastest form; the latter becomes stable at 45 degrees C. The increased heat stability may indicate that a conformational change in the alcohol dehydrogenase occurs along with the binding of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide.     

Reduced nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase: activity enhanced by ethanol consumption

Prolonged consumption of ethanol enhances the activities of the hepatic microsomal ethanol oxidizing system and of reduced nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase, but not of catalase. The oxidase-catalase system is not part of the microsomal ethanol oxidizing system since catalase inhibitors dissociate ethanol oxidation by the two pathways. Enhanced reduced nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase activity may contribute to liver injury, possibly by favoring lipoperoxidation.     

Hexokinase isoenzymes in human erythrocytes

The electrophoretic mobility of hexokinase from human erythrocytes and other tissues was studied with a new method that depends on the fluorescence of reduced nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate for detecting enzyme activity on starch gel. The hexokinase of cord-blood erythrocytes has slightly different electrophoretic properties from that of adult red cells. Type I enzyme is split into type I(A) and type I(F); the latter is more intense in cord blood; in hemolyzates of adult blood, the activity of the two bands is usually about equal. No type II enzyme was found in cord blood. The double type I band was present in red cells from adult rabbits.     

Tyramine-H3: deaminated metabolites in neuroblastoma tumors and in continuous cell line of a neuroblastoma

Neuroblastoma tumors, as well as cultured cells of neuroblastoma, contain high monoamine oxidase activity. The major deaminated metabolite of tyramine-H(3) in the incubation mixtures with the tumors or with the cultured cells is p-hydroxyphenylacetaldehyde. Upon addition of reduced nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate, the aldehyde was further metabolized by the reductive pathway to p-hydroxyphenylethanol, whereas upon addition of nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate the aldehyde was only metabolized to a minor extent by the oxidative pathway to p-hydroxyphenylacetic acid. Aldehyde dehydrogenase activity is very low in the neuroblastoma tumors and in the cultured neuroblastoma cells. The generation of aldehydes and alcohols by the action of monoamine oxidase suggests that the deaminated metabolites of biogenic amines might exhibit some toxic effects in neuroblastoma patients.     

Physiological concentrations of lactate dehydrogenases and substrate inhibition

Lactate dehydrogenases at physiological concentrations are inhibited by high concentrations of pyruvate when the enzyme and the pyruvate are incubated in the presence of oxidized nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide before assay. The inhibition is much more pronounced with the H-type than with the M-type lactate dehydrogenase. These results suggest that substrate inhibition may be operative in vivo.     

Lead effects on corn mitochondrial respiration

Oxidation of exogenous nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide and succinate by corn mitochondria was measured as a function of lead chloride concentration. Lead chloride (50 to 62 micromoles per liter) stimulated oxidation of exogenous reduced nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide by 174 to 640 percent depending on the reaction mediums, whereas lead chloride (12.5 micromoles per liter) inhibited succinate oxidation by more than 80 percent. When inorganic phosphate was included in reaction mediums the subsequent addition of lead was without effect due to the low solubility of lead phosphate. If addition of lead was followed by addition of phosphate the inhibition of succinate oxidation by lead was released, but there was no reduction in the stimulation of oxidation of reduced nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide by lead. The effects of lead on plant growth might be accentuated under conditions of phosphate deficiency.     

Metabolism of rotenone in vitro by tissue homogenates from mammals and insects

Hydroxylation of rotenone in vitro in the enzyme system composed of microsomes and reduced nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate, and in living mice and houseflies, yields products tentatively identified as rotenolone I; rotenolone II; 8'-hydroxyrotenone; 6',7'-dihydro-6',7'-dihydroxyrotenone; two rotenolones of each of the last-mentioned two compounds; and uncharacterized polar materials. The toxicity of certain of these rotenoids to mice is of the same order as that of rotenone.     

Mycobacterium tuberculosis in macrophages: effect of certain surfactants and other membrane-active compounds

Some compounds, not directly inhibitory or enhancing, nevertheless influence growth of tubercle bacilli in macrophages in cell culture. They include certain surfactants whose effects can be varied by their structural design. The compounds are probably stored in cell lysosomes. They can interact with various membranes to affect permeability. The anti- and protuberculous surfactants differ in such interaction and also in effect on lysosomal enzyme activity in infected macrophages. A link between the effect on lysosomal membranes and on tuberculous infection is suggested.     

Insulin secretion from toadfish islet tissue stimulated by pyridine nucleotides

The addition of glucose stimulated release of insulin from the isolated islet tissue of the toadfish incubated in vitro. Reduced nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide also stimulated insulin release, whereas the oxidized form had no effect. Both oxidized and reduced nicotinamide-adenine dinucleatide phosphate stimulated insulin release, but the reduced form was significantly more effective.     

D(-)-lactate dehydrogenase in lower fungi

A lactate dehydrogenase, specific for nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide and D(-)-lactate, has been detected in extracts from two fungi of the order Leptomitales (Oomycetes). Several fungi of this order carry out a lactic acid fermentation under conditions of reduced oxygen tension.     

Pyrazole and induction of fatty liver by a single dose of ethanol

Pyrazole (4 millimoles per kilogram or 272 milligrams per kilogram of body weight), given to fasted rats 10 minutes before gavage with ethanol (4 grams per kilogram), completely prevented both the disappearance of ethanol from the blood over a 16-hour period and the ethanol-induced reduction in the ratio of oxidized to reduced hepatic nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide. However, it did not affect the accumulation of triglycerides in the liver after the administration of ethanol. These results indicate that metabolism of ethanol is not required for production of fatty liver by a single, large dose of ethanol.     

Methylene-C14-dioxyphenyl compounds: metabolism in relation to their synergistic action

The methylene-C(14) group is hydroxylated yielding formate-C(14) in the microsome-reduced nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide phosphate system in vitro and yielding expired C(14)O(2), in living mice and houseflies. Methylenedioxyphenyl compounds apparently serve as alternate substrates for this enzymatic hydroxylation system of microsomes, and thus reduce the rate of metabolism and prolong the action of certain drugs and insecticide chemicals.     

Force, shortening, and work in muscular contraction: relative contributions to overall energy utilization

The amounts of energy used during muscular contraction under different loads have been compared by measurement of the total amount of disturbance of the concentration of reduced nicotinamide-adenine dinucleotide during the period of oxidative recovery. The results are in quantitative agreement with the concept that three parameters determine the energy utilization: namely the time-integral of the force development, the time-integral of the shortening process, and the mechanical work.     

IMMUNIZATION AGAINST MALARIA: VACCINATION OF DUCKS WITH KILLED PARASITES INCORPORATED WITH ADJUVANTS

When ducks are injected with formalin-inactivated P. lophurae in combination with a lanolin-like substance, paraffin oil and killed tubercle bacilli, they develop considerable resistance to subsequent infection with P. lophurae.     

Passive transfer of tuberculin reactivity in vitro

A factor capable of effecting passive transfer in vivo of delayed hypersensitivity to tuberculin to recipients that are tuberculin negative was isolated from the dialyzate of disrupted leukocytes of tuberculin-positive individuals. After this factor was incubated with cultures of peripheral leukocytes from tuberculin-negative individuals, the addition of purified protein derivative of tubercle bacilli resulted in leukocyte stimulation similar to that observed after addition of purified protein derivative to leukocytes from tuberculin-positive individuals.     

Airborne immunization against tuberculosis

Inhalation of very small numbers of living attenuated (BCG) organisms and their multiplication in guinea pigs results in the development of acquired resistance against subsequent airborne infection with virulent tubercle bacilli. Different strains of BCG have differing capacities to immunize by this means.     

Genetic aspects of increase in rat liver aldehyde dehydrogenase induced by phenobarbital

In the supernatant fraction of homogenized rat liver, the activity of aldehyde dehydrogenase that is dependent on nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (E.C. 1.2.1.3) is increased up to tenfold after administration of phenobarbital for 3 days. The effect is genetically controlled and is inherited as an autosomal dominant characteristic. The mechanism is apparently unrelated to other druginduced increases in enzyme activity such as that which occurs in the hepatic microsomal systems for drug metabolism.     

Delayed hypersensitivity in mice; its detection by skin tests and its passive transfer

Mice vaccinated intraperitoneally with a water-in-oil emulsion containing ovalbumin and avirulent tubercle bacilli developed strong immediate and delayed hypersensitivities, demonstrable by intracutaneous injection, to the ovalbumin. The two types of hypersensitivity could be differentiated by gross characteristics as well as by passive-transfer experiments with cells and serum from actively sensitized donors.     

甜菜对豆磺隆敏感性与质膜过氧化关系的研究

利用田间框栽和水培方法,研究了豆磺隆胁迫下,不同耐性甜菜对豆磺隆的敏感性与SOD活性、POD活性及MDA含量的关系。结果表明,豆磺隆胁迫下,随用药后时间的延长,耐性甜菜品系NE02-1叶片中POD,SOD活性均呈增加趋势,而敏感甜菜则呈现降低趋势。耐性甜菜品系MDA含量呈先增高后降低的变化规律,表明,耐性甜菜品系质膜由于抗氧化酶活性的增强而恢复正常的代谢环境。