Guideline for the evaluation of side-effects of plant protection products

This guideline is concerned with the evaluation of the side-effects of plant protection products on Encarsia formosa in the glasshouse. E.formosa is used for biological or integrated control of glasshouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum (TRIAVA). Because field-testing is laborious and costly, this guideline includes a sequential testing scheme involving three laboratory tests, which may serve to classify many products as definitely harmless or harmful without having recourse to field tests. In particular, the very stringent residual toxicity test on adults (the most sensitive stage) allows products to be classed as definitely harmless, since experience has shown that no product so classed by this test is ever harmful in field tests. The direct contact test on pupae (the most insensitive stage) makes it possible to exclude as definitely harmful products which exceed a certain threshold. Products which are not harmful to pupae in this test could still kill adults after emergence if they are sufficiently persistent. So a 3-day persistence test makes it possible to exclude further products as too persistent. Finally, only products which appeared potentially harmful in the first test, but were harmless to pupae and non-persistent, have to be field tested, and compared with harmful and harmless reference products, in order to decide on the final rating. This is further illustrated by the scheme in Fig. 1.
The tests were developed according to the standard guidelines (Hassan, 1985) of the Working Group on 'Pesticides and Beneficial Organisms' of IOBC/WPRS (West Palaearctic Regional Section of the International Organization for Biological Control). An earlier version of the guideline was published (Oomen, 1985), before passing through the full EPPO guideline approval procedure.     

Side-effects of 107 pesticides on the whitefly parasitoid Encarsia formosa, studied and evaluated according to EPPO guideline no. 142

The side-effects of plant protection products on beneficial arthropods have been studied by the Netherlands Plant Protection Service since 1974. Laboratory test methods were developed in the context of IOBC/WPRS for Encarsia formosa , a natural enemy of glasshouse whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum. These methods were elaborated by EPPO into a sequential decision-making scheme and published as an official EPPO guideline in 1989. The scheme includes a residual toxicity test on adults, a direct contact test on pupae, a persistence test on adults, all in the laboratory, and a field test. Following this guideline, the Netherlands Plant Protection Service tested and evaluated 107 pesticides at 307 concentrations over 10 years. Test details and complete test results are reported, including the risk assessments according to the EPPO scheme and according to the IOBC/WPRS conventions. These results are further summarized per type of pesticide, kind of test and risk classification. The efficiency of the scheme in classifying pesticide concentrations for risk to E. formosa is analysed. The scheme was found to be reasonably practical and efficient except for pesticides in the range between safe and hazardous. Suggestions for improvement are given. Also the possible need for changing the original IOBC/WPRS-criterion for harmlessness (effect < 50%) is discussed. No reasons for lowering the criterion to 30% were found. The decision-making scheme fits into the general approach for environmental risk assessment of plant protection products, developed recently by EPPO and the Council of Europe.     

常用农药对丽蚜小蜂和中华草岭的毒力测定

用14种农药对温室白粉虱的主要天敌丽蚜小蜂和中华草蛉进行了室内毒力测定。结果表明:灭螨猛对丽蚜小蜂成虫和幼虫在寄主体内的发育、羽化,以及中华草蛉各虫态均无影响。供试的有机磷类和拟除虫菊酯类杀虫剂对丽蚜小蜂有较高的毒性。中华草蛉对有机磷类杀虫剂敏感。大棚中常用的杀菌剂、杀螨剂和选择性杀蚜剂对丽蚜小蜂和中华草蛉均安全。中华草蛉具有天然的抗拟除虫菊酯的能力。     

Bioresidual and integrated pest management status of a biorational agent and a novel insecticide against whitefly and its key parasitoids

The effects of continuous exposure of the adult and crawler stages of the whitefly, Trialeurodes vaporariorum, and adult of the parasitoids Encarsia formosa and Eretmocerus eremicus to spray deposits of potassium salts of a fatty acid and diafenthiuron applied at recommended rates were evaluated. French bean, Phaseolus vulgaris Prince, plants were sprayed and the adults confined on them using modified 5 cm Petri dishes. Fresh (4 - 5-h-old) deposits of fatty acids resulted in a 10.7% mortality rate of whitefly adults and 8.0 and 10.7% mortality rates of E. formosa and E. eremicus adults respectively, while fresh deposits of diafenthiuron resulted in a 62.7% mortality rate of whitefly adults and 12.0 and 14.7% mortality rates of E. formosa and E. eremicus respectively. The mortality rate (6.9 and 69.7%) of whitefly crawlers was recorded when exposed to 24-h-old deposits of fatty acids and diafenthiuron respectively. The mortality rate declined as the deposits aged. Adult parasitoid emergence from the treated pupae was unaffected. Spray deposits of diafenthiuron were effective against whitefly for up to 2-3 weeks in comparison with fatty acids, which were effective only when sprayed. Both products were harmless to adults as well as pupae of both parasitoids irrespective of the exposure period (age of deposits) tested (IOBC Class 1). These insecticides can be included in integrated pest management strategies against whitefly with the fatty acids used on horticultural crops.     

Effects of active substances of plant protection products on biological control agents used in glasshouses

Tables are presented classifying over 80 active substances for their harmfulness to natural enemies in protected cultivation, particularly parasitic hymenoptera, predatory mites and predatory insects. The categories used are: harmful, harmful under certain circumstances, not harmful. Results are given for different application methods in some cases. The duration of after-effects is given for Encarsia formosa, Phytoseiulus persimilis and Neoseiulus cucumeris.     

Evaluation of selective toxicity of five pesticides against Plutella xylostella (Lep: Plutellidae) and their side-effects against Cotesia plutellae (Hym: Braconidae) and Oomyzus sokolowskii (Hym: Eulophidae)

The toxicities of five pesticides commonly used in vegetable fields to the larvae of the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L) and its two major parasitoids, Cotesia plutellae (Kurdjumov) and Oomyzus sokolowskii (Kurdjumov), were evaluated in the laboratory using several bioassays. When tested at the rates recommended for field application by the manufacturer, fipronil, avermectin and chlorfluazuron produced over 95% mortality on third-instar larvae of P xylostella, but fenvalerate and methomyl did not produce any substantial mortality to such larvae, and over 70% of P xylostella larvae could still pupate normally after feeding on cabbage leaf treated with the two pesticides. In a residual contact assay with adult parasitoids, fipronil and methomyl caused over 93% mortality within 24 h; fenvalerate killed approximately 55% of the adults within 24 h; avermectin and chlorfluazuron showed differential toxicity to the two parasitoids. Avermectin was extremely harmful to O sokolowskii but slightly toxic to C plutellae, while chlorfluazuron was more toxic to C plutellae than to O sokolowskii. In the residue assay with cocoons of C plutellae and pupae of O sokolowskii developed within P xylostella pupae, treatments with pesticides did not reduce adult emergence. However, the mortality of C plutellae adults emerged from the fipronil-treated cocoons increased greatly within 24 h post-emergence; adults from the fenvalerate-treated cocoons parasitized less host larvae. Treatments with fenvalerate and methomyl significantly increased the mortality of O sokolowskii adults within 24 h post-emergence. Recommendations of choosing pesticides for the control of P xylostella are given.     

Laboratory and glasshouse screening of pesticides for adverse effects on the parasite Encarsia formosa gahan

Glasshouse screening of ten pesticides and the effect of water damping showed that all of the pesticides, with the possible exceptions of quinomethionate and heptenophos, were suitable for use in integrated control programmes involving Encarsia formosa. About 50 pesticides were screened in the laboratory for residual effects on adult E. formosa. They were grouped according to whether their effects were harmful, moderate or negligible. Acaricides, except quinomethionate, had negligible effects; fungicides generally had negligible effects though a few had moderate effects. Insecticides were equally divided between those which were harmful or moderate in effect. Individual examples are discussed more fully in relation to previous work and their commercial use in integrated control programmes. The two screening methods produced similar results though the laboratory method had the advantage of being much more rapid. Attention is drawn to the need for a simple test to identify pesticides having sublethal effects on natural enemies and for the standardisation of test methods.     

Effects of organic‐farming‐compatible insecticides on four aphid natural enemy species

BACKGROUND: The toxicities of pyrethrins + rapeseed oil, pyrethrins + piperonyl butoxide (PBO), potassium salts of fatty acids and linseed oil were assessed in the laboratory on the parasitic wasp Aphidius rhopalosiphi (Destefani‐Perez), the ladybird Adalia bipunctata (L.), the rove beetle Aleochara bilineata (Gyll.) and the carabid beetle Bembidion lampros (Herbst.). The methods selected were residual contact toxicity tests on inert and natural substrates. RESULTS: Both the pyrethrin products led to 100% mortality in the adult parasitic wasps and ladybird larvae on glass plates and plants. The pyrethrins + PBO formulation was toxic for B. lampros on sand and natural soil, but the pyrethrins + rapeseed oil formulation was harmless for this species. Insecticidal soaps were harmless for all these beneficial species. None of the tested products significantly affected the parasitism of the onion fly pupae by A. bilineata. CONCLUSION: The results indicated the potentially high toxicity of natural pyrethrins for beneficial arthropods. Although this toxicity needs to be confirmed in field conditions, the toxicity levels obtained in the laboratory were similar to or higher than those of several synthetic insecticides known to be toxic in the field. Insecticidal soaps could be considered as an alternative for aphid control in organic farming in terms of selectivity. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

Side effects of insecticides used in wheat crop on eggs and pupae of <Emphasis Type="Italic">Chrysoperla externa</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Eriopis connexa</Emphasis>

In Brazil, chemical control is one of the main tools to manage insect pests in wheat. However, this kind of management can impair the biological control provided by the predators Chrysoperla externa and Eriopis connexa. The present study evaluated the side effects on C. externa and E. connexa of 15 insecticides registered for wheat. Insecticides were sprayed on eggs and pupae via Potter tower at the maximum recommended dose. We evaluated the viability of eggs and pupae as well as the sub-lethal effects on fecundity and fertility of the adults emerged from treated pupae. The insecticides were classified according to the scale of toxicity proposed by IOBC. Regarding the eggs, the insecticide etofenprox was classified as slightly harmful (class 2) to C. externa. Imidacloprid + beta-cyfluthrin, diflubenzuron WG, thiamethoxam + lambda-cyhalothrin A and B, gamma-cyhalothrin, and etofenprox were also classified as slightly harmful (class 2) to E. connexa, while methomyl was classified as moderately harmful (class 3) for the eggs of the predator. The insecticide imidacloprid + beta-cyfluthrin was considered slightly harmful (class 2) to pupae of C. externa, while imidacloprid + beta-cyfluthrin, thiamethoxam + lambda-cyhalothrin A and B, and lufenuron were classified as slightly harmful (class 2) to the pupae of E. connexa. The insecticides beta-cyfluthrin, diflubenzuron SC, lambda-cyhalothrin, permethrin, thiamethoxam, triflumuron, and zeta-cypermethrin were harmless to eggs and pupae of both predators and should therefore be prioritized in the control of insect pests in wheat, thus preserving the natural biological control provided by C. externa and E. connexa.     

印楝素0.3%乳油的配方优化及田间防效研究

本研究以印楝素为有效成分,松脂基植物油为溶剂,配制了印楝素0.3%乳油。通过对乳化剂、稳定剂等的筛选,优化配方,获得了各项质量控制技术指标合格的印楝素0.3%乳油。田间药效试验结果表明:药后14d,该制剂800倍液对苹果黄蚜的若蚜、成蚜有较好的防治效果,而对苹果黄蚜的天敌瓢虫的成虫、卵、幼虫、蛹以及其他有益生物无害。     

Effect of seven new orchard pesticides on Galendromus occidentalis in laboratory studies

BACKGROUND: Biological control of phytophagous mites in orchards requires that pesticides used to manage other arthropod pests or diseases are harmless to predacious mites, as these are essential to keep phytophagous mites at non‐injurious population levels. This study evaluates the possible toxic attributes of acetamiprid, imidacloprid, thiacloprid, thiamethoxam, spirodiclofen, spinosad and methoxyfenoxide currently used in western Canadian orchards. RESULTS: None of these pesticides has any ovicidal properties against Galendromus occidentalis (Nesbitt). Imidacloprid and acetamiprid were highly toxic to the adults and reduced fecundity significantly. Thiamethoxam and spirodiclofen were non‐toxic to adults, but they slightly reduced fecundity. Thiacloprid, spinosad and methoxyfenoxide were harmless to adults and had no effect on fecundity. All compounds showed some repellence at 24 h intervals for 72 h. CONCLUSIONS: Imidacloprid and acetamiprid are incompatible with IPM programs because they are toxic to adults and negatively affect fecundity. Thiamethoxam and spirodiclofen need further field evaluation to determine if they are compatible with IPM programs because they slightly reduced fecundity. Thiacloprid, spinosad and methoxyfenoxide are harmless to adults, but they are slightly repellent. Therefore, with the exception of imidacloprid and acetamiprid, all these compounds should be field tested for compatibility in an IPM program. © Her Majesty the Queen in Right of Canada, as represented by the Minister of Agriculture and Agri‐Food Canada. Published by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd     

菜粉蝶绒茧蜂田间种群消长动态及农药对其毒性

自１９９５－１９９７年在杭州市郊对菜粉蝶绒茧蜂的田间种群消长动态进行了调查,并在内测定了７类１１种常用杀虫剂对该蜂的毒性。结果表明,该蜂在５－７月份的寄生率较高,８－９月份较低,晚秋后又有回升,年度之间有一定差异。     

螺虫乙酯对丽蚜小蜂寄生能力的亚致死效应

为了明确螺虫乙酯大量使用后残留剂量对丽蚜小蜂寄生能力的亚致死效应,本研究在测定螺虫乙酯对丽蚜小蜂室内毒力的基础上,研究了不同浓度螺虫乙酯对丽蚜小蜂寄生功能反应的影响。结果表明LC₁₀、LC₃₀和LC₅₀的螺虫乙酯均可降低丽蚜小蜂对烟粉虱若虫的瞬时攻击率。经LC₅₀的螺虫乙酯处理后的丽蚜小蜂对烟粉虱若虫的处理时间延长,达0.13 d,寄生上限降低,寄生效能被抑制。经LC₁₀的螺虫乙酯处理后的丽蚜小蜂对烟粉虱若虫的处理时间缩短,仅0.04 d,寄生上限提高,寄生效能被促进,但其平均寿命仅13.07 d;当烟粉虱若虫密度较高时,LC₁₀的螺虫乙酯处理后的丽蚜小蜂对烟粉虱若虫的搜寻效应提高。LC₅₀的螺虫乙酯可抑制丽蚜小蜂的寄生能力,而LC₁₀的螺虫乙酯可刺激丽蚜小蜂,提升寄生效能,但缩短了成虫寿命。田间使用螺虫乙酯防治烟粉虱时,应注意其残留量对丽蚜小蜂寄生能力的亚致死效应。     

主植物单种及组合混种对丽蚜小蜂寄生和存活的影响

日光温室条件下,将番茄、甘蓝、棉花、茄子、黄瓜5种寄主植物两两组合,研究丽蚜小蜂Encarsia formosa对组合后寄主植物上烟粉虱若虫的寄生率。结果表明,丽蚜小蜂对番茄与黄瓜、甘蓝与黄瓜组合后的黄瓜上烟粉虱若虫寄生率分别是37.60%、34.60%,显著高于单种黄瓜上的寄生率28.00%;对两种组合中番茄上烟粉虱的寄生率为45.34%（单种）和46.20%（组合）,甘蓝上的寄生率为35.38%（单种）和36.40%（组合）,差异不显著。其他8组组合中寄主植物上的寄生率间均差异不显著,即寄主植物组合对丽蚜小蜂的寄生影响不大。但无论是寄主植物单种还是寄主植物组合混种对丽蚜小蜂的羽化率都没有显著影响。     

Laboratory and field evaluations of rhodojaponin-III against the imported cabbage worm Pieris rapae (L.) (Lepidoptera: Pieridae)

The activity of rhodojaponin-III (R-III), a grayanoid diterpene compound isolated from Rhododendron molle G. Don flowers, was determined under laboratory and field conditions as an antifeedant, stomach poison, contact toxicant and insect growth inhibitor against Pieris rapae (L.) larvae. The median antifeedant concentration (AFC(50)) values in no-choice leaf disc tests were 1.16 and 15.85 mg L(-1) at 24 h after treatment when tested against third and fifth instars respectively. The median lethal concentration (LC(50)) values in leaf disc tests were 2.84 and 9.53 mg L(-1) at 96 h after treatment against third and fifth instars respectively. R-III showed an almost 30 times higher contact toxicity against third instars than for fifth instars, and the median lethal dose (LD(50)) values for topical application were 1.18 and 34.09 mg kg(-1) at 72 h after treatment respectively. R-III disrupted the development of larvae to pupae or adults with median concentration for inhibiting growth (IC(50)) values of only 1.36 mg L(-1) for third instars and 11.28 mg L(-1) for fifth instars. In field trials, a greater than 80% reduction in the adjusted larval numbers was obtained against P. rapae 14 days after treatment when Rhodo 0.1% EC, a commercial botanical insecticide based on R-III, was applied at both 937.5 and 625 mL ha(-1). These results suggest that further research to develop R-III, and extracts from R. molle, as biorational pesticides or as lead compounds for integrated pest management deserve consideration.     

Suitability of two laboratory testing methods to evaluate the side effects of pesticides on Typhlodromus pyri Scheuten (Acari: Phytoseiidae)

BACKGROUND: Laboratory results of the French ANPP/CEB guideline No. 167 and IOBC/WPRS Ring Testing Group methods for testing the side effects of pesticides on the predatory mite Typhlodromus pyri Scheuten were compared with respect to their suitability to evaluate the toxicity of three pesticides. RESULTS: Results obtained with the ANPP/CEB guideline allow the demonstration of significant differences between two slightly toxic products, a dichlofluanid 500 g kg(-1) kWP (Euparen) 50WP) and a quinoxyfen 250 g L(-1) SCC (Legend), and a highly toxic cymoxanil 60/mancozeb 200/folpet 275 g kg(-1) WP [Remiltine F Pepite) (RFP)], on the basis of bioassays conducted in the laboratory. In contrast, results obtained with the IOBC/WPRS method classified all three as harmful.CONCLUSION: The evaluation of the toxicity of RFP revealed that the concentration, the quantity of the wet deposit and the food source used in the IOBC/WPRS method maximise the toxicity, in comparison with those used in the ANPP/CEB protocol. Valid criteria in controls were all respected in the ANPP/CEB tests but not in the IOBC/WPRS samples. This result revealed difficulties related to the use of the IOBC/WPRS method in laboratories.     

烟粉虱为害对丽蚜小蜂寄生及寄主植物挥发物的影响

在日光温室条件下,将健康的番茄和甘蓝植株,以及被烟粉虱Bemisia tabaci刺吸24h后的番茄和甘蓝植株分别与带有烟粉虱若虫的黄瓜植株组合,研究丽蚜小蜂Encarsia formosa对黄瓜上烟粉虱若虫的寄生率.结果表明,与被烟粉虱刺吸后的番茄、甘蓝组合的黄瓜上丽蚜小蜂,对烟粉虱的寄生率分别为39.60%、35.72%,显著高于与健康番茄、甘蓝组合的黄瓜上的寄生率(分别为30.84%、29.37%);但不同植株组合对丽蚜小蜂在寄主植物上的羽化率没有显著影响.通过气质联用测定两种寄主植物被烟粉虱刺吸前后的挥发性气体成分,结果表明,番茄主要以萜烯类化合物为主,而甘蓝主要以酮类化合物为主.被刺吸后的寄主植物挥发性气体成分比健康寄主植物挥发性气体成分和相对百分含量都有较大的变化.     

Selectivity of pesticides used on cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) to Trichogramma pretiosum reared on two laboratory-reared hosts

The side-effects of pesticides (insecticides, fungicides, herbicides and plant growth regulators) used on cotton were tested on adults and pupae of Trichogramma pretiosum Riley reared in the laboratory on two different hosts, the Angoumois grain moth (Sitotroga cerealella Olivier) and the Mediterranean flour moth (Ephestia kuehniella (Zeller)). The eggs of the host enclosing the parasitoid pupae received direct pesticide sprays, while the adults of the parasitoid were exposed to the pesticides through contact with residues on sprayed eggs offered to parasitism. Alpha-cypermethrin, carbosulfan, deltamethrin, endosulfan, profenofos and zeta-cypermethrin were highly noxious to the parasitoid, significantly reducing the percentage of emergence and parasitism of T. pretiosum developing in E. kuehniella or S. cerealella eggs. However, the pupal stage of the parasitoid developing in S. cerealella eggs was less susceptible to alpha-cypermethrin and deltamethrin. Lufenuron and metamidophos greatly reduced the percentage of adult emergence from eggs of both hosts, while novaluron only interfered on this variable when the wasps were developing in E. kuehniella eggs. However, lufenuron and monocrotophos had no effect on the parasitoid pupae of T. pretiosum developing in E. kuehniella eggs. Chlorfluazuron, diafenthiuron, diflubenzuron, fentin hydroxide, mepiquat chloride, novaluron, thiacloprid and triflumuron did not affect T. pretiosum emergence when eggs of S. cerealella enclosing pupae of the wasps were surface treated. The pesticides azoxystrobin, carbendazin + thiram, mepiquat chloride and novaluron had no effect on the ability of the wasps to parasitise E. kuehniella eggs. However, only mepiquat chloride did not affect the percentage of F1 wasps emerging from E. kuehniella eggs. The remaining pesticides moderately reduced the percentage of emergence and parasitism of the wasps when they had contact with the chemicals during their pupal or adult stage. Thus there were differences in pesticide toxicity according to the host used for parasitoid development. These differences were hypothesised to occur because of differences in egg morphology and parasitoid performance.     

Toxicity of soybean-registered agrochemicals to <Emphasis Type="Italic">Telenomus podisi</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Trissolcus basalis</Emphasis> immature stages

Biological control of phytophagous bugs in soybean crops is efficiently performed by egg parasitoids, such as Telenomus podisi and Trissolcus basalis. Based on this, the use of agrochemicals in these crops must be managed consciously, making use of pesticides that are selective to the egg of these parasitoids, in order to ensure a balanced ecosystem. The aim of this study was to assess the selectivity of 15 registered pesticides to the immature stages (pre and post-parasitism) of T. podisi and T. basalis, following the method proposed by the “International Organization for Biological and Integrated Control” (IOBC). Pesticides were classified as class 1 – harmless (RP?<?30%); class 2 – slightly harmful (30%?≤?RP?≤?79%); class 3 – moderately harmful (80%?≤?RP?≤?99%); and class 4 – harmful (RP?>?99%). During pre-parasitism, the insecticides imidacloprid+beta-cyfluthrin, deltamethrin, lambda-cyhalothrin+thiamethoxam, acephate, and fenitrothion reduced parasitism of both parasitoids. The others: flubendiamide, diflubenzuron, Bacillus thuringiensis, lufenuron, and the herbicide isopropylamine were selective, i.e. harmless (class 1), to both parasitoids, except for pyraclostrobin+metconazole, which significantly reduced T. basalis parasitism, being considered slightly harmful (class 2). In post parasitism, all the aforementioned pesticides were harmless to T. podisi and T. basalis. Moreover, in pre-parasitism, T. basalis was found to be more sensitive to the tested pesticides when compared to T. podisi. Still, more studies must be conducted to provide a better understanding of the impact of agrochemicals on these parasitoid species in semi-field conditions.     

The side-effects of pesticides onDiaeretiella rapae, a parasitoid of the turnip aphid (Lipaphis erysimi)

Diaeretiella rapae (M’Intosh.) is an endoparasite of the turnip aphid,Lipaphis erysimi (Kalt.) with a wide geographical distribution. The four Pesticides Nogos 50 EC at 600 ml per acre, Dimecron 50 WSC, Monofos 40 WSC and Tamaron 600 SL at 500 ml per acre, used in practice for the control of this pest, were tested for their side-effects onD. rapae. The parasitoid was reared on pottedBrassica napus plants infested with aphid under laboratory conditions (22±2°C, 60–70% rel. hum., 16 h light and 8 h dark). In one test, adult female parasitoids were exposed to fresh pesticide residues on glass plates and in another test, the pupae within aphid mummies were directly sprayed. The results revealed that Dimecron 50 WSC, Nogos 50 EC and Monofos 40 WSC were harmful causing 100% mortalitv toD. rapae followed by Tamaron 600 SL (97% moderately harmful) after 24 hours of application, compared to no mortality in control, where only water was sprayed. Directly spraying of pupae with Dimecron 50 WSC and Nogos 50 EC reduced adult parasitoid emergence to 9 and 7%, respectively, Monofos 40 WSC and Tamaron 600 SL to 3% compared to 78% emergence for the control within one week of treatment. The results showed that none of the tested pesticides was safe toD. rapae and according to the International Organization for Biological Control (IOBC) further testing under semi-field and field conditions is recommended.