Biological diversity indicators: A comparison of Swedish forest commons and other forest ownership categories

Abstract

Research indicates that natural resources managed in common, resembling traditional commons such as the Swedish forest commons, could be a type of regime with the potential to stimulate successfully sustainable use conditions. This is supported by findings regarding the characteristics of Swedish forest commons, their claimed concern for the environment and relatively high proportion of old forest in two out of three regions. Swedish environmental policy is directed towards environmental quality objectives and the Sustainable Forests objective states, among other things, that biological diversity must be maintained and enhanced. Swedish National Forest Inventory data for the period 2003–2006 were used to analyse differences between forest commons in northern Sweden and other ownership categories regarding the proportion of forestland with a large deciduous element, the proportion of forest older than 80 years with a large (> 25%) deciduous element, the volume of dead wood and the proportion of forest older than 140 years, parameters corresponding to the interim targets for enhanced biological diversity. The results show no consistent differences in indicator variables between the forest commons and other ownership categories, signifying that forests managed in common have been conducted in ways promoting biodiversity more effectively than in other ownership categories. Further studies of different ownership categories regarding driving forces and forest status are warranted.     

Comparison of harvesting and business activities of non-shareholders and shareholders in a forest common in Västerbotten,Sweden

Abstract

Swedish forest commons are collectively owned and managed by shareholders who always also own other forest holdings. The majority of them are non-industrial private forest (NIPF) owners. The objective of this study was to assess differences, with respect to harvesting intensity and related business activities on their individually managed forest properties, between non-shareholders and shareholders in a Swedish forest common. Forest commons are intended to promote local agriculture and forestry and to serve as a model for forestry activities. On this basis, the hypotheses examined in this study were that the shareholders’ harvesting and business activities, as well as their contributions to the local economy, are greater than those of non-shareholders. An apparent difference between shareholders and non-shareholders was found, but it was unexpected since non-shareholders undertook more harvesting and business activities than shareholders, and contributed more to the local economy through taxes. Since no evidence was found for a significant difference between the two categories in their potential to undertake forestry activities, one provisional conclusion is that the outcome is partly due to differences between the institutional frameworks in which shareholders and non-shareholders operate and the impact of these frameworks on incentives to maximize forest production.     

森林资源管理存在的问题与对策

为进一步加强森林资源管理,强化对森林资源消长的管理与监督,从而保护、培育和合理利用森林资源,实现可持续发展,在了解河北省木兰围场国有林场管理局林区资源状况基础上,对当前森林资源管理中存在的管理意识不强、管理粗放、资源档案不健全、检查监督不落实等问题进行详细分析,并有针对性地提出加强领导、执行森林限额采伐、加强资源档案管理、实施森林资源审计工作等建议。     

论新时期森工林区森林资源管理

从分析林业产业特点,林业在新时期的作用,当前森工林区森林资源管理所面临的问题等方面阐述了当前森工林区森林资源管理的任务。     

延长林业建设高峰期 保障森林资源数量扩张的持续性

森林资源数量扩张持续与否,扩张快慢,不仅是林业问题,也是国家政策问题。该文从多个方面论述了森林资源数量持续扩张的重要性和所需条件,试图阐明森林资源的数量扩张是现阶段林业发展的主要任务,是完成林业"双任务"、体现"三地位"的重要基础,是林业可持续发展的必要条件,应予以高度重视。     

林业分类经营的几个认识问题

从林业分类经营的认识角度出发，分别对林业分类经营与可持续林业，五大林种，天然林保护之间的问题进行了新的认识。     

行政改革之林权改革的思考

从经济和法律的角度,阐述林权的定义,结合我国森林资源产权制度改革的现状,分析了林权改革的重要意义,指出了我国森林资源产权制度改革进程中存在的问题,并为深化和完善森林资源产权制度改革提出了一些对策。     

Effect of intervention and type of forest management on quality and quantity characteristics of dead wood in managed and reserve forests: A case study

We compared the dead wood (DW) conditions of Cheshmeh-sar forest and Sardab forest with different management history,including reserve forest and harvested forest. The First forest took 100% inventory from all the available DW. Also dead trees were compared interms of species, shape, location and quality of fracture in both forests.Volumes of dead wood in Cheshmeh-sar and Sardab forests were 207.47and 142.74 m3, respectively. Due to this significant difference, impact onthe management level was determined. In Cheshmeh-sar forest, 42% ofdead trees were standing and 58% were fallen type while in Sardab forest 38.6% were standing and 61.4% fallen. But the difference was not statistically significant between them (p = 0.0587). In terms of quality, dead trees of hard, soft and hollow had the highest frequency, respectively.However, 71.5% of DW was seen as hard dead in Cheshmeh-sar forestwhile hard dead trees in Sardab forests were 54.2%. Soft quality degree ofdead trees which formed in Cheshmeh-sar and Sardab forest were calculated as 26.6% and 43.4% respectively. Also 30% of the dead trees of Sardab forest were eradicated while in Cheshmeh-sar this amount was reduced to 12%. Due to this significant difference ((Р=0/018), it is concluded that the type of management and human interference are affecting the quality of dead trees and makes us to think the human interferences could effect on the ecosystem of touched forests.     

中国森林认证试点——松江河林业有限公司森林经营认证中森林经营与保护实践分析

本文阐述了中国森林认证体系建设发展历程及松江河林业有限公司开展中国森林认证试点背景和过程,分析了森林经营认证过程中森林经营与保护方针、目标和原则,总结实践与经验提出具体森林经营与保护措施,并对吉林省森林认证前景进行讨论。     

高黎贡山西坡大塘村社林业活动研究

村社林业是指在一个具体的村社或农村生态系统内，以农户为主题，旨在解决农户自身生存和发展所需的林业活动，是林业发展的重要组成部分。高黎贡山西坡大塘村农户在社区森林资源管理方面做了有益的尝试，多形式、多内容的林业经营管理活动使该村社区森林资源得到了合理的利用和保护，为周围村社提供了有益的经验。本文以大塘村的各项村社林业活动为例，叙述了广泛开展村社林业活动对高黎贡山森林资源有效保护与周围农村经济持续发展的作用和意义。     

我国面向森林资源管理的监测体系创新研究

从森林资源的宏观规划管理（国家空间植被生态安全规划）、中观格局管理（区域空间植被协同管理）和微观结构经营管理（小班或地块精准经营）3个尺度对我国森林资源的空间分布、经营状况及管理问题进行探讨。以北京林业大学精准林业北京市重点实验室新一代信息化智能化森林资源监测体系（无人机协同森林资源精准经营管理系统、电动生长锥年轮自动识别系统、手持式测树超站仪及小班森林精准经营管理平台等）为基础,围绕我国森林资源现存问题和现代化调查、监测、经营管理等需求,创建天地立体化森林管理应用系统和装备,解决了森林精准经营中的一些难题。实践应用证明了新一代监测体系的实用性和有效性,同时为森林资源管理部门和林业工作者提供了全新的经营模式、解决方案和信息化管理系统平台。     

黑龙江省森工国有森林资源管理存在的问题及几点建议

针对目前黑龙江省国有森林资源的特点 ,指出资源管理存在的问题 ,并提出几点建议。     

东辽县森林资源现状及建设构想

通过对东辽浅山区森林资源现状的调查分析,本着体现森林综合效益的原则,指出了浅山区林业可持续发展方向,并结合实际,按林种,提出了建设构想。     

国有林区森林资源管理体制改革的思考

针对目前国有林区森林资源管理体制与机制的弊端,在总结东北重点国有林区森林资源管理体制改革试点经验的基础上,从机构设置、经费来源、工作职能及管理机制等方面提出了国有林区森林资源管理体制改革的方向与设想。     

加强森林资源管理 实现云南林业可持续发展

论述了云南省森林资源管理现状,分析了所面临的任务和存在的困难,指出了任务的艰巨性和复杂性,对今后的森林资源管理工作提出了建议和对策。     

林业局级森林资源管理信息系统的研制

21世纪是信息时代,在信息社会中,随着网络技术的发展,森林资源的科学管理和高效应用是非常重要的,林业局级森林资源管理信息系统的研建对于实现我国林业行业信息化具有举足轻重的作用。     

中国森林资源采伐管理改革与发展

森林资源采伐管理制度,对促进森林可持续经营,保障森林经营者利益,以及有效保护森林资源具有重要作用。目前我国森林资源采伐管理制度主要由森林采伐限额管理制度,凭证采伐林木制度,年度木材生产计划几部分组成。我国的森林资源采伐管理在经历了统一管理严格控制阶段和经营管理调整阶段之后,当前正处于经营主体改变前提下的试点改革阶段。从2007年试点工作启动至今,改革取得了可喜的成绩,但目前森林资源采伐管理改革中存在一些问题。如：改革宣传力度不够,采伐限额编制不合理,采伐审批过程有待进一步简化,缺乏支持经营主体的信贷体系等。针对存在的问题,认为下一步的改革应该加大改革政策的宣传力度,确保采伐限额制定的准确性,简化采伐申请的审批程序,为林业的发展提供充足的财政支持等。     

论森林资源资产化管理

森林资源资产化管理是将森林立木资产计入木材产品成本,形成比较完整的林木资产管理体系。该体系可以考核林业生产效果,是评价总投资、总回收的重要经济指标。     

林改后集体林森林经营方案的编制与实施探讨

针对集体林权制度改革特点和湖南省林改基本现状,分析了林改前后森林经营管理面临的问题,新形势下,提出了包括提高编案质量,强调公众参与;明确编案单元,重视方案的可操作性;加强科学引导,放活经营权;落实采伐限额,完善林木采伐制度等科学编制和执行森林经营方案的几点建议,以期落实林权改革政策,巩固林权改革成果.     

Nontimber forest products and biodiversity management in the Pacific Northwest

Nontimber forest product harvesting in the Pacific Northwest is neither a new activity nor a disappearing relic of the pre-industrial era. Though the emphasis may have shifted from subsistence to commercial and recreational pursuits, harvesting and harvesters of wild species are still widespread throughout the region. Hundreds of businesses and thousands of harvesters earn part or all of their income from the harvests. Every year thousands of pounds and hundreds of nontimber forest products valued in the hundreds of millions of dollars are harvested from regional public and private forests. This harvesting of a large diversity of species represents a considerable subset of the overall terrestrial biodiversity in Pacific Northwest forests. Despite widespread extraction, little investment in research, planning, or basic inventorying and monitoring has been done on nontimber forest products. Without better information, land managers will be increasingly unable to make informed decisions on how to manage nontimber forest product biodiversity sustainably as demand for products increases.