齐口裂腹鱼集群行为对流态的响应

为研究齐口裂腹鱼集群行为对流速和紊动能的响应关系,该研究通过可变流场的试验水槽,结合鱼群轨迹分析及集群几何特征,定量研究了适宜齐口裂腹鱼集群的水流流速和紊动能区间。在试验中每组选择10尾平均鱼龄为3龄的齐口裂腹鱼,共两组,每组进行6次重复试验,每次试验让鱼群在3 m×14 m具有横向流速梯度的矩形水槽中游动10 min,之后提取和分析鱼群游泳轨迹,获取鱼群在不同水流流速、紊动能下的最近邻距离（Nearest Neighbor Distance,NND）,集群面积,游泳分离指数（Separation Swimming Index,SSI）。结果表明,齐口裂腹鱼在特定水力条件下具有明显集群行为,上溯过程中以队列模式的队形为主,当水流流速为0.27～0.70 m/s,紊动能为0.004～0.018 m2/s2时,齐口裂腹鱼群的NND为0～0.80 m,集群面积为0～5.00 m2,SSI为0～1.20,此时集群得最为紧凑,在凝聚力、排斥力上都变现的更好。因此,为使齐口裂腹鱼能够集群上溯,推荐鱼道等工程措施营造流速为0.27～0.70 m/s,紊动能为0.004～0.018 m2/s2的水力学条件,从而对过鱼设施水流流态和水利调度进行优化。     

基于导流方法的真空吸鱼泵改进与试验

针对真空吸鱼泵起捕过程中存在鱼体损伤和起捕效率低的问题,该研究对集鱼罐的结构和吸鱼泵的工作方式进行改进。进鱼管穿过集鱼罐底进入集鱼罐内部,在进鱼管的顶部设置倒置的喇叭状导流结构,起捕时,鱼水混合物进入集鱼罐后分离,鱼留在集鱼罐内,水被排出集鱼罐。以鱼水比1:1时的数据做比较基准,当鱼水比分别为1:2、1:3、1:4、1:5时,经计算,输送相同质量的鱼,改进吸鱼泵用时比真空吸鱼泵分别减少20.4%、30.6%、36.8%和40.8%。开展真空吸鱼泵和改进吸鱼泵吸水过程的数值模拟分析并进行试验验证。结果表明,与真空吸鱼泵样机相比,改进吸鱼泵的集鱼罐内涡流不明显,输送能力不随鱼的提升高度而变化;改进吸鱼泵的输鱼友好性更强,鱼体无损伤。研究结果可为大型鱼类起捕装置设计提供理论依据和参考。     

基于PIT遥测技术的竖缝式鱼道过鱼效率及鱼类行为分析

PIT（Passive Integrated Transponder）遥测作为一种射频识别和电磁感应相结合的技术,是开展鱼类行为学原位观测的一项重要手段。采用该技术进行鱼道过鱼效率评估,需解决该技术监测有效性及鱼类洄游轨迹量化分析等问题。该研究以大渡河安谷竖缝式鱼道为试验案例,以该水域的优势物种（白甲鱼和唇?）为试验对象,试验鱼的全长范围为9.70～26.60 cm,均值为（15.79±3.58 cm）。基于 HDX（Half Duplex）半双工PIT标记遥测系统的构建,试验鱼PIT标记的腹腔植入,开展了2种标记试验鱼在鱼道6个典型监测断面的行为特征研究以及鱼道过鱼效率的量化评估。结果表明,标记试验鱼成活率为79.17%,放流的169尾标记试验鱼,有81尾进入鱼道,14尾完全游出了鱼道。其中白甲鱼通过鱼道的经历时长为1.46～17.38 h;唇?通过鱼道的经历时长为11.5～162.38 h。2种试验鱼均在鱼道转弯池室停留的时间最长,触发频次最高。此外,2种标记试验鱼在鱼道不同监测断面的通过效率均没有显著性差异,鱼道的入口效率和过鱼效率分别为47.93%和8.28%。该研究可为国内过鱼设施过鱼效率量化及鱼类行为学原位观测提供技术参考。     

养殖鱼类货架期预测系统的设计与评估

以自然污染养殖罗非鱼贮藏在0℃、5℃、10℃、15℃过程中的特定腐败菌-假单胞菌生长动态数据,建立假单胞菌在0～15℃温度范围的生长动力学模型,选用Visual Basic为程序编写工具,建立了用于罗非鱼冷却链鲜品流通品质监控和剩余货架期预测的专家系统(FSLP)。剩余货架期预测值与实测值的可靠性评估表明,相对误差在±10%以内,显示建立的预测系统可以快速可靠地实时预测养殖罗非鱼的鲜度和剩余货架期。该研究采用以自然污染鱼得到试验数据建立特定腐败菌生长动力学模型的方法,增加了预测的准确度,并较好地解决了在波动温度下预测微生物生长相对困难的难题,提高了预报系统的实际应用价值。该预测系统为设计和评估生鲜鱼品冷却链的技术参数,预测和监控冷却链生鲜鱼的鲜度品质提供一种迅速而有效的工具。     

过鱼设施进口区域水温对集诱鱼效果的影响

库区水温分层与过鱼通道隔断是水利水电工程建设随之产生的生态环境影响之一。过鱼效果是评估过鱼设施建设成功与否的关键指标。对于存在水温分层的高坝工程而言,过鱼设施进口附近存在的温差效应是否会对进口区域的集诱鱼效果产生影响是当前应该解决的首要问题之一。该研究通过建立三维水温水动力数学模型与包含过鱼设施进口段和明渠河流段的物理模型,分别开展了水温水动力预测及实鱼过鱼试验研究工作,研究结果表明：温差效应对进口附近水动力条件影响甚微,影响区域主要取决于鱼道流量,而岸边水温量值则取决于温差的大小;增大明渠流量将增加上溯鱼类发现鱼道进口的难度;沿冷水区域上溯样本量占总样本的39%,沿温水区域上溯样本量占总样本的61%,由此可知,温水区域对洄游鱼类更具有吸引力;温差效应在一定程度上有利于洄游鱼类发现鱼道进口并在进口区域聚集,与冷水区域相比,温水有效区域鱼进入鱼道进口的尝试率提高了17个百分点。研究成果可为相关人员尝试采用改变水温调整洄游鱼类上溯路线,改善鱼道进口集诱鱼,进而提升鱼道过鱼效果提供思路。     

基于智能体和元胞自动机的鱼道内鱼类行为模拟

为建立基于智能体和元胞自动机(Agent-CA)的鱼道内鱼类行为模型,该研究以计算流体力学软件得到的水流流场数据为基础,根据过鱼试验研究认识到的鱼上溯行为特征和规律,定义了不同场景下鱼的避开障碍、寻找主流、逆流向前、逆流后退、冲刺、随机6种行为和行为规则,将鱼道划分成多个二维元胞空间,将元胞空间中元胞状态为鱼的网格...     

前置导叶对畜禽舍轴流风机性能的影响

畜禽养殖过滤除臭装置对传统轴流风机负压抽吸能力提出了更高的要求。为提高传统轴流风机的气动性能,扩大其有效工作区间,该研究以550型农用轴流风机为对象,结合试验和数值模拟研究了前置导叶对轴流风机性能的影响。通过单因素和响应面分析方法,对前置导叶的导叶安装角（α）、轴向间距（L）、导叶个数（n）对风机性能和流场的影响进行研究,分析各因素对风机性能的影响,求解出最佳参数组合。通过3D打印制作前置导叶并进行样机试验。结果表明,增设前置导叶后,风机内部区域涡流得到削弱,降低了流动损失,静压效率提高,流动剧烈程度降低,流场更稳定,叶片静压差增大,风机叶片的做功能力增强,与传统结构相比,增设前置导叶后风机通风量和能效比均明显提升,通风量提升幅度在5.7%～10.39%,能效比提升幅度在6.62%～10.89%;在静压50 Pa下,通风量提升6.76%,能效比提升7.75%。研究结果证明了增设前置导叶提升轴流风机负压抽吸能力的可行性。     

基于PIT技术的老口航运枢纽鱼道通行效率及鱼类行为分析

PIT（passive integrated transponder）射频芯片跟踪作为一种监测方法,被广泛应用于鱼类洄游行为监测及评估鱼道过鱼效率。为了解鱼类在郁江老口航运枢纽鱼道的上溯速度、昼夜特征行为及鱼道通行效率等情况,从而为鱼道设计提供更多参考,该研究以优势种鲮（Cirrhinus molitorella）为试验对象,搭半双工（half duplex,HDX） PIT 标记射频芯片跟踪系统,在鱼道中设置了5个监测断面。有效试验鱼共63尾,全部为野生个体,全长范围为16.00～23.50 cm,均值为（19.05±1.49）cm。试验发现,试验鱼在白天活动较为活跃,夜晚则处于休息状态;多数个体在标记放流后上行至第一个天线所需时间超过10 h;标记试验鱼通过整个鱼道的历时为648～5359 min,总通行效率为50.79%。研究可为国内过鱼设施通行效率量化及鱼道中鱼类上溯行为特征研究提供参考。     

基于Geomagic Design软件的导种管三维逆向工程设计

针对玉米精密播种机使用导种管的结构不合理导致株距均匀性差的问题,该文介绍了一种应用逆向工程设计软件Geomagic Design设计导种管的方法,研制性能优良的导种管。利用悬臂式三坐标测量机对进口曲线型导种管结构进行扫描,获取三维点云数据;通过三维逆向工程软件Geomagic Design减少噪音点、合并、简化、对齐等数据预处理获得网格数据;依照网格数据逐个创建特征重构导种管的三维几何模型;对重建的三维几何模型与网格数据进行误差分析实现三维几何模型的优化;依照所优化的三维几何模型生成工程图纸,完成导种管试制。在丰美2BQX-6玉米免耕精密播种机上进行了试制导种管、进口导种管和无导种管的性能对比试验,结果表明:试制导种管、进口导种管和无导种管的段粒数合格率分别为95%、97%和67%,空段率分别为3%、3%和33%,说明导种管可有效提高播种质量,且本研究试制的导种管与进口导种管性能相当。应用逆向工程设计导种管相对传统的理论研究和试验研究,可以缩短设计周期,降低设计成本;所建的三维几何模型为后续导种管结构研究和改进优化提供了一定参考。     

基于全视域GA-SVR模型的鱼类行为双目视觉观测系统标定

针对大视场水下环境鱼类行为视觉观测系统较难准确标定的问题,该文以双目立体测量系统为例,提出一种基于全视域GA-SVR(genetic algorithm-support vector regression)模型的鱼类行为三维观测系统标定方法。该方法选用具有圆点靶标的方形标定板为标定工具,通过设计具备前后左右移动能力的简易滑动轨道,实现了标定板的全视域空间定位。然后利用HALCON算子获取标定板靶点二维坐标,联立标定板空间位置,构建训练样本集。选取SVR模型对样本集进行训练,对比不同的寻优算法对支持向量回归模型的参数组合寻优结果,选用最优参数分别建立X,Y,Z轴标定模型。试验结果表明,利用遗传算法进行参数寻优构建的标定模型,其X、Y、Z轴测量均方误差分别为0.959、0.893和4.381 mm,互相关系数分别为0.999 988,0.999 998和0.998 356,优于差分进化算法和粒子群算法参数寻优的标定结果。与传统标定方法比较,该方法单点测量均方误差为1.861 mm,距离测量均方误差为0.706 mm,均低于空气中标定方法(单点均方误差27.75 mm;距离均方误差10.188 mm)和水下测量标定方法(单点均方误差8.215 mm;距离均方误差2.832 mm)的标定结果,有效的提高了鱼类行为视觉观测系统的定位精度。该研究可为鱼类行为量化方法研究和优化提供理论支持和技术参考。     

仿自然鱼道水力及过鱼性能物理模型试验

仿自然鱼道是具有一定自然特征的过鱼设施,适用于中低水头工程,是目前鱼道形式研究热点之一。为了获得一种具有综合生态功能的鱼道,该文提出了一种利用芦苇模块构建的植物型鱼道,并通过物理模型试验对其水力特性和过鱼性能进行了研究。结果表明:选取芦苇为基本单元构建植物型鱼道是合适的。植物模块交错布置的植物鱼道内可形成蜿蜒的水流,流态丰富,过鱼通道内流速均小于1.1 m/s,满足过鱼要求。过鱼试验表明,过鱼对象可以在该鱼道内顺利上溯,植物模块下游侧可形成低流速的鱼类休息区,验证了鱼道体型的合理性。该文提出的植物型鱼道丰富了鱼道的形式,具有一定创新性,对今后类似鱼道的设计和建设具有一定的指导意义。     

带可调导叶的双向潜水贯流泵装置水力性能

为提高双向潜水贯流泵装置正反向运行时的水力性能,该研究提出在叶轮前后布置可调导叶,并通过模型试验和数值模拟的方法研究其水力性能,对比灯泡前置和灯泡后置性能差异.研究结果表明:采用可调导叶的双向潜水贯流泵装置兼顾正、反向性能,灯泡前置和后置最优导叶角度分别为12°和20°,最高效率分别为67.9％和66.5％,最高效率点...     

黑鱼整皮剥离系统切割刀具工作参数优化与试验

为降低黑鱼整皮剥取过程中鱼皮损伤,提高鱼皮完整度,该研究以\     

基于电子舌的鱼肉品质及新鲜度评价

为了能用仪器快速客观地评价鱼肉的品质和新鲜度,利用该课题组开发的多频脉冲电子舌,对鲈鱼、鳙鱼、鲫鱼3种淡水鱼和马鲇鱼、小黄鱼、鲳鱼3种海水鱼进行了评价试验。淡水鱼宰杀后置于4℃下冷藏,冰冻海水鱼在室温下解冻后再置于4℃下冷藏。每天每一鱼取5份肉样进行电子舌检测。结果表明:鱼在不同时间点的品质特性可以用电子舌加以有效区分,据此可以较准确地表征鱼类新鲜度的变化;电子舌不仅可以有效区分淡水鱼和海水鱼,而且还可以辨识不同品种淡水鱼或海水鱼之间的差异。电子舌作为一种新型的现代化智能感官仪器,在鱼肉的品质以及新鲜度评价中具有巨大潜力。     

The role of life-history and location of barriers to migration in the spatial distribution and conservation of fish assemblages in a coastal river system

Water resource development in coastal river catchments contributes to poor fish assemblage health due to the effects of barriers to migration and altered flow regimes. Impacts of migration barriers on fish assemblages depend primarily on the location of each barrier within the river network and migration needs of regional fish fauna. This study examined how temporal and spatial patterns in the distribution and composition of fish assemblages was associated with varying estuarine connectivity and migration barriers in higher altitude reaches in the eastern Hunter River catchment, temperate Australia. Species richness and abundances of diadromous species were expected to be greater in a tributary catchment with unrestricted connectivity to the Hunter River estuary when compared to a neighbouring tributary catchment with restricted connectivity. Six diadromous species were sampled only, or in greater abundances, in the unrestricted tributary when compared to the restricted tributary. As a consequence, assemblage composition in the restricted tributary was dominated by non-diadromous species. Greater abundances of the amphidromous Cox’s gudgeon (Gobiomorphus coxii) were sampled in the unrestricted tributary following their estuarine-freshwater upstream juvenile migration period when compared to the restricted tributary. Differences in the accumulations of migratory species immediately downstream of upland barriers between the two levels of estuary connectivity indicate that migration barriers in lowland reaches have significant effects throughout the entire catchment. Results of this study indicate that the location of each barrier to migration within river networks has varying consequences for catchment-scale connectivity loss and assessing the impacts of multiple barriers. Determining the effects and most appropriate management of migration barriers requires that all obstructions within a river network are recognised, as multiple barriers can have cumulative and interacting consequences for freshwater fish fauna, especially diadromous species.     

大型喷杆悬架系统测试平台设计与评价方法研究

目前喷杆悬架系统的性能田间测试受到测试地形、土壤属性、驾驶熟练度等随机因素的影响,需要有一种定量评估喷杆悬架性能的试验装置与方法。该文开发了一套喷杆悬架性能室内测试平台,包括一个多自由度底盘运动模拟平台、地形起伏模拟平台及基于NI PXI的同步触发测控系统。为准确模拟实际的工作环境,在喷雾机作业现场采集了底盘的运动姿态信号和喷杆两侧地形高程数据,并在室内进行精确复现。考虑测试时传感器安装位置和不同喷杆理想作业高度的差异,对传统的Hockley指数进行了修正,并使用标准差、变异系数、修正的Hockley指数等3种指标一起来描述喷杆悬架系统的性能,弥补了各自的局限性。通过喷杆悬架测试平台先后对28 m喷杆在无悬架、被动悬架、主动悬架等不同工况下进行了测试,多组重复测试结果的变异系数小于5.91%,无悬架时喷杆的Hockley指数为21.60,使用被动悬架时喷杆的Hockley指数为68.37,使用主动倾角控制系统时喷杆的Hockley指数为89.18,使用主动喷臂控制系统时的Hockley指数为92.83,表明测试平台与评价指标对不同悬架系统有较好的区分度和适用性。该文设计的测试平台可为喷杆悬架性能参数的限定和评价方法的完善提供参考。     

基于智能磁性石块埋入的边坡深部变形失稳监测模型

针对边坡深部变形失稳监测存在服役环境恶劣、传感器布设困难等问题,提出基于智能磁性石块的边坡变形失稳监测方法,研制智能磁性石块及全张量磁场梯度传感器,发展基于智能磁性石块的边坡变形监测的简化磁测算法,通过智能磁性石块的位移变化反演边坡失稳过程。采用铝合金模型槽、分离式千斤顶和力传感器建立滑坡模拟系统,通过推移加载方法模拟边坡滑动。试验结果表明,当推力为2 500 N时,通过菲林软尺测得的6个特征点的水平位移与推力的曲线关系发生突变,当推力在2 500至3 100 N时,6个特征点的水平位移增加幅度迅速提高,发生失稳破坏。当推力为2 500 N时,智能磁性石块至参考点的距离、智能磁性石块的水平位移与推力的曲线关系存在拐点,此后智能磁性石块至参考点的距离、智能磁性石块的水平位移均大幅度变化。智能磁性石块至参考点的相对距离、智能磁性石块的位移等均可反映边坡变形演化并可进行失稳评价,且与菲林软尺传统的监测结果趋势基本一致。可为磁测在边坡深部变形监测的进一步研究和应用提供参考。     

壳聚糖澄清杨梅果酒的影响因素与效果评价

以旋转正交组合试验分析了果酒的pH值、含糖量及壳聚糖用量和澄清温度对杨梅果酒澄清度的影响，建立澄清度与pH值、壳聚糖用量、含糖量试验因子间的回归方程；研究确定了杨梅干酒、甜酒酒体稳定时的澄清度和壳聚糖下胶量，并分析了果酒主要理化成分的变化。试验结果表明：果酒的pH值、含糖量和壳聚糖用量对杨梅果酒澄清度的影响显著，温度的影响不显著；与以皂土澄清相比，以壳聚糖澄清杨梅果酒，澄清速度快，酒体稳定，对果酒的主要理化成分及氨基酸含量的影响较小；杨梅干酒和甜酒酒体稳定时的澄清度分别为91.4%和85.0%，适宜下胶量分别为50 mg/L和70 mg/L。     

The effect of soil texture and organic amendment on the hydrological behaviour of coarse-textured soils

To gain more insight into the hydrological behaviour of coarse-textured soils, the physical properties of artificially created soil mixtures with different texture were determined. The mixtures were prepared according to the specifications of the United States Golf Association (USGA) for constructing putting greens. In addition, the effect of 10 vol.% organic matter addition was studied. The soil moisture retention and hydraulic conductivity relationships of the different mixtures were determined and their hydrological behaviour was studied using the numerical model SoWaM. Both texture and organic matter addition substantially affected the hydraulic properties. Hydraulic conductivity significantly increased with increasing coarseness while moisture retention decreased. On the other hand, organic matter addition reduced saturated hydraulic conductivity by a factor of 10 to 100 and distinctly increased moisture retention capacity. The amounts of total available water were increased by the addition of organic matter between 144% (slightly coarse texture) and 434% (very coarse texture). Results indicate that the mixtures can contain only 2–16% plant available water and therefore need frequent irrigation to maintain plant growth. Addition of organic matter seems a good solution to reduce the irrigation water requirements but it increases the risk of ponding or runoff because of large reductions in the saturated hydraulic conductivity sometimes to below the rate of 3.6 m/day recommended by the USGA.     

Comparative genotoxicity testing of rhine river sediment extracts using the comet assay with permanent fish cell lines (rtg-2 and rtl-w1) and the ames test*

Goals, Scope and Background

Improved quality of surface waters and sediments requires advanced strategies for ecotoxicological assessment. Whilst at least in Germany assessment strategies on the basis of chemical analysis and acute toxicity data dominated the last decades, the development of more specific biological endpoints and biomarkers in ecotoxicology is required in order to arrive at a good ecological potential and good chemical status of surface waters in the European river basins until the year 2015, as required by the European Water Framework Directive. Since sediments have for long been known to function both as a sink and as a source of pollutants in aquatic systems, and since part of the particle-associated substances have frequently been demonstrated to cause mutagenic and carcinogenic effects in aquatic organisms, particularly in fish, there is, among other requirements, an urgent need to develop, standardize and implement integrated vertebrate-based test systems addressing genotoxicity into recent sediment investigation strategies. Thus, the present study was designed to compare the suitability of two commonly used test systems, the comet assay and the Ames test, for the evaluation of the ecotoxicological burden of surface and core sediment samples from the river Rhine.

Methods (or Main Features)

In order to determine the importance of inherent enzymatic activities, two permanent fish cell lines with different biotransformation capacities, RTL-W1 and RTG-2, were compared with respect to their capability of detecting genotoxic effects in 18 surface and core sediment samples from 9 locations along the River Rhine in the comet assay with and without exogenous bioactivation. For further comparison, as a prokaryotic mutagenicity assay, theSalmonella plate incorporation assay (Ames test) with the test strains TA98 and TA 100 with and without exogenous metabolic activation was used.

Results and Discussion

Whereas all sediment extracts induced genotoxic effects in the comet assay with RTL-W1 cells, only 12 out of 18 sediment extracts revealed significant genotoxicity in the tests with the less biotransformation-competent RTG-2 cells. Exogenous bioactivation by addition of ß-naphthoflavone /phenobarbital-induced S9 from rat liver resulted in both reduction or increase of genotoxicity in samples from different sites, however, without consistent reaction patterns. In general, the responses of RTL-W1 cells indicated higher biotransformation capacity than in RTG-2 cells without S9 complementation. In Ames tests using TA98 with S9, 16 out of 18 extracts induced significant mutagenicity with induction factors up to 4. Compared to TA98, the strain TA100 proved less sensitive, with maximum induction factors of 1.3, indicating the potential presence of substances inducing frarneshift mutations, which can only be detected in the strain TA98. Chemical analyses revealed particularly high levels of hexachlorbenzene (up to 860 µg/kg) and priority PAHs (up to 4.8 mg/kg); so far, however, no correlation could be found between compounds analyzed and the corresponding biotests.

Conclusions

Results document that both comet assay and Ames test are capable of detecting xenobiotic interaction with DNA in consequence of exposure to complex environmental samples. Whereas the alkaline version of the comet assay detects a broad range of interactions with the DNA, however without information about their eventual importance, the Ames test only reveals established mutations, but fails to detect transient (reparable) DNA alterations. However, even transient primary changes in the DNA structure might result in carcinogenic processes and, eventually, in implications at the population level. As a consequence, for hazard assessment purposes, a combination of both assays is required to avoid false negatives in genotoxicity evaluation. Poor correlation between data obtained by chemical analysis and results in bioassays is indicative of our limited understanding of the sources of genotoxicity. In fact, numerous studies combining chemical and biological approaches for hazard assessment of complex environmental mixtures indicate that priority pollutant concentrations are a poor indicator of toxicity.If compared to the cell line RTG-2, RTL-W1 proved more effective in detecting genotoxicity in surface sediment samples and, thus, indicated the importance of bioactivation of at least part of the compounds in superficial layers of sediments. Results further document that the common assumption may be wrong that, in comparison to deeper strata, surface layers carry a lower toxic burden in consequence of the current decrease in water pollution. This might at least in part be due to remobilization of more heavily polluted sediments from deeper layers during severe flood events followed by re-sedimentation in flood plains or upstream weirs, where they might cover less polluted younger sediment layers.

Recommendations and Perspectives

For a comprehensive assessment of genotoxicity in surface and core sediments, a combination of eukaryotic (comet assay) and prokaryotic assays (Ames test) with and without exogenous bioactivation is recommended. Since studies with organic sediments extracts simulate a worst-case scenario and fail to take into account bioavailability, there is broad consensus that whole-sediment exposure protocols represent the most realistic scenarios. Whereas more realistic solid phase exposure has frequently been applied in both microbial and invertebrate acute toxicity testing, there is an urgent need to develop corresponding whole sediment fish-based genotoxicity tests.